As one of the most common malignant tumors， digestive system tumors exhibit an increase in the incidence and mortality year by year. Its pathogenesis is complex， making it difficult to carry out early prevention. Autophagy is a process in which cells use lysosomes to degrade their organelles and macromolecules to maintain cellular homeostasis under the regulation of autophagy-related genes. Cellular autophagy has a dual regulatory effect on the tumor microenvironment， which always affects the occurrence and development of digestive system tumors. Therefore， the effect and mechanism of action of cellular autophagy on digestive system tumors have become a hot topic in tumor therapy in recent years. Meanwhile， the remarkable research results of targeted autophagy drugs indicate that cellular autophagy may become an important target for anti-digestive system tumors. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has been widely used in the comprehensive treatment of digestive system tumors with good efficacy. A variety of active ingredients in TCM， such as flavonoids， glycosides， terpenoids， quinones， and alkaloids， can increase the expression of autophagy-associated proteins microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 （LC3）Ⅱ/Ⅰ， autophagy-related gene （ATG）5， ATG7， inhibit the expression of autophagy-related protein p62 ， and induce autophagy in digestive system tumor cells， thereby exerting the anti-digestive system tumor effect. By summarizing the research results in recent years on the modulation of cell autophagy by active ingredients in TCM to fight against digestive system tumors， this paper analyzed the relevant signaling pathways， regulatory factors， and functional characteristics of cell autophagy modulation， so as to elucidate the mechanism by which active ingredients of TCM induce autophagy and to provide ideas and references for clinical application.

As one of the most common malignant tumors， digestive system tumors exhibit an increase in the incidence and mortality year by year. Its pathogenesis is complex， making it difficult to carry out early prevention. Autophagy is a process in which cells use lysosomes to degrade their organelles and macromolecules to maintain cellular homeostasis under the regulation of autophagy-related genes. Cellular autophagy has a dual regulatory effect on the tumor microenvironment， which always affects the occurrence and development of digestive system tumors. Therefore， the effect and mechanism of action of cellular autophagy on digestive system tumors have become a hot topic in tumor therapy in recent years. Meanwhile， the remarkable research results of targeted autophagy drugs indicate that cellular autophagy may become an important target for anti-digestive system tumors. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） has been widely used in the comprehensive treatment of digestive system tumors with good efficacy. A variety of active ingredients in TCM， such as flavonoids， glycosides， terpenoids， quinones， and alkaloids， can increase the expression of autophagy-associated proteins microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 （LC3）Ⅱ/Ⅰ， autophagy-related gene （ATG）5， ATG7， inhibit the expression of autophagy-related protein p62 ， and induce autophagy in digestive system tumor cells， thereby exerting the anti-digestive system tumor effect. By summarizing the research results in recent years on the modulation of cell autophagy by active ingredients in TCM to fight against digestive system tumors， this paper analyzed the relevant signaling pathways， regulatory factors， and functional characteristics of cell autophagy modulation， so as to elucidate the mechanism by which active ingredients of TCM induce autophagy and to provide ideas and references for clinical application.

As a common malignant tumor of the respiratory system， the incidence and mortality of lung cancer are still rising year by year. Its pathogenesis is complex， the prognosis is poor， and it seriously affects human physical and mental health. Although existing Western medical treatments can inhibit tumor growth to a certain extent and relieve patients' painful symptoms， problems such as postoperative recurrence and metastasis， numerous adverse reactions， and the tendency to develop drug resistance make the overall therapeutic effect unsatisfactory. Therefore， it is urgent to seek more efficient and safer treatments. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase （AMPK） signaling pathway can regulate the growth， differentiation， apoptosis， and autophagy of lung cancer cells， and is extensively involved in the occurrence and development of lung cancer， thus being regarded as an important target for anti-lung cancer therapy. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） exerts anti-lung cancer effects through multiple pathways， mechanisms， and targets， with advantages such as preventing postoperative recurrence and metastasis， alleviating the adverse reactions of radiotherapy and chemotherapy， and improving quality of life. TCM has therefore become a key approach in current anti-lung cancer treatment. Studies have found that active components of Chinese medicine， including flavonoids， saponins， polyphenols， and terpenes， as well as Chinese medicine compound prescriptions such as Guiqi Yiyuan extract， Qingzao Jiufei decoction， and Yiqi Fuzheng formula， have significant regulatory effects on AMPK and its interacting signaling pathways. These effects include inducing autophagy and apoptosis of lung cancer cells， modulating macrophage polarization， inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition， reversing drug resistance， and blocking the cell cycle， thereby exerting anti-lung cancer activity. This article reviews and summarizes recent studies on the anti-lung cancer effects of TCM， and discusses the mechanisms by which TCM regulates the AMPK signaling pathway in the treatment of lung cancer， with the aim of providing ideas and references for the development of new clinical anti-lung cancer drugs.

