Objective:To understand the current status, research hotspots, and future trends in the field of retinoblastoma (RB).Methods:Using the Web of Science Core Collection SSCI and SCI-Expanded as data sources, relevant RB literature from January 2015 to November 2024 was retrieved. The bibliometric analysis software CiteSpace 6.2.R6 was employed to perform visual analyses of countries/regions, institutions, journals, authors, co-cited references, and keywords.Results:A total of 5 042 relevant publications were identified. Annual publication numbers in this field consistently exceeded 400, peaking at 565 in 2021. The United States contributed the highest number of publications, with 1 600 articles (31.73%). Among institutions, Harvard University ranked first with 167 publications (3.31%). Abramson DH of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center published the most papers (75). Nature (United Kingdom) received the highest citation count (2 349). The highest betweenness centrality was observed for the United States (0.14) among countries/regions, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (0.21) among institutions, and Berry JL of Children’s Hospital Los Angeles (0.21) at the author level. Co-citation and keyword analyses revealed that RB research hotspots are shifting from a focus on basic molecular mechanisms, such as the cell cycle and RB protein, toward advanced therapeutic strategies, such as intra-arterial chemotherapy and nanoparticle-based drug delivery. Emerging keywords such as complexity, chemoresistance and carboplatin indicate that future studies will focus on optimising diagnosis and treatment. Conclusions:From 2015 to 2024, RB research displayed a sustained growth trend, with the United States and its institutions and scholars contributing the most publications. The research focus has shifted from the exploration of molecular mechanisms to the optimization of precise treatment strategies, among which the application of nanotechnology and the resolution of drug resistance mechanisms will become key breakthrough directions.

Objective:To observe the clinical features and treatment outcomes of patients with intraocular foreign bodies with endophthalmitis, and analyze the prognostic factors affecting the anatomic and visual outcomes of patients.Methods:A retrospective clinical study. A total of 1 704 patients (1 704 eyes) with intraocular foreign body at Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University from January 2015 to June 2024 were included in this study. Endophthalmitis was diagnosed in 263 eyes (15.4%, 263/1 704). Patients who lost follow-up in our hospital after surgery were excluded, 155 patients with 155 eyes were finally included in the study. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) examination was performed before operation. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) examination was performed both after the first stage debridement and during follow-up. The visual acuity test is performed using a standard logarithmic visual acuity chart, which is statistically converted to logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) visual acuity. Demographic characteristics (gender, age), trauma characteristics (time of injury, occupation characteristics, nature of foreign body), anatomical injury (wound zoning, nature of infection, etc.), clinical treatment (interval between operation and injury, rate of second operation, etc.) and outcome (vision outcome, complications, anatomic outcome, etc.) were recorded. Prophylactic intravitreous injection of 10 mg/ml of cefazolin sodium 0.1 ml (including 1 mg of cefazolin sodium) was given on the basis of perioperative systemic administration of cefazolin sodium from 2022. Anatomical outcomes included anatomical reduction, silicone oil-dependent, and ophthalmectomy. The visual outcomes of the patients were categorized into three groups based on the best-corrected visual acuity at the final follow-up: visual acuity worse than 0.05, visual acuity between 0.05 and 0.3, and visual acuity better than 0.3. Generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) was used to analyze the correlation between the timing of treatment, nature of foreign body, nature of infection, number of operations, location of injury and the anatomic and visual outcomes of patients.Results:Of 155 patients, 149 were males and 6 were females, mean age was (45.7±12.9) years, patients with monocular injury. Magnetic, non-magnetic, unidentified metal and vegetable, mineral, animal and unidentified foreign bodies were 102 (65.8%, 102/155), 2 (1.3%, 2/155), 28 (18.1%, 28/155), 1 (0.6%, 1/155), 12 (7.7%, 12/155), 7 (4.5%, 7/155), 3 (1.9%, 3/155) cases, respectively. The time between injury and removal of foreign body was (98.1±359.5) h. The foreign bodies were removed in 136 eyes (87.2%, 136/155) in the primary surgery, 67 cases combined with debridement and suture, 68 cases combined with pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), and 1 case suffered ophthalmectomy. The slide and culture results revealed that the eyes positive for bacteria and those positive for a mixed infection of bacteria and fungi were 80 (51.2%, 80/155) and 2 (1.3%, 2/155) eyes, respectively; 73 eyes (46.8%, 73/155) were negative. Among the 80 eyes positive for bacteria, staphylococcus epidermidis and bacillus cereus were found in 26 (32.5%, 26/80) and 23 (28.8%, 23/80) eyes, respectively. Drug sensitivity testing indicated that vancomycin, gentamicin and amikacin had low drug resistance (1.79%, 6.67%, 0.0%, respectively). The mean preoperative logMAR UCVA was 1.67±0.79. In the outcome of visual function, 78, 26 and 51 patients with visual acuity <0.05, 0.05-0.3, >0.3, respectively. At the last follow-up, there were 56 cases (36.1%, 56/155) of silicone oil dependence, 93 cases (60%, 93/155) of anatomic reduction, and 6 cases (3.9%, 6/155) suffered ophthalmectomy, the mean intraocular pressure was (13.6±6.1) mm Hg (1 mm Hg= 0.133 kPa). Preoperative visual acuity was strongly correlated with visual outcomes ( F=6.896, P=0.001). Preoperative visual acuity ( F=5.310, P=0.023) and surgical method ( F=20.448, P<0.001) were closely related to the anatomical outcome, while age, treatment time, foreign body nature, wound zoning, infection nature, and foreign body removal time had no statistical correlation with the anatomic and functional outcome ( P>0.05). During 2015 to 2024, the incidence of intraocular foreign body-related endophthalmitis was 12.5%-22.7%, which showed a fluctuating upward trend. The incidence of endophthalmitis increased during 2022 to 2024 compared with the period from 2019 to 2021, but no statistically difference was found ( χ2=3.856, P=0.05). Conclusions:The incidence of intraocular foreign body related endophthalmitis was 15.4%. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Bacillus cereus are the first and second pathogenic bacteria. The incidence of endophthalmitis is not significantly reduced with intravitreal injection of cefazolin sodium. Preoperative UCVA and surgical method were closely related to the anatomic outcome of patients.

