OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical characteristics of euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis （euDKA） induced by empagliflozin， and provide references for safe medication. METHODS Case reports of euDKA induced by empagliflozin were retrieved and analyzed from PubMed， Web of Science， CNKI， and Wanfang Data. The Naranjo’s scale was adopted to assess the causal relationship between empagliflozin and euDKA. RESULTS A total of 29 patients were enrolled， including 16 males and 13 females，with a median age of 58 years. All patients were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus； 22 patients had at least one comorbidity. The median time to euDKA onset was 60 days after administration， and 7 cases occurred within 2 weeks of treatment. Perioperative periods，fasting，and low-carbohydrate or ketogenic diets were the main predisposing factors. Common presentations included nausea，vomiting， fatigue， tachypnea，and tachycardia. The causal relationship between empagliflozin and euDKA was assessed as “probable” in all cases. According to adverse reaction severity grading， 13 cases were grade 3 （severe） and 16 cases were grade 4 （life-threatening）. All patients discontinued empagliflozin and recovered after corresponding treatment. CONCLUSIONS euDKA is a serious adverse reaction to empagliflozin， which mostly occurs early in treatment. Perioperative periods， fasting， and ketogenic diets are prone to induce euDKA. Elderly patients and those with comorbidities are at higher risk. Risk assessment should be conducted before clinical administration； blood ketones and acid-base monitoring should be strengthened in the early medication period； withhold the drug before elective surgery， avoid prolonged fasting；upon diagnosis， discontinue empagliflozin and initiate intravenous insulin， provide fluid resuscitation promptly， and use other treatments to improve patient prognosis.

AIM:To investigate the prevalence of ocular fundus lesions among active-duty military personnel with high myopia and to analyze the associated influencing factors.

METHODS: A cross-sectional study. Subjects included military personnel with high myopia(≤-6.00 D)and elongated axial length(≥26 mm). A systematic evaluation protocol was implemented, consisting of standardized questionnaires, general physical health examinations, and comprehensive ophthalmic assessments. Optical coherence tomography(OCT)was used to screen for fundus lesions in highly myopic subjects, and the prevalence of related lesions was calculated. Axial length, refractive error, best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA), and macular ganglion cell complex(GCC)thickness were measured. Univariate analysis was performed to compare differences in the above parameters between highly myopic subjects with and without concomitant fundus lesions. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was further applied to identify risk factors for fundus lesions.

RESULTS:A total of 134 male patients(268 eyes)were enrolled, with the mean age of 24.5±3.2 y. Of the 268 eyes, 123 eyes(45.9%)showed positive signs of fundus lesions. Among these, parapapillary blood flow density reduction was found in 84 eyes(31.3%), GCC thinning in 46 eyes(17.2%), drusen in 8 eyes(3.0%), optic disc edema in 7 eyes(2.6%), retinoschisis in 6 eyes(2.2%), and choroidal excavation in 3 eyes(1.1%). BCVA was significantly lower in highly myopic patients with retinoschisis than in those without retinoschisis(P<0.05).Univariate analysis showed that refractive error, axial length, and posterior scleral expansion were associated with the occurrence of fundus lesions(P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis revealed that axial length(OR=2.52, 95%CI: 1.67-3.80, P<0.001)and posterior scleral expansion(OR=3.12, 95%CI: 1.65-5.92, P<0.01)were significant risk factors for fundus lesions in highly myopic military personnel.

CONCLUSION: The prevalence of fundus lesions is relatively high among active-duty military personnel with high myopia. Peripapillary flow density reduction and GCC thinning are the most common manifestations in this population. Increased axial length and posterior scleral ectasia are significant contributing factors. It is recommended that OCT be incorporated into routine ophthalmic examinations for these military personnel, thereby providing a basis for the early detection and intervention of fundus lesions.

Objective To investigate the level of self-efficacy in peritoneal dialysis patients,and to ana-lyze its influencing factors.Methods The convenience sampling method was adopted.A total of 232 patients with peritoneal dialysis in the First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital from March 2022 to March 2023 were selected as the study subjects to conduct the status quo survey of chronic disease self-efficacy scale,social support scale,medical coping style questionnaire and patient positivity scale,and the results were analyzed.Re-sults The self-efficacy score of the patients with peritoneal dialysis(6.67±2.14)points,education level,fam-ily monthly income,working status,submission,social support,objective support,subjective support and pa-tient positivity were the main factors affecting the level of self-efficacy(P<0.05),explaining 64.4%of the variation amount.Self-efficacy was positively correlated with social support,facing and patient positivity(P<0.05),and negatively correlated with avoidance and submission(P<0.05).Conclusion The self-efficacy of peritoneal dialysis patients is generally at a low to medium level.Medical staff should pay more attention to it and improve it.

