Transfusion and Anemia Expertise Initiative-Control/Avoidance of Bleeding developed a strategy for platelet and plasma infusion management in critically ill children based on systematic reviews and consensus meetings of international multidisciplinary experts. One good practice statement and six expert consensus statements were proposed for plasma and platelet transfusions in critically ill children following severe trauma, traumatic brain injury, and/or intracranial hemorrhage. This article introduces the specific methods and basis for the formation of recommendations in this part of the guide.

Preeclampsia(PE)is a severe pregnancy complication that poses significant risks to maternal and fetal health,and its pathogenesis remains unclear.Recent studies have shown that lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),a key enzyme in glycolysis,plays a piv-otal role in the development and progression of PE.This article reviews the abnormal changes in the levels of LDH and its isozymes in serum and placental tissue and their impact on the pathogenesis of PE and analyzes the molecular mechanisms by which LDH subunits contribute to placental dysfunction through multiple pathways including hypoxia,inflammation,autophagy dysregulation,and cellular damage.In addition,this article discusses the role of lactate,a metabolic product of LDH activity,in the pathogenesis of PE.LDH can be used as a potential biomarker for PE,and the regulation of non-metabolic functions and metabolic reprogramming mediated by LDH provide new targets for the prevention and treatment of PE.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological burden of age-related macular degeneration(AMD)in China and low-,middle-,and high-socio-demographic index(SDI)countries,thereby providing a theoretical foundation for the prevention and control of AMD.Methods The data published by Global Burden of Disease(GBD)from 1990 to 2021,in-cluding the number of cases,prevalence,disability-adjusted life years(DALYs),and DALYs rate,were utilized to analyze the characteristics of AMD in China and low-,middle-,and high-SDI countries and assess the burden of AMD and its corre-lation with SDI.Results In 2021,the number of patients with AMD and DALYs in China ranked first in the world.Be-sides,the age-standardized prevalence rate(ASPR)and age-standardized DALYs rate(ASDR)in China ranked 46th and 64th in the world,respectively.The number of patients with AMD and DALYs in high-SDI countries were significantly lower than those in middle-and low-SDI countries.The ASPR and ASDR in China were higher than those in high-SDI countries but lower than those in low-SDI countries,and both exceeded the global averages.The prevalence of AMD among people aged 55 years and above was significantly higher.In high-SDI countries,the highest prevalence of AMD was observed a-mong people aged 80 years or above.The prevalence of AMD in China and middle-SDI countries peaked among people aged 65-69 years;whereas that in low-SDI countries peaked among people aged 75-79 years.The AMD burden in females was significantly higher than that in males.The global number of AMD patients exhibited an increasing trend from 1990 to 2021,with the fastest increase observed in China(3.11-fold).The ASPR in China showed a wave-like increasing trend,while that in low-,middle-,and high-SDI countries showed a decreasing trend during the same period.The overall DALY showed an increasing trend,and the increase in the DALYs in China(2.84-fold)exceeded that in low-,middle-,and high-SDI countries.However,the overall ASDR declined,with the most significant decline observed in high-SDI countries.The AS-DR in China has recently rebounded after a wave-like decline from 1990 to 2021.The analysis results of the slope index of inequality(SII)and concentration index(CI)showed that the gap in the AMD burden between high-income and low-in-come countries widened progressively from 1990 to 2021,with the burden being more severe in low-SDI countries.Conclu-sion In 2021,the number of patients with AMD and DALYs in China ranked first in the world.The overall disease burden of AMD in China was between that of high-and low-SDI countries but was higher than global averages.The prevalence of AMD among people aged 55 years and above was significantly higher,and the burden was higher for females than for males.From 1990 to 2021,the number of patients with AMD and the prevalence of this disease in China exhibited an in-creasing trend,while those in low-,middle-,and high-SDI countries showed a decreasing trend.The overall DALYs in-creased,while the overall ASDR decreased.The gap in the AMD burden between high-income and low-income countries widened,and the burden was more severe in low-SDI countries.It was concluded that the burden of AMD was closely re-lated to age,gender,and SDI,and that its distribution characteristics and trends should be considered in the formulation of prevention and control strategies.