Fundus neovascularization is a significant cause of ocular diseases, mainly including retinal neovascularization and choroidal neovascularization. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy, though effective, has limitations such as a short half-life, non-responsiveness, and drug resistance. 6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3), a key regulator of glycolysis, affects the generation of pathological blood vessels by modulating the metabolism of vascular endothelial cells. Small molecule inhibitors targeting PFKFB3 protein have been confirmed in animal and cell models to significantly inhibit pathological angiogenesis, showing good therapeutic potential. However, most of them are still in the preclinical research stage. In the future, it is necessary to further investigate the mechanism of PFKFB3 gene, optimize the specificity and safety of the inhibitors, and explore the effects of combining them with existing therapies, so as to provide new strategies for the treatment of fundus neovascular diseases.

Objective:To understand the current status, research hotspots, and future trends in the field of retinoblastoma (RB).Methods:Using the Web of Science Core Collection SSCI and SCI-Expanded as data sources, relevant RB literature from January 2015 to November 2024 was retrieved. The bibliometric analysis software CiteSpace 6.2.R6 was employed to perform visual analyses of countries/regions, institutions, journals, authors, co-cited references, and keywords.Results:A total of 5 042 relevant publications were identified. Annual publication numbers in this field consistently exceeded 400, peaking at 565 in 2021. The United States contributed the highest number of publications, with 1 600 articles (31.73%). Among institutions, Harvard University ranked first with 167 publications (3.31%). Abramson DH of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center published the most papers (75). Nature (United Kingdom) received the highest citation count (2 349). The highest betweenness centrality was observed for the United States (0.14) among countries/regions, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (0.21) among institutions, and Berry JL of Children’s Hospital Los Angeles (0.21) at the author level. Co-citation and keyword analyses revealed that RB research hotspots are shifting from a focus on basic molecular mechanisms, such as the cell cycle and RB protein, toward advanced therapeutic strategies, such as intra-arterial chemotherapy and nanoparticle-based drug delivery. Emerging keywords such as complexity, chemoresistance and carboplatin indicate that future studies will focus on optimising diagnosis and treatment. Conclusions:From 2015 to 2024, RB research displayed a sustained growth trend, with the United States and its institutions and scholars contributing the most publications. The research focus has shifted from the exploration of molecular mechanisms to the optimization of precise treatment strategies, among which the application of nanotechnology and the resolution of drug resistance mechanisms will become key breakthrough directions.