Objective:To expand the mutation spectrum of familial benign chronic pemphigus (HHD), and to deeply explore the relationship between clinical phenotypes and genotypes.Methods:HHD patients were retrospectively collected from the Department of Dermatology, Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong First Medical University from January 2018 to October 2023, and their clinical data and blood samples were also collected. Sanger sequencing and Whole-exome sequencing were performed on 34 HHD patients. Mutations in the ATP2C1 gene were classified into loss-of-function mutations (including frameshift mutations, nonsense mutations, and splicing mutations) and missense mutations. The relationship between clinical phenotypes and genetic mutation types was analyzed using Fisher's exact test or two-independent-sample t test, and further verified by meta-analysis. Results:The 34 HHD patients were all of Chinese Han nationality, including 20 males and 14 females, and their ages ranged from 35 to 77 years. Pathogenic mutations in the ATP2C1 gene were successfully identified in all the 34 patients, including 29 independent mutations, among which there were 9 frameshift mutations, 8 splicing mutations, 6 missense mutations, and 6 nonsense mutations. The age at onset was significantly earlier in the loss-of-function mutation group (37.62 ± 10.10 years) than in the missense mutation group (49.63 ± 14.90 years; t = 2.62, P = 0.013). However, there were no significant differences in gender, family history, disease seasonality, disease severity, or disease progression among patients with different mutation types (all P > 0.05). Meta-analysis showed that the age at onset was significantly earlier in Chinese Han patients with HHD carrying loss-of-function mutations than in those carrying missense mutations (mean difference: -4.61 years, 95% CI: -8.68 - -0.53 years, P = 0.030) . Conclusion:Chinese Han patients with HHD carrying loss-of-function mutations in the ATP2C1 gene showed significantly earlier ages at onset compared with those carrying missense mutations.

Objective To explore the effects of physical activity(PA)on carotid intima-media thickness(CIMT)thickening in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)with poor HbA1c control.Methods A total of 2505 T2DM inpatients with poor HbA1c control who visited the Endocrinology Department of the Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Changzhou Second People's Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University from January 2019 to February 2022 were enrolled in this study.The patients were categorized into the mild-intensity PA(1～599 MET-min/w,n=795),moderate-intensity PA(600～1499 MET-min/w,n=1107)and high-intensity PA(≥1500 MET-min/w,n=603)based on the metabolic equivalence level(MET).Logistic regression was performed to analyze the relationship between PA and CIMT thickening.Statified analysis was used to investigate the effects of blood pressure(BP)and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)target status on CIMT thickness in different PA groups.Results Restricted cubic spline plots showed a nonlinear relationship between PA levels and the risk of CIMT thickening(P<0.05).Logistic regression showed that with moderate-intensity PA as the control,while high-intensity PA was the influence factor of CIMT thickening(OR 1.581,95%CI 1.244～2.010,P<0.05).Statified analyses showed that under mild-intensity PA,using neither BP nor LDL-C on target as reference,achievement of either index and both were the influence factor of CIMT thickening.Using BP on target as reference,achievements of both indexes,achievements of neither of both indexes,and achievement of LDL-C only were the influence factor of CIMT thickening.Using LDL-C on target as reference,achievement of neither of them and achievement of BP only were the influence factor of CIMT thickening.Under high-intensity PA,achievement of both indexes was negatively associated with CIMT thickening.Conclusions Moderate-intensity PA is the recommended scheme to prevent CIMT thickening in T2DM patients whose HbA1c is not up to standard.Mild-intensity PA is not related to the risk of CIMT thickening,while high-intensity PA is positively related to the risk of CIMT thickening,and focusing on LDL-C compliance is particularly important to avoid CIMT thickening.

Objective To explore the application value of serum heat shock protein 90α(Hsp90α)combined with β2-microglobulin(β2-MG)detection in the early diagnosis and prognosis of colorectal cancer(CRC).Methods A total of 101 patients with CRC who received their first treatment were selected as the CRC group(no surgery,radiotherapy or chemotherapy before enrollment),100 patients with benign colon tumor admitted to our hospital during the same period were selected as the benign tumor group and 94 healthy individuals who underwent physical examinations in our hospital were used as the control group.The levels of serum Hsp90α and β2-MG in all subjects were detected by ELISA.Follow-up was conducted every three months within the first two years after surgery,and every six months in the third year,for a total follow-up period of 3 years,and the survival status of CRC patients within 3 years was recorded.ROC curve analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic value of serum Hsp90α and β2-MG for CRC.The Kaplan-Meier method was used to draw the survival curves of CRC patients with different expression levels of Hsp90α and β2-MG.Results The serum levels of Hsp90α and β2-MG increased successively in the control group,the benign tumor group and the CRC group(P＜0.05).There were no significant differences in serum levels of Hsp90α and β2-MG between CRC patients of different genders,ages and lesion locations.The levels of serum Hsp90α and β2-MG in patients with tumor diameter＞5 cm,low differentiation degree,TNM stage Ⅲ and lymph node metastasis were higher than those in patients with tumor diameter≤5 cm,moderate to high differentiation degree,TNM stage Ⅰ-Ⅱ and no lymph node metastasis(P＜0.05).The ROC results showed that the combined diagnostic efficacy of serum Hsp90α and β2-MG was superior to that of serum Hsp90α or β2-MG alone(Z=2.433,2.435,P＜0.05).Based on the average expression levels of serum Hsp90α and β2-MG in CRC patients(76.66 μg/L and 6.52 μg/L),patients were divided into the high expression group of Hsp90α(59 cases),the low expression group of Hsp90α(42 cases),the high expression group of β2-MG(63 cases)and the low expression group of β2-MG(38 cases).Among the 101 CRC patients,31 died and 70 survived,with a total survival rate of 69.31％.The Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that the 3-year survival rates of patients with high expression levels of Hsp90α and β2-MG were lower than theose of patients with low expression levels of Hsp90α and β2-MG(P＜0.01).Conclusion The expression levels of serum Hsp90α and β2-MG are both elevated in CRC patients,and they are closely related to the occurrence,development and prognosis of CRC.