Objective To assess the global,regional,and national burdens of eye cancer between 1990 and 2021,examine its change trends with the age,sex,geographic location,and socio-demographic index(SDI)level,and provide scientific evidence for the development of eye cancer prevention and control strategies.Methods Based on the data from the Global Burden of Disease(GBD)study,the global burden of eye cancer was evaluated using the indicator system inclu-ding incidence,prevalence,mortality,and disability-adjusted life years(DALYs).The change trend of the burden of eye cancer with time was quantified with Join-point regression.Frontier analysis methods were used to evaluate the relationship between the burdens of eye cancer with SDI.Results From 1990 to 2021,the global incidence,age-standardized inci-dence rate(ASIR),prevalence and age-standardized prevalence rate(ASPR)of eye cancer showed an upward trend over time.Conversely,the mortality,age-standardized mortality rate(ASMR),DALYs,and age-standardized DALY rate(ASDR)declined during the same period.All the above indicators in males were higher than those in females.Regionally,Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa bore the highest disease burden,while Oceania had the lowest.It should be noted that East Asia experienced the most significant increase in ASIR,and Southern Sub-Saharan Africa showed the greatest rise in ASPR.Meanwhile,Southern Latin America demonstrated the most pronounced decrease in both ASIR and ASPR.East Asia also re-corded the largest reductions in ASMR and ASDR.At the national level,Malawi had the highest disease burden in 2021.To-kelau exhibited the most substantial increase while Norway showed the greatest decrease in disease burden.Age-specific analysis revealed a bimodal distribution,with children under 5 years and adults over 80 being the most affected groups.Furthermore,SDI-based analysis indicated a wave-like relationship between SDI and ASIR/ASPR,and both ASMR and AS-DR declined with the increasing SDI.Conclusion The global burden of eye cancer shows a decline trend generally.The difference in the burden of eye cancer between regional and national levels may be related to medical resource allocation and public health policies.The results of this study provide scientific evidence for the development of tailored eye cancer prevention and control strategies.It is recommended that more attention should be paid to high-burden regions,resource distribution should be optimized,early screening should be enhanced,and targeted interventions for different age and gen-der groups should be implemented.

Objective To observe the value of traditional pelvic floor ultrasound parameters combined with middle urethral sphincter elasticity parameters for diagnosing female stress urinary incontinence(SUI).Methods Fifty two female SUI patients(SUI group)and 45 healthy women(control group)were prospectively enrolled.Traditional pelvic floor ultrasound parameters and middle urethral sphincter elasticity parameters were compared between groups,and logistic regression analysis was performed,the efficacy of each parameter alone and their combination for diagnosing SUI was analyzed.Results Significant differences of bladder neck descent(BND),urethral rotation angle(URA),posterior urethrovesical angle(PUA),shear modulus of the middle urethral anterior wall sphincter at rest state(Q1),shear modulus of the middle urethral anterior wall sphincter under maximum Valsalva maneuver(Q2),and shear modulus of the middle urethral posterior wall sphincter at resting-state(H1)were found between groups(all P＜0.05).BND,PUA,Q1 and Q2 were all influencing factors of female SUI(all P＜0.05),with the area under the curve(AUC)for diagnosing SUI of 0.721,0.718,0.659 and 0.288,respectively.Then traditional ultrasound model,elasticity ultrasound model and combined model were constructed based on traditional pelvic floor ultrasound parameters(BND,PUA),middle urethral sphincter elasticity parameters(Q1,Q2)and their combination,respectively,with AUC for diagnosing SUI of 0.837,0.754 and 0.908,respectively.The AUC of combined model was higher than that of traditional ultrasound model,elasticity ultrasound model and each ultrasound parameter alone(all P＜0.05).Conclusion Traditional pelvic floor ultrasound parameters combined with middle urethral sphincter elasticity parameters had high value for diagnosing female SUI.