Objective:To observe the clinical features and treatment outcomes of patients with intraocular foreign bodies with endophthalmitis, and analyze the prognostic factors affecting the anatomic and visual outcomes of patients.Methods:A retrospective clinical study. A total of 1 704 patients (1 704 eyes) with intraocular foreign body at Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University from January 2015 to June 2024 were included in this study. Endophthalmitis was diagnosed in 263 eyes (15.4%, 263/1 704). Patients who lost follow-up in our hospital after surgery were excluded, 155 patients with 155 eyes were finally included in the study. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) examination was performed before operation. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) examination was performed both after the first stage debridement and during follow-up. The visual acuity test is performed using a standard logarithmic visual acuity chart, which is statistically converted to logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) visual acuity. Demographic characteristics (gender, age), trauma characteristics (time of injury, occupation characteristics, nature of foreign body), anatomical injury (wound zoning, nature of infection, etc.), clinical treatment (interval between operation and injury, rate of second operation, etc.) and outcome (vision outcome, complications, anatomic outcome, etc.) were recorded. Prophylactic intravitreous injection of 10 mg/ml of cefazolin sodium 0.1 ml (including 1 mg of cefazolin sodium) was given on the basis of perioperative systemic administration of cefazolin sodium from 2022. Anatomical outcomes included anatomical reduction, silicone oil-dependent, and ophthalmectomy. The visual outcomes of the patients were categorized into three groups based on the best-corrected visual acuity at the final follow-up: visual acuity worse than 0.05, visual acuity between 0.05 and 0.3, and visual acuity better than 0.3. Generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) was used to analyze the correlation between the timing of treatment, nature of foreign body, nature of infection, number of operations, location of injury and the anatomic and visual outcomes of patients.Results:Of 155 patients, 149 were males and 6 were females, mean age was (45.7±12.9) years, patients with monocular injury. Magnetic, non-magnetic, unidentified metal and vegetable, mineral, animal and unidentified foreign bodies were 102 (65.8%, 102/155), 2 (1.3%, 2/155), 28 (18.1%, 28/155), 1 (0.6%, 1/155), 12 (7.7%, 12/155), 7 (4.5%, 7/155), 3 (1.9%, 3/155) cases, respectively. The time between injury and removal of foreign body was (98.1±359.5) h. The foreign bodies were removed in 136 eyes (87.2%, 136/155) in the primary surgery, 67 cases combined with debridement and suture, 68 cases combined with pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), and 1 case suffered ophthalmectomy. The slide and culture results revealed that the eyes positive for bacteria and those positive for a mixed infection of bacteria and fungi were 80 (51.2%, 80/155) and 2 (1.3%, 2/155) eyes, respectively; 73 eyes (46.8%, 73/155) were negative. Among the 80 eyes positive for bacteria, staphylococcus epidermidis and bacillus cereus were found in 26 (32.5%, 26/80) and 23 (28.8%, 23/80) eyes, respectively. Drug sensitivity testing indicated that vancomycin, gentamicin and amikacin had low drug resistance (1.79%, 6.67%, 0.0%, respectively). The mean preoperative logMAR UCVA was 1.67±0.79. In the outcome of visual function, 78, 26 and 51 patients with visual acuity <0.05, 0.05-0.3, >0.3, respectively. At the last follow-up, there were 56 cases (36.1%, 56/155) of silicone oil dependence, 93 cases (60%, 93/155) of anatomic reduction, and 6 cases (3.9%, 6/155) suffered ophthalmectomy, the mean intraocular pressure was (13.6±6.1) mm Hg (1 mm Hg= 0.133 kPa). Preoperative visual acuity was strongly correlated with visual outcomes ( F=6.896, P=0.001). Preoperative visual acuity ( F=5.310, P=0.023) and surgical method ( F=20.448, P<0.001) were closely related to the anatomical outcome, while age, treatment time, foreign body nature, wound zoning, infection nature, and foreign body removal time had no statistical correlation with the anatomic and functional outcome ( P>0.05). During 2015 to 2024, the incidence of intraocular foreign body-related endophthalmitis was 12.5%-22.7%, which showed a fluctuating upward trend. The incidence of endophthalmitis increased during 2022 to 2024 compared with the period from 2019 to 2021, but no statistically difference was found ( χ2=3.856, P=0.05). Conclusions:The incidence of intraocular foreign body related endophthalmitis was 15.4%. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Bacillus cereus are the first and second pathogenic bacteria. The incidence of endophthalmitis is not significantly reduced with intravitreal injection of cefazolin sodium. Preoperative UCVA and surgical method were closely related to the anatomic outcome of patients.