Objective To explore the application value of serum heat shock protein 90α(Hsp90α)combined with β2-microglobulin(β2-MG)detection in the early diagnosis and prognosis of colorectal cancer(CRC).Methods A total of 101 patients with CRC who received their first treatment were selected as the CRC group(no surgery,radiotherapy or chemotherapy before enrollment),100 patients with benign colon tumor admitted to our hospital during the same period were selected as the benign tumor group and 94 healthy individuals who underwent physical examinations in our hospital were used as the control group.The levels of serum Hsp90α and β2-MG in all subjects were detected by ELISA.Follow-up was conducted every three months within the first two years after surgery,and every six months in the third year,for a total follow-up period of 3 years,and the survival status of CRC patients within 3 years was recorded.ROC curve analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic value of serum Hsp90α and β2-MG for CRC.The Kaplan-Meier method was used to draw the survival curves of CRC patients with different expression levels of Hsp90α and β2-MG.Results The serum levels of Hsp90α and β2-MG increased successively in the control group,the benign tumor group and the CRC group(P＜0.05).There were no significant differences in serum levels of Hsp90α and β2-MG between CRC patients of different genders,ages and lesion locations.The levels of serum Hsp90α and β2-MG in patients with tumor diameter＞5 cm,low differentiation degree,TNM stage Ⅲ and lymph node metastasis were higher than those in patients with tumor diameter≤5 cm,moderate to high differentiation degree,TNM stage Ⅰ-Ⅱ and no lymph node metastasis(P＜0.05).The ROC results showed that the combined diagnostic efficacy of serum Hsp90α and β2-MG was superior to that of serum Hsp90α or β2-MG alone(Z=2.433,2.435,P＜0.05).Based on the average expression levels of serum Hsp90α and β2-MG in CRC patients(76.66 μg/L and 6.52 μg/L),patients were divided into the high expression group of Hsp90α(59 cases),the low expression group of Hsp90α(42 cases),the high expression group of β2-MG(63 cases)and the low expression group of β2-MG(38 cases).Among the 101 CRC patients,31 died and 70 survived,with a total survival rate of 69.31％.The Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that the 3-year survival rates of patients with high expression levels of Hsp90α and β2-MG were lower than theose of patients with low expression levels of Hsp90α and β2-MG(P＜0.01).Conclusion The expression levels of serum Hsp90α and β2-MG are both elevated in CRC patients,and they are closely related to the occurrence,development and prognosis of CRC.

Objective To summarise the evidence on nutritional management in adults with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease(MAFLD),therefore to provide a guidance for clinical practice.Methods According to the"6S"model,literature on the nutritional management in adult MAFLD were retrieved from domestic and international databases and websites,including National Guide Library of the United States,National Institute for Health and Care Excellence,Guidelines International Network,the American Association for the Study of the Liver Disease,Europe Association for the Study of the Liver,Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver,American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists,Italian Association for the Study of the Liver,European Society of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism,American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition,BMJ Best Practice,UpToDate,Joanna Briggs Institute(JBI)Evidence database,PubMed,Cochrane Library,Web of Science,Embase,CINAHL,Medlive,CNKI,VIP,Wanfang,China Biology Medicine,from the inception of databases to 1st March,2024.The literature included guidelines,expert consensus,recommended practices,systematic reviews and evidence summaries.Two researchers independently evaluated the quality of literature and extracted data to summarise the best evidence.Results A total of 24 publication were finally included,with 36 pieces of best evidence summarised,covering six themes:assessment and goals,dietary patterns,diet structure,dietary supplements,exercise guidance and health education.Conclusion The best evidence on nutritional management summarised in this study provides the evidence-based support for healthcare providers with better nutritional management for adult MAFLD,it also offers a guidance in formulation of individualised nutritional management plans.