To guide clinical blood transfusion practices for pediatric patients, the National Health Commission has issued the health standard "Guideline for pediatric transfusion" (WS/T 795-2022). Blood transfusion is one of the most commonly used supportive treatments for children with hematological diseases. This guideline provides guidance and recommendations for blood transfusions in children with aplastic anemia, thalassemia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, acute leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. This article presents the evidence and interpretation of the blood transfusion provisions for children with hematological diseases in the "Guideline for pediatric transfusion", aiming to assist in the understanding and implementing the blood transfusion section of this guideline.
Humans ; Child ; Hematologic Diseases/therapy* ; Blood Transfusion/standards* ; Practice Guidelines as Topic

To guide clinical blood transfusion practices for pediatric patients, the National Health Commission has issued the health standard "Guideline for pediatric transfusion" (WS/T 795-2022). Blood transfusion for children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is highly complex and challenging. This guideline provides recommendations on transfusion thresholds and the selection of blood components for these children. This article presents the evidence and interpretation of the transfusion provisions for children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, with the aim of enhancing the understanding and implementation of the "Guideline for pediatric transfusion".
Humans ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; Child ; Blood Transfusion/standards* ; Practice Guidelines as Topic

To guide clinical blood transfusion practices for pediatric patients, the National Health Commission has issued the health standard "Guideline for pediatric transfusion" (WS/T 795-2022). Critically ill children often present with anemia and have a higher demand for transfusions compared to other pediatric patients. This guideline provides guidance and recommendations for blood transfusions in cases of general critical illness, septic shock, acute brain injury, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, non-life-threatening bleeding, and hemorrhagic shock. This article interprets the background and evidence of the blood transfusion provisions for critically ill and severely bleeding children in the "Guideline for pediatric transfusion", aiming to enhance understanding and implementation of this aspect of the guidelines. Citation:Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics, 2025, 27(4): 395-403.
Humans ; Critical Illness ; Blood Transfusion/standards* ; Child ; Hemorrhage/therapy* ; Practice Guidelines as Topic

To guide clinical blood transfusion practices in pediatric patients, the National Health Commission has issued the health standard "Guideline for pediatric transfusion" (WS/T 795-2022). Children undergoing cardiac surgery are at high risk of bleeding, and the causes of perioperative anemia and coagulation disorders in neonates and children are complex and varied, often necessitating the transfusion of allogeneic blood components. This guideline provides direction and recommendations for specific measures in blood management for children undergoing cardiac surgery before, during, and after surgery. This article interprets the background and evidence for the formulation of the blood transfusion provisions for children undergoing cardiac surgery, hoping to facilitate the understanding and implementation of this guideline.
Humans ; Cardiac Surgical Procedures ; Blood Transfusion/standards* ; Child ; Practice Guidelines as Topic

OBJECTIVE: miR-34c-3p is down-regulated in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The biological role of miR-34c-3p in NPC and its underlying mechanisms are unknown and were explored in this study. METHODS: Flow cytometry and immunohistochemical staining were employed to detect cluster of differentiation 86 (CD86) and cluster of differentiation 206 (CD206) expression; quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting were employed to examine mRNA expression and protein levels; cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) and transwell assays were employed to assess cell proliferation, migration, and invasion; and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was employed to assess pathological changes in tumor tissues. RESULTS: Our results revealed that the miR-34c-3p mimic markedly inhibited M2 polarization of macrophages by targeting SLC7A11, and M2 macrophages transfected with the miR-34c-3p mimic inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of NPC cells. The in vivo experiments further confirmed that miR-34c-3p mimics blocked tumor growth and reduced inflammatory infiltration in tumor tissues. CONCLUSION This study provides novel insights into the pathogenesis of NPC and a new treatment strategy.
MicroRNAs/metabolism* ; Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma/genetics* ; Humans ; Animals ; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms/genetics* ; Macrophages/physiology* ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Mice ; Cell Proliferation ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Cell Movement ; Male ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Mice, Nude ; Female