Fundus neovascularization is a significant cause of ocular diseases, mainly including retinal neovascularization and choroidal neovascularization. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy, though effective, has limitations such as a short half-life, non-responsiveness, and drug resistance. 6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3), a key regulator of glycolysis, affects the generation of pathological blood vessels by modulating the metabolism of vascular endothelial cells. Small molecule inhibitors targeting PFKFB3 protein have been confirmed in animal and cell models to significantly inhibit pathological angiogenesis, showing good therapeutic potential. However, most of them are still in the preclinical research stage. In the future, it is necessary to further investigate the mechanism of PFKFB3 gene, optimize the specificity and safety of the inhibitors, and explore the effects of combining them with existing therapies, so as to provide new strategies for the treatment of fundus neovascular diseases.

Objective To explore the action mechanism of tauroursodeoxycholic acid(TUDCA)promoting intracellular clearance of Burkholderia pseudomallei(B.pseudomallei)in RAW264.7 macrophages.Methods After TUDCA of different concentrations were used to treat RAW264.7 cells pre-infected with B.pseudomallei for 8 h or not,flow cytometry was applied to detect the apoptosis of the infected and control cells.In addition,another endoplasmic reticulum stress(ERS)inhibitor 4-PBA was used to detect the apoptosis and proliferation of host cells after B.pseudomallei infection with Annexin-V/PI double staining and MTT cell proliferation assay.Furthermore,after transfected with CHOP siRNA,Western blotting and flow cytometry were employed to detect the effect of TUDCA on the expression levels of Caspase-3 and Caspase-12 and the changes in apoptotic rate after B.pseudomallei infection,respectively.Finally,the effect of TUDCA on intracellular multiplication of infected RAW264.7 cells were observed to estimate the CFU value in the presence and absence of CHOP siRNA.Results Under different concentrations of TUDCA,100 or 200 μmol/L TUDCA significantly reduced B.pseudomallei-induced apoptosis in RAW264.7 cells(P＜0.05).Meanwhile,both TUDCA and 4-PBA treatment could decrease the apoptosis induced by B.pseudomallei infection by ERS(P＜0.05).Further,the expression levels of Caspase-3 and Caspase-12 were obviously increased after B.pseudomallei infection compared with uninfected groups,but their expression levels in the siCHOP group was significantly lower than that in the siC group.Besides,flow cytometry also showed that TUDCA could reduce apoptosis induced by B.pseudomallei infection(P＜0.05),but no significant effect of TUDCA on apoptosis was observed under CHOP knockdown.Finally,intracellular CFU assay indicated that TUDCA treatment promoted the host cell clearance of B.pseudomallei(P＜0.05),but no such effect was observed in siCHOP group.Conclusion In B.pseudomallei infected RAW264.7 cells,TUDCA promotes the intracellular clearance of the bacteria by inhibiting ERS-induced apoptosis.

Objective: To investigate the mechanism of action of Wuzi Yanzong pill (WYP) in rats with oligoasthenozoospermia (OAZ) via metabolomics and to provide a possible basis for improving this WYP-based treatment. Methods: A rat model of OAZ was established by treating male Sprague–Dawley rats with glucosides from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F. Seventy-two rats were randomly divided into six groups: control, L-carnitine (positive control), model, and low-, medium-, and high-dose WYP groups. Rats in the experimental groups were treated with WYP for 4 weeks. At the end of the treatment period, sperm cell quality (density, motility, and viability) was assessed using a semen analysis system, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was assessed using flow cytometry, and testicular injury was assessed using hematoxylin and eosin staining to validate the therapeutic effect of WYP in OAZ. Further, serum metabolomics-based analysis was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify differential metabolic pathways and possible mechanisms of action of WYP in OAZ treatment. Results: A rat model of OAZ was considered successfully-established after comparing the quality of spermatozoa in the model group to that in the control group. WYP-M and WYP-H treatments significantly improved sperm cell density, motility, and viability compared with those in the model group (all P < .05). Compared with the model group, both WYP-M and WYP-H treatments increased MMP values (P = .006 and P = .021 respectively), while there was no significant difference in the L-carnitine group. L-carnitine and WYP administration reversed damage to the testes to varying degrees compared with that in the model group. Further, 44 differential metabolites and four metabolic pathways, especially autophagy pathway, related to OAZ were identified via metabolomics. Conclusions WYP improves sperm cell quality and MMP in OAZ primarily via autophagy regulation. These findings can be employed to improve the efficacy of WYP in humans.

