Objective:To understand the usage status of high-alert medicines (HAM) for children in outpatient and emergency prescriptions and inpatient medication orders at department of pediatric.Methods:All outpatient and emergency prescriptions and inpatient medication orders in patients with an age of <18 years between July 1, 2016 and June 30, 2018 in Huairou Maternal and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University were collected. According to the List of High-Alert Medications for the Chinese Children, the use of HAM for children in prescriptions and medication orders was analyzed retrospectively. Results:A total of 297 968 prescriptions and medication orders were collected in the study, including 270 024 outpatient and emergency prescriptions (90.62%) and 27 944 inpatient medication orders (9.38%). There were 162 521 prescriptions (54.54%) involving male children and 135 447 (45.46%) involving female children with an age of (4±3) years, ranged 0-17 years. The number of drugs included in each prescription was (2±1), ranged 1-9. Of the 297 968 prescriptions and medication orders, 23 476 (7.88%) involved HAM for children. The proportion of prescriptions containing HAM for children in outpatient and emergency prescriptions was significantly higher than that in inpatient medication orders [7.92% (21 381/270 024) vs. 7.50% (2 095/27 944), P=0.013]; the proportion of prescriptions and medication orders containing HAM for children in Surgery Department [32.84% (1 220/3 715)] was significantly higher than that in Medicine Department [8.17% (22 043/269 777)] and other departments [0.87% (213/24 476)], and the difference was statistically significant (all P<0.001). The 23 476 prescriptions involved 13 categories and 42 kinds of HAM for children and the total frequency of HAM for children was 26 084. The top 3 drug categories that most frequently used were traditional Chinese medicine injections (8 694, 33.33%), antipyretic analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs (7 505, 28.77%), and anti-infective drugs (4 011, 15.38%); the top 10 HAM for children that most frequently used were paracetamol, Yanhuning injection (炎琥宁注射液), Xiyanping injection (喜炎平注射液), vitamin K 1, vidarabine, tetanus antitoxin, penicillins, phenobarbital, promethazine injections, and heparin. Adverse events occurred in 9 children due to medication errors of HAM for children, which were all grade E, and the drugs involved were Xiyanping injection, paracetamol, and vitamin K 1 injection. Conclusions:HAM for children was commonly used, among which the traditional Chinese medicine injection-related HAM was used more, and the proportion of prescriptions containing HAM for children was higher in departments of outpatient, emergency, and surgery. Medication errors related to HAM for children may lead to serious adverse events, so the management of HAM for children should be strengthened.

Objective:To understand the usage status of high-alert medicines (HAM) for children in outpatient and emergency prescriptions and inpatient medication orders at department of pediatric.Methods:All outpatient and emergency prescriptions and inpatient medication orders in patients with an age of <18 years between July 1, 2016 and June 30, 2018 in Huairou Maternal and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University were collected. According to the List of High-Alert Medications for the Chinese Children, the use of HAM for children in prescriptions and medication orders was analyzed retrospectively. Results:A total of 297 968 prescriptions and medication orders were collected in the study, including 270 024 outpatient and emergency prescriptions (90.62%) and 27 944 inpatient medication orders (9.38%). There were 162 521 prescriptions (54.54%) involving male children and 135 447 (45.46%) involving female children with an age of (4±3) years, ranged 0-17 years. The number of drugs included in each prescription was (2±1), ranged 1-9. Of the 297 968 prescriptions and medication orders, 23 476 (7.88%) involved HAM for children. The proportion of prescriptions containing HAM for children in outpatient and emergency prescriptions was significantly higher than that in inpatient medication orders [7.92% (21 381/270 024) vs. 7.50% (2 095/27 944), P=0.013]; the proportion of prescriptions and medication orders containing HAM for children in Surgery Department [32.84% (1 220/3 715)] was significantly higher than that in Medicine Department [8.17% (22 043/269 777)] and other departments [0.87% (213/24 476)], and the difference was statistically significant (all P<0.001). The 23 476 prescriptions involved 13 categories and 42 kinds of HAM for children and the total frequency of HAM for children was 26 084. The top 3 drug categories that most frequently used were traditional Chinese medicine injections (8 694, 33.33%), antipyretic analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs (7 505, 28.77%), and anti-infective drugs (4 011, 15.38%); the top 10 HAM for children that most frequently used were paracetamol, Yanhuning injection (炎琥宁注射液), Xiyanping injection (喜炎平注射液), vitamin K 1, vidarabine, tetanus antitoxin, penicillins, phenobarbital, promethazine injections, and heparin. Adverse events occurred in 9 children due to medication errors of HAM for children, which were all grade E, and the drugs involved were Xiyanping injection, paracetamol, and vitamin K 1 injection. Conclusions:HAM for children was commonly used, among which the traditional Chinese medicine injection-related HAM was used more, and the proportion of prescriptions containing HAM for children was higher in departments of outpatient, emergency, and surgery. Medication errors related to HAM for children may lead to serious adverse events, so the management of HAM for children should be strengthened.

Objective To discuss task-based learning and team-based learning methods and lecture-based learning method in the class of ethnic medicine.Method 50 students in clinic medicine (general practice) of grade 2012 were selected as D-TBL group and 54 students in clinic medicine of grade 2013 were selected as LBL group.Both groups have teaching content,textbook,teachers,class hours in common.Effect of teaching was valued by tests,evaluation in students,questionnaires.SPSS was used to analyze scores of tests.T test was used.Results The correct answer rate?of subject items in D-TBL group was higher than that of LBL group and the difference had statistical significance [(94.56 ± 4.95)％ vs.(29.26 ± 12.15)％,t=36.382,P=0.000).There was no significant difference between the correct answer rate of personal test in D-TBL group and objective item in the LBL group[(75.20 ± 11.82)％ vs.(68.61 ± 14.65)％,t=2.512,P=0.374].There was no statistically significant difference between the correct answer rate of group test in D-TBL group and objective item in the LBL group[(84.25 ± 13.08)％ vs.(68.61 ± 14.65)％,t=5.727,P=0.961].In Score table for members in every division,41(85.42％) students got straight A,7(14.58％) students got B and nobody got C.Feedback questionnaire showed 40(83.33％) students like D-TBL while 26(50.00％) students like LBL.Conclusion Most of students in D-TBL group like D-TBL.D-TBL and LBL cannot take the place of each other.In the future teaching,both methods should be used in different teaching periods according to their merits.

Teachers applied task-based learning and Team-based learning methods in the course of ethnic medicine.Teaching contents were classified according to relations of different herbs and quantity of herbs in each chapter.7-9 students formed a learning group which was also called team.Learning groups prepared lessons before class,debated on different tasks such as herb identification and treatment prescription of clinical cases in class,and drew a conclusion after debates.Learning groups expounded their viewpoints and debated with other learning groups about different views.Teachers recorded and commented on viewpoints from each learning group.After class,through a questionnaire,teachers understood the students' feedback to the whole teaching process,and the effect of application of task driven and cooperative team learning got students' recognition.In the future,we will make some improvement by increasing the classroom comment,improving the preparation before class,increasing the efficiency of learning group presentation and debate time,enriching teachers' academic knowledge and improving their teaching skills.