As a common malignant tumor of the respiratory system， the incidence and mortality of lung cancer are still rising year by year. Its pathogenesis is complex， the prognosis is poor， and it seriously affects human physical and mental health. Although existing Western medical treatments can inhibit tumor growth to a certain extent and relieve patients' painful symptoms， problems such as postoperative recurrence and metastasis， numerous adverse reactions， and the tendency to develop drug resistance make the overall therapeutic effect unsatisfactory. Therefore， it is urgent to seek more efficient and safer treatments. Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase （AMPK） signaling pathway can regulate the growth， differentiation， apoptosis， and autophagy of lung cancer cells， and is extensively involved in the occurrence and development of lung cancer， thus being regarded as an important target for anti-lung cancer therapy. Traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） exerts anti-lung cancer effects through multiple pathways， mechanisms， and targets， with advantages such as preventing postoperative recurrence and metastasis， alleviating the adverse reactions of radiotherapy and chemotherapy， and improving quality of life. TCM has therefore become a key approach in current anti-lung cancer treatment. Studies have found that active components of Chinese medicine， including flavonoids， saponins， polyphenols， and terpenes， as well as Chinese medicine compound prescriptions such as Guiqi Yiyuan extract， Qingzao Jiufei decoction， and Yiqi Fuzheng formula， have significant regulatory effects on AMPK and its interacting signaling pathways. These effects include inducing autophagy and apoptosis of lung cancer cells， modulating macrophage polarization， inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition， reversing drug resistance， and blocking the cell cycle， thereby exerting anti-lung cancer activity. This article reviews and summarizes recent studies on the anti-lung cancer effects of TCM， and discusses the mechanisms by which TCM regulates the AMPK signaling pathway in the treatment of lung cancer， with the aim of providing ideas and references for the development of new clinical anti-lung cancer drugs.

Gastrointestinal tumors （GTs）， including colorectal cancer， gastric cancer， liver cancer， pancreatic cancer， and esophageal cancer， are increasing in incidence worldwide and have become one of the major diseases threatening human health. Tumor stem cells （TSCs）， an undifferentiated subpopulation within tumor tissues， possess biological characteristics such as self-renewal， multidirectional differentiation， high tumorigenicity， and resistance to radiochemotherapy. They play an important role in the occurrence， progression， recurrence， and metastasis of GTs and have increasingly become a research hotspot in GT treatment. Although modern medicine has made remarkable progress， there remain many problems in therapeutic approaches targeting TSCs. In this context， traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， with its favorable safety profile and multi-target mechanisms， has shown potential advantages and value in regulating TSCs. It can reduce TSC drug resistance， enhance the sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapeutic agents， inhibit tumor growth and metastasis， and has shown unique advantages in improving the quality of life and prolonging the survival of GT patients. Studies have found that active components of Chinese medicine， such as terpenoids， polyphenols， flavonoids， glycosides， and quinones， and Chinese medicine compound formulas， including Zuojin pills， Sijunzi decoction， Biejiajian pills， and Xuanfu Daizhe decoction， can inhibit TSCs-related signaling pathways such as the Notch signaling pathway， the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway， the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B （PI3K/Akt） signaling pathway， and the Hippo signaling pathway. They also reduce the expression of TSC surface markers， including sex-determining region Y-box 2 （SOX2）， sex-determining region Y-box 9 （SOX9）， octamer-binding transcription factor 4 （OCT4）， prominin-1 （CD133）， cluster of differentiation 44 （CD44）， cluster of differentiation 24 （CD24）， and thyroid transmembrane protein 1 （CD90）， thereby hindering TSC differentiation， accelerating their metabolic processes， improving the tumor microenvironment， and consequently inhibiting GT growth. This study collects and analyzes recent research on the regulation of TSCs by TCM in the treatment of GT， aiming to provide a new theoretical basis for tumor therapy with TCM， expand its application in the comprehensive treatment of GT， and offer new therapeutic ideas and methods for clinical practice.