Objective To investigate the incidence rate,clinical characteristics,and prognosis of neonatal stroke in Shenzhen,China.Methods Led by Shenzhen Children's Hospital,the Shenzhen Neonatal Data Collaboration Network organized 21 institutions to collect 36 cases of neonatal stroke from January 2020 to December 2022.The incidence,clinical characteristics,treatment,and prognosis of neonatal stroke in Shenzhen were analyzed.Results The incidence rate of neonatal stroke in 21 hospitals from 2020 to 2022 was 1/15 137,1/6 060,and 1/7 704,respectively.Ischemic stroke accounted for 75％(27/36);boys accounted for 64％(23/36).Among the 36 neonates,31(86％)had disease onset within 3 days after birth,and 19(53％)had convulsion as the initial presentation.Cerebral MRI showed that 22 neonates(61％)had left cerebral infarction and 13(36％)had basal ganglia infarction.Magnetic resonance angiography was performed for 12 neonates,among whom 9(75％)had involvement of the middle cerebral artery.Electroencephalography was performed for 29 neonates,with sharp waves in 21 neonates(72％)and seizures in 10 neonates(34％).Symptomatic/supportive treatment varied across different hospitals.Neonatal Behavioral Neurological Assessment was performed for 12 neonates(33％,12/36),with a mean score of(32±4)points.The prognosis of 27 neonates was followed up to around 12 months of age,with 44％(12/27)of the neonates having a good prognosis.Conclusions Ischemic stroke is the main type of neonatal stroke,often with convulsions as the initial presentation,involvement of the middle cerebral artery,sharp waves on electroencephalography,and a relatively low neurodevelopment score.Symptomatic/supportive treatment is the main treatment method,and some neonates tend to have a poor prognosis.

Liver-wood and spleen-earth are in the relation of mutual promotion and mutual restriction.The liver governs the free flow of qi and the spleen governs transportation and transformation,and the coordination of their function serves as the pivot for the human body to maintain life and function well.If the function between the liver and the spleen becomes uncoordinated,the liver will fail to govern the free flow of qi and the spleen will fail to govern transportation and transformation,and then the pathological state of wood constraint and earth congestion appears,which will affect the stability of intestinal flora and the function of the nervous system,and will result in the disordered brain-gut axis mechanism and cause the occurrence and progression of menopausal hypertension.Based on years of clinical experience,Professor SONG Yin-Zhi proposes that wood constraint and earth congestion can cause menopausal hypertension,and puts forward the thoughts for preventing and treating menopausal hypertension with the therapy of soothing the liver and activating the spleen by analyzing the pathological mechanism based on the achievements of modern research.The specific measures for soothing the liver and activating the spleen include method of strengthening and activating the spleen and eliminating phlegm and resolving turbidity,method of soothing the liver and relieving constraint and supplementing qi and blood,and method of prevention before illness and regulating the heart spirit.The prescriptions of Liujunzi Decoction,Banxia Baizhu Tianma Decoction,and Xiaoyao San can be chosen separately.The application of therapy of soothing the liver and activating the spleen will enable the liver qi go smoothly and the emotions be pleased,and then the spleen and intestine function well,which will enable the stable equilibrium of intestinal flora,keep the normal lipid metabolism,and maintain the blood pressure fluctuations in the normal range.It is indicated that the treatment of menopausal hypertension can start from the liver and spleen,and the therapy of soothing the liver and activating the spleen is the starting point and is the key to the treatment of menopausal hypertension.

Objective To explore the potential mechanism of proguanil on the proliferation and apoptosis of bladder cancer cells.Methods 253J cells were randomly divided into control group(normal treatment),proguanil group(42.06 μmol·L-1 proguanil),pcDNA group(transfected with pcDNA+42.06 μmol·L-1 proguanil),FADS2 group[transfected fatty acid desaturase gene 2(FADS2)+42.06 μmol·L-1 proguanil],si-NC(transfection si-NC),si-FADS2(transfection si-FADS2),Ferrostatin-1 group(transfected with si-FADS2+10 μmol·L-1 ferrostatin-1).Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR)assay was used to detect mRNA expression of related genes;Western blot assay was used to detect the expression of each protein;apoptosis was detected by TdT mediated dUDP nick end labeling(Tunel)assay;5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine(EdU)assay to detect cell proliferation;the Transwell assay measures the ability of cells to migrate;Fe2+levels were determined by kit method;DCFH-DA probe was used to detect ROS levels.Results The mRNA levels of FADS2 in control group,proguanil group,pcDNA group and FADS2 group were 1.00±0.11,0.47±0.09,0.49±0.06 and 2.09±0.21,respectively;cell proliferation rate were(100.00±3.50)％,(54.31±4.90)％,(56.46±5.17)％and(78.76±6.50)％,respectively;the apoptosis rate were(3.92±0.53)％,(28.79±3.30)％,(27.20±2.90)％and(7.34±0.68)％,respectively;the migration number were 132.70±9.81,70.10±5.05,68.70±537 and 101.80±11.25,respectively;Fe2+level were(100.00±8.14)％,(201.33±17.84)％,(192.38±21.34)％and(116.70±10.90)％,respectively;GPX4 protein relative expression level were 0.77±0.05,0.31±0.05,0.34±0.05 and 0.68±0.06,respectively.The above indexes in proguanil group were compared with those in control group,the above indexes in FADS2 group were compared with those in pcDNA group,all the differences were statistically significant(all P＜0.05).The ROS levels of si-NC,si-FADS2 and Ferrostatin-1 groups were 9.72±1.18,40.94±5.63 and 13.77±1.40,respectively.Compared the si-FADS2 group with the si-NC group,Ferrostatin-1 group compared with si-FADS2 group,ROS level were significantly different(all P＜0.05).Conclusion Proguanil can induce the apoptosis of bladder cancer cells by inhibiting FADS2 expression mediated by oxidation-reduction driven ferroptosis pathway.