Objective To observe the value of middle urethral motion and sphincter elasticity for diagnosing female stress urinary incontinence(SUI).Methods Totally 97 female patients,including 52 with SUI(SUI group)and 45 without SUI(control group)were prospectively enrolled.Pelvic floor ultrasound was performed under resting state and the maximum Valsalva maneuver,respectively,and bladder neck mobility(BND),upper-lower mobility of middle urethra(UMupper-lower),anterior-posterior mobility of middle urethra(UM anterior-posterior),elasticity parameter of the anterior wall of middle urethral sphincter(ΔEanterior wall),as well as elasticity parameter of the posterior wall of middle urethral sphincter(ΔEposterior wall)were measured.Patients'general data and the above ultrasound parameters were compared between groups,and the efficacy of them for diagnosing SUI was analyzed.Results Significant differences of BND,UM upper-lower,ΔEanterior wall and ΔEposterior wall,of also the proportion of lateral episiotomy history were found between groups(all P＜0.05).Among them,UMupper-lower,ΔEanterior wall and ΔEposterior wall were all correlated with female SUI(rs=0.231,-0.533,-0.428,all P＜0.05).The area under the curve(AUC)of UMupper-lower,ΔEanterior wall,ΔEposterior wall and their combination for diagnosing SUI was 0.634,0.820,0.748 and 0.867,respectively.The AUC of the combination was significantly higher than that of each parameter alone(all P＜0.001).Conclusion The combination of middle urethral motion and sphincter elasticity was helpful for diagnosing female SUI.

Objective To assess the global,regional,and national burdens of eye cancer between 1990 and 2021,examine its change trends with the age,sex,geographic location,and socio-demographic index(SDI)level,and provide scientific evidence for the development of eye cancer prevention and control strategies.Methods Based on the data from the Global Burden of Disease(GBD)study,the global burden of eye cancer was evaluated using the indicator system inclu-ding incidence,prevalence,mortality,and disability-adjusted life years(DALYs).The change trend of the burden of eye cancer with time was quantified with Join-point regression.Frontier analysis methods were used to evaluate the relationship between the burdens of eye cancer with SDI.Results From 1990 to 2021,the global incidence,age-standardized inci-dence rate(ASIR),prevalence and age-standardized prevalence rate(ASPR)of eye cancer showed an upward trend over time.Conversely,the mortality,age-standardized mortality rate(ASMR),DALYs,and age-standardized DALY rate(ASDR)declined during the same period.All the above indicators in males were higher than those in females.Regionally,Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa bore the highest disease burden,while Oceania had the lowest.It should be noted that East Asia experienced the most significant increase in ASIR,and Southern Sub-Saharan Africa showed the greatest rise in ASPR.Meanwhile,Southern Latin America demonstrated the most pronounced decrease in both ASIR and ASPR.East Asia also re-corded the largest reductions in ASMR and ASDR.At the national level,Malawi had the highest disease burden in 2021.To-kelau exhibited the most substantial increase while Norway showed the greatest decrease in disease burden.Age-specific analysis revealed a bimodal distribution,with children under 5 years and adults over 80 being the most affected groups.Furthermore,SDI-based analysis indicated a wave-like relationship between SDI and ASIR/ASPR,and both ASMR and AS-DR declined with the increasing SDI.Conclusion The global burden of eye cancer shows a decline trend generally.The difference in the burden of eye cancer between regional and national levels may be related to medical resource allocation and public health policies.The results of this study provide scientific evidence for the development of tailored eye cancer prevention and control strategies.It is recommended that more attention should be paid to high-burden regions,resource distribution should be optimized,early screening should be enhanced,and targeted interventions for different age and gen-der groups should be implemented.