Objective:To observe the clinical efficacy of Mahuang Fuzi Xixin Decoction combined with balanced acupuncture in the treatment of migraine with yang deficiency and cold congealing syndrome.Methods:Randomized controlled trial. Totally 91 cases of migraine with yang deficiency and cold congealing syndrome in our hospital from March 2021 to May 2022 were selected and divided into 45 cases in the Western medicine group and 46 cases in the integrated Chinese and Western medicine group according to random number table method. The Western medicine group took flunarizine hydrochloride capsules orally, and the integrated Chinese and Western medicine group combined ephedrine and aconiti asarum decoction + balanced acupuncture treatment on the basis of the Western medicine group. Both groups were treated for 1 month. Traditional Chinese Medicine syndrome score was performed before and after treatment, the degree of headache was assessed by VAS scale, and the impact of headache on life was assessed by Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6); the levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) were determined by radioimmunoassay. The adverse reactions during treatment were observed and recorded, and the clinical efficacy was evaluated.Results:The total effective rate was 82.22% (37/45) in the Western medicine group and 95.65% (44/46) in the integrated Chinese and Western medicine group, with statistical significance ( χ2=4.20, P=0.041). After treatment, the scores of headache, hair, urine and cold limbs in the integrated Chinese and Western medicine group were lower than those in the Western medicine group ( t values were 18.49, 22.29, 21.31, 27.49, P<0.01), and the scores of VAS and HIT-6 were lower than those in the Western medicine group ( t values were 23.20, 9.33, P<0.01). After treatment, the level of 5-HT in the integrated Chinese and Western medicine group [(98.34±6.23) μg/L vs. (85.23±4.21) μg/L, t=11.74] was higher than that of the Western medicine group ( P<0.01); CGRP [(11.24±1.99) ng/L vs. (15.22±2.52) ng/L, t=8.37] was lower than that of the Western medicine group ( P<0.01). During treatment, the incidence of adverse reactions was 2.22% (1/45) in the Western medicine group and 2.17% (1/46) in the integrated Chinese and Western medicine group, without statistical significance ( P>0.05). Conclusion:Mahuang Fuzi Xixin Decoction combined with balanced acupuncture can effectively improve the clinical symptoms and life quality of patients of migraine with yang deficiency and cold congealing, and the clinical efficacy can be promoted.

Cystine is the primary source material for the synthesis of glutathione.However,the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of cystine are largely unknown.A surrogate analyte D4-cystine was employed to generate calibration curves for the determination of levels of D4-cystine and endogenous cystine in mice by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS).Validation assessments proved the sensitivity,specificity and reproducibility of the method with a lower limit of quantification(LLOQ)of 5 ng/mL over 5-5000 ng/mL in plasma.The pharmacokinetics of D4-cystine were evaluated after administering injections and oral solutions,both of which minimally impacted endogenous cystine levels.The absolute bioavailability of cystine was 18.6％,15.1％and 25.6％at doses of 25,50 and 100 mg/kg,respectively.Intravenously injected D4-cystine resulted in dramatically high plasma levels with reduced levels in the brain and liver.Intragastrically administered D4-cystine resulted in high levels in the plasma and stomach with relatively low levels in the lung,kidney,heart and brain.

Despite the continuous improvement in perioperative use of antibiotics and aseptic techniques, the incidence of infection continues to rise as the need for surgery increasing and brings great challenges to orthopedic surgery. The rough or porous structure of the prosthesis provides an excellent place for bacterial adhesion, proliferation and biofilm formation, which is the main cause of infection. Traditional antibiotic therapy and surgical debridement are difficult to determine whether the infected focus have been removed completely and whether the infection will recur. In recent years, nanotechnology has shown obvious advantages in biomaterials and drug delivery. Nano drug carriers can effectively achieve local antimicrobial therapy, prevent surgical infection by local sustained drug release or intelligent controlled drug release under specific stimuli, and reduce the toxic side effects of drugs. The unique advantages of nanotechnology provide new ideas and options for the prevention and treatment of periprosthetic infection. At present, the application of nano-technology in the prevention and treatment of infection can be divided into the addition of nano-drug-loaded materials to prosthesis materials, the construction of drug-loaded nano-coatings on the surface of prosthesis, the perfusable nano-antimicrobial drug carriers, and the stimulation-responsive drug controlled release system. This article reviews the methods of infection prevention and treatment in orthopaedic surgery, especially the research status of nanotechnology in the prevention and treatment of periprosthetic infection.
Anti-Infective Agents ; administration & dosage ; Bacterial Adhesion ; Drug Carriers ; Humans ; Nanotechnology ; Orthopedics ; Prosthesis-Related Infections ; prevention & control