Objective:To understand the current status, research hotspots, and future trends in the field of retinoblastoma (RB).Methods:Using the Web of Science Core Collection SSCI and SCI-Expanded as data sources, relevant RB literature from January 2015 to November 2024 was retrieved. The bibliometric analysis software CiteSpace 6.2.R6 was employed to perform visual analyses of countries/regions, institutions, journals, authors, co-cited references, and keywords.Results:A total of 5 042 relevant publications were identified. Annual publication numbers in this field consistently exceeded 400, peaking at 565 in 2021. The United States contributed the highest number of publications, with 1 600 articles (31.73%). Among institutions, Harvard University ranked first with 167 publications (3.31%). Abramson DH of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center published the most papers (75). Nature (United Kingdom) received the highest citation count (2 349). The highest betweenness centrality was observed for the United States (0.14) among countries/regions, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (0.21) among institutions, and Berry JL of Children’s Hospital Los Angeles (0.21) at the author level. Co-citation and keyword analyses revealed that RB research hotspots are shifting from a focus on basic molecular mechanisms, such as the cell cycle and RB protein, toward advanced therapeutic strategies, such as intra-arterial chemotherapy and nanoparticle-based drug delivery. Emerging keywords such as complexity, chemoresistance and carboplatin indicate that future studies will focus on optimising diagnosis and treatment. Conclusions:From 2015 to 2024, RB research displayed a sustained growth trend, with the United States and its institutions and scholars contributing the most publications. The research focus has shifted from the exploration of molecular mechanisms to the optimization of precise treatment strategies, among which the application of nanotechnology and the resolution of drug resistance mechanisms will become key breakthrough directions.

Objective:To observe the clinical features and treatment outcomes of patients with intraocular foreign bodies with endophthalmitis, and analyze the prognostic factors affecting the anatomic and visual outcomes of patients.Methods:A retrospective clinical study. A total of 1 704 patients (1 704 eyes) with intraocular foreign body at Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University from January 2015 to June 2024 were included in this study. Endophthalmitis was diagnosed in 263 eyes (15.4%, 263/1 704). Patients who lost follow-up in our hospital after surgery were excluded, 155 patients with 155 eyes were finally included in the study. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) examination was performed before operation. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) examination was performed both after the first stage debridement and during follow-up. The visual acuity test is performed using a standard logarithmic visual acuity chart, which is statistically converted to logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) visual acuity. Demographic characteristics (gender, age), trauma characteristics (time of injury, occupation characteristics, nature of foreign body), anatomical injury (wound zoning, nature of infection, etc.), clinical treatment (interval between operation and injury, rate of second operation, etc.) and outcome (vision outcome, complications, anatomic outcome, etc.) were recorded. Prophylactic intravitreous injection of 10 mg/ml of cefazolin sodium 0.1 ml (including 1 mg of cefazolin sodium) was given on the basis of perioperative systemic administration of cefazolin sodium from 2022. Anatomical outcomes included anatomical reduction, silicone oil-dependent, and ophthalmectomy. The visual outcomes of the patients were categorized into three groups based on the best-corrected visual acuity at the final follow-up: visual acuity worse than 0.05, visual acuity between 0.05 and 0.3, and visual acuity better than 0.3. Generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) was used to analyze the correlation between the timing of treatment, nature of foreign body, nature of infection, number of operations, location of injury and the anatomic and visual outcomes of patients.Results:Of 155 patients, 149 were males and 6 were females, mean age was (45.7±12.9) years, patients with monocular injury. Magnetic, non-magnetic, unidentified metal and vegetable, mineral, animal and unidentified foreign bodies were 102 (65.8%, 102/155), 2 (1.3%, 2/155), 28 (18.1%, 28/155), 1 (0.6%, 1/155), 12 (7.7%, 12/155), 7 (4.5%, 7/155), 3 (1.9%, 3/155) cases, respectively. The time between injury and removal of foreign body was (98.1±359.5) h. The foreign bodies were removed in 136 eyes (87.2%, 136/155) in the primary surgery, 67 cases combined with debridement and suture, 68 cases combined with pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), and 1 case suffered ophthalmectomy. The slide and culture results revealed that the eyes positive for bacteria and those positive for a mixed infection of bacteria and fungi were 80 (51.2%, 80/155) and 2 (1.3%, 2/155) eyes, respectively; 73 eyes (46.8%, 73/155) were negative. Among the 80 eyes positive for bacteria, staphylococcus epidermidis and bacillus cereus were found in 26 (32.5%, 26/80) and 23 (28.8%, 23/80) eyes, respectively. Drug sensitivity testing indicated that vancomycin, gentamicin and amikacin had low drug resistance (1.79%, 6.67%, 0.0%, respectively). The mean preoperative logMAR UCVA was 1.67±0.79. In the outcome of visual function, 78, 26 and 51 patients with visual acuity <0.05, 0.05-0.3, >0.3, respectively. At the last follow-up, there were 56 cases (36.1%, 56/155) of silicone oil dependence, 93 cases (60%, 93/155) of anatomic reduction, and 6 cases (3.9%, 6/155) suffered ophthalmectomy, the mean intraocular pressure was (13.6±6.1) mm Hg (1 mm Hg= 0.133 kPa). Preoperative visual acuity was strongly correlated with visual outcomes ( F=6.896, P=0.001). Preoperative visual acuity ( F=5.310, P=0.023) and surgical method ( F=20.448, P<0.001) were closely related to the anatomical outcome, while age, treatment time, foreign body nature, wound zoning, infection nature, and foreign body removal time had no statistical correlation with the anatomic and functional outcome ( P>0.05). During 2015 to 2024, the incidence of intraocular foreign body-related endophthalmitis was 12.5%-22.7%, which showed a fluctuating upward trend. The incidence of endophthalmitis increased during 2022 to 2024 compared with the period from 2019 to 2021, but no statistically difference was found ( χ2=3.856, P=0.05). Conclusions:The incidence of intraocular foreign body related endophthalmitis was 15.4%. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Bacillus cereus are the first and second pathogenic bacteria. The incidence of endophthalmitis is not significantly reduced with intravitreal injection of cefazolin sodium. Preoperative UCVA and surgical method were closely related to the anatomic outcome of patients.

Fundus neovascularization is a significant cause of ocular diseases, mainly including retinal neovascularization and choroidal neovascularization. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy, though effective, has limitations such as a short half-life, non-responsiveness, and drug resistance. 6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3), a key regulator of glycolysis, affects the generation of pathological blood vessels by modulating the metabolism of vascular endothelial cells. Small molecule inhibitors targeting PFKFB3 protein have been confirmed in animal and cell models to significantly inhibit pathological angiogenesis, showing good therapeutic potential. However, most of them are still in the preclinical research stage. In the future, it is necessary to further investigate the mechanism of PFKFB3 gene, optimize the specificity and safety of the inhibitors, and explore the effects of combining them with existing therapies, so as to provide new strategies for the treatment of fundus neovascular diseases.

Objective:To understand the current status, research hotspots, and future trends in the field of retinoblastoma (RB).Methods:Using the