Objective To observe the value of middle urethral motion and sphincter elasticity for diagnosing female stress urinary incontinence(SUI).Methods Totally 97 female patients,including 52 with SUI(SUI group)and 45 without SUI(control group)were prospectively enrolled.Pelvic floor ultrasound was performed under resting state and the maximum Valsalva maneuver,respectively,and bladder neck mobility(BND),upper-lower mobility of middle urethra(UMupper-lower),anterior-posterior mobility of middle urethra(UM anterior-posterior),elasticity parameter of the anterior wall of middle urethral sphincter(ΔEanterior wall),as well as elasticity parameter of the posterior wall of middle urethral sphincter(ΔEposterior wall)were measured.Patients'general data and the above ultrasound parameters were compared between groups,and the efficacy of them for diagnosing SUI was analyzed.Results Significant differences of BND,UM upper-lower,ΔEanterior wall and ΔEposterior wall,of also the proportion of lateral episiotomy history were found between groups(all P＜0.05).Among them,UMupper-lower,ΔEanterior wall and ΔEposterior wall were all correlated with female SUI(rs=0.231,-0.533,-0.428,all P＜0.05).The area under the curve(AUC)of UMupper-lower,ΔEanterior wall,ΔEposterior wall and their combination for diagnosing SUI was 0.634,0.820,0.748 and 0.867,respectively.The AUC of the combination was significantly higher than that of each parameter alone(all P＜0.001).Conclusion The combination of middle urethral motion and sphincter elasticity was helpful for diagnosing female SUI.

Ocular trauma is a leading cause of permanent visual impairment and loss of working a-bility.Among them,orbital foreign body injuries are often accompanied by multiple injuries to the eye-ball and surrounding tissues,adversely affecting the quality of life.This paper reported a 33-year-old male patient with right orbital foreign body resulting in eyeball contusion,extraocular muscle injury,and restricted ocular movement.After surgical removal of the foreign body combined with integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine treatment,the patient's visual acuity improved from 0.4 to 0.8,and ocular motility function significantly improved.This suggests that comprehensive treatment contributes to promoting functional recovery and enhancing clinical efficacy.

Objective To observe the value of traditional pelvic floor ultrasound parameters combined with middle urethral sphincter elasticity parameters for diagnosing female stress urinary incontinence(SUI).Methods Fifty two female SUI patients(SUI group)and 45 healthy women(control group)were prospectively enrolled.Traditional pelvic floor ultrasound parameters and middle urethral sphincter elasticity parameters were compared between groups,and logistic regression analysis was performed,the efficacy of each parameter alone and their combination for diagnosing SUI was analyzed.Results Significant differences of bladder neck descent(BND),urethral rotation angle(URA),posterior urethrovesical angle(PUA),shear modulus of the middle urethral anterior wall sphincter at rest state(Q1),shear modulus of the middle urethral anterior wall sphincter under maximum Valsalva maneuver(Q2),and shear modulus of the middle urethral posterior wall sphincter at resting-state(H1)were found between groups(all P＜0.05).BND,PUA,Q1 and Q2 were all influencing factors of female SUI(all P＜0.05),with the area under the curve(AUC)for diagnosing SUI of 0.721,0.718,0.659 and 0.288,respectively.Then traditional ultrasound model,elasticity ultrasound model and combined model were constructed based on traditional pelvic floor ultrasound parameters(BND,PUA),middle urethral sphincter elasticity parameters(Q1,Q2)and their combination,respectively,with AUC for diagnosing SUI of 0.837,0.754 and 0.908,respectively.The AUC of combined model was higher than that of traditional ultrasound model,elasticity ultrasound model and each ultrasound parameter alone(all P＜0.05).Conclusion Traditional pelvic floor ultrasound parameters combined with middle urethral sphincter elasticity parameters had high value for diagnosing female SUI.