Objective:To observe the changes of macular morphology and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in children with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) after single treatment of laser photocoagulation or intravitreal injection of ranibizumab (IVR) by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).Methods:A cross sectional study was conducted.Fourteen cases (23 eyes) of ROP children with a treatment history aged 4-10 years were enrolled as the ROP group in Shenzhen Eye Hospital from April to August 2018, with 8 cases (16 eyes) of age-matched full-term children as control group.Among the ROP group, 9 cases (14 eyes) receiving photocoagulation were set as the photocoagulation group and 5 cases (9 eyes) receiving IVR as the injection group.The 3 mm×3 mm scanning mode of OCTA was adopted to measure the area of foveal avascular zone (FAZ), FAZ morphological index, superficial retinal vascular density (VD) and superficial retinal perfusion density (PD), and the B-scan mode was used to determine the central foveal thickness (CFT). BCVA of all children was recorded and analyzed.This study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by an Ethics Committee of Shenzhen Eye Hospital (No.b-03). Written informed consent was obtained from guardians prior to any examination.Results:Compared with the control group, there was smaller area of FAZ, more irregular FAZ morphology and thicker CFT in the ROP group.The central fovea of macula in the laser photocoagulation group was shallow and almost indiscernible, and FAZ morphology was irregular.The FAZ area, FAZ morphological index, VD and PD in the ROP group were (0.09±0.08) mm 2, 0.51±0.25, (19.18±2.50)mm/mm 2 and 0.35±0.04, respectively, which were significantly lower than (0.32±0.08)mm 2, 0.68±0.07, (20.94±0.93)mm/mm 2, 0.38±0.02, respectively in the control group ( t=-8.03, -3.14, -3.02, -2.52; all at P<0.05). The CFT in the ROP group was (215.00±21.32) μm, which was significantly thicker than (164.29±20.20) μm in the control group ( t=8.91, P<0.05). There was no statistical difference in BCVA between the two groups ( t=0.16, P=0.87). The CET in the laser photocoagulation group was significantly thicker than that in the injection group ( t=3.50, P=0.01). Conclusions:There are obvious morphology changes of macula in ROP children with single treatment history of laser photocoagulation or IVR, while the BCVA is not significantly affected by the treatment.

Objective To investigate the status of self‐management of blood pressure (BP) among elderly hypertensive patients living in new rural communities of Shanghai. Methods We enrolled a total of 2 241 hypertensive patients over 60 years old who participated in the National Key Research and Development Project "Cohort study on hypertension" of the 13th Five‐Year Plan in Langxia, Shanghai from May to July 2018. Questionnaires, physical examinations, and laboratory tests were conducted. We collected participants' demographic information, cardiovascular history, and self‐management behaviors related to hypertension. The status of self‐management of BP among participants with hypertension was analyzed. Pearson's chi‐squared test was used to explore the differences between males and females. Results Participants'mean age was (70.0±6.8) years, and males accounted for 38.8% of all participants. The systolic and diastolic BP levels of participants were (147.8±15.4) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) and (82.8±9.8) mmHg, respectively. The systolic blood pressure level of women was higher than that of men, and the diastolic blood pressure level of men was higher; the difference was statistically significant (all P<0.05). The awareness, treatment, and control rate of hypertension were 79.0%, 78.0%, and 25.6%, respectively. Males had a significantly higher control rate than females (P<0.05). The status of self‐management of blood pressure was as follows: (1) As to lifestyle, 84.4% of participants lacked exercise, and 69.2% were overweight or obese. The prevalence of smoking and drinking was higher in males (40.7% and 46.2%, respectively), and the proportion of females (12.4%) with anxiety and/or depression was higher than that of males (P all<0.001). (2) Concerning BP‐monitoring, only 10.1% of participants measured BP every week, 22.9% had BP measurement instruments at home, and 4.6% recorded their BP levels. There was no significant difference in self‐blood pressure monitoring behavior between men and women. (3) Regarding adherence to medication treatment, 97.6% took antihypertensive drugs regularly, and 21.6% were on combination therapy. The proportion of men taking combined drugs was higher than that of women, but there was no significant difference. Conclusions The rates of awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in elderly hypertensive patients in new rural communities of Shanghai were above the national average. However, the status of self‐management of BP was still not satisfactory. More attention should be paid to healthy lifestyle, home BP monitoring, and effective pharmaceutical treatment strategies for hypertension.