Objective: The effect on fat infiltration (FI) of paraspinal muscles in degenerative lumbar spinal diseases has been demonstrated except for spinopelvic parameters. The present study is to identify the effect of spinopelvic parameters on FI of paraspinal muscle (PSM) and psoas major muscle (PMM) in patients with degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. Methods: A single-center, retrospective cross-sectional study of 160 patients with degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis (DLS) and lumbar stenosis (LSS) who had lateral full-spine x-ray and lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging was conducted. PSM and PMM FIs were defined as the ratio of fat to its muscle cross-sectional area. The FIs were compared among patients with different pelvic tilt (PT) and pelvic incidence (PI), respectively. Results: The PSM FI correlated significantly with pelvic parameters in DLS patients, but not in LSS patients. The PSM FI in pelvic retroversion (PT > 25°) was 0.54 ± 0.13, which was significantly higher in DLS patients than in normal pelvis (0.41 ± 0.14) and pelvic anteversion (PT < 5°) (0.34 ± 0.12). The PSM FI of DLS patients with large PI ( > 60°) was 0.50 ± 0.13, which was higher than those with small ( < 45°) and normal PI (0.37 ± 0.11 and 0.36 ± 0.13). However, the PSM FI of LSS patients didn’t change significantly with PT or PI. Moreover, the PMM FI was about 0.10–0.15, which was significantly lower than the PSM FI, and changed with PT and PI in a similar way of PSM FI with much less in magnitude. Conclusion FI of the PSMs increased with greater pelvic retroversion or larger pelvic incidence in DLS patients, but not in LSS patients.

Objective: The effect on fat infiltration (FI) of paraspinal muscles in degenerative lumbar spinal diseases has been demonstrated except for spinopelvic parameters. The present study is to identify the effect of spinopelvic parameters on FI of paraspinal muscle (PSM) and psoas major muscle (PMM) in patients with degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. Methods: A single-center, retrospective cross-sectional study of 160 patients with degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis (DLS) and lumbar stenosis (LSS) who had lateral full-spine x-ray and lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging was conducted. PSM and PMM FIs were defined as the ratio of fat to its muscle cross-sectional area. The FIs were compared among patients with different pelvic tilt (PT) and pelvic incidence (PI), respectively. Results: The PSM FI correlated significantly with pelvic parameters in DLS patients, but not in LSS patients. The PSM FI in pelvic retroversion (PT > 25°) was 0.54 ± 0.13, which was significantly higher in DLS patients than in normal pelvis (0.41 ± 0.14) and pelvic anteversion (PT < 5°) (0.34 ± 0.12). The PSM FI of DLS patients with large PI ( > 60°) was 0.50 ± 0.13, which was higher than those with small ( < 45°) and normal PI (0.37 ± 0.11 and 0.36 ± 0.13). However, the PSM FI of LSS patients didn’t change significantly with PT or PI. Moreover, the PMM FI was about 0.10–0.15, which was significantly lower than the PSM FI, and changed with PT and PI in a similar way of PSM FI with much less in magnitude. Conclusion FI of the PSMs increased with greater pelvic retroversion or larger pelvic incidence in DLS patients, but not in LSS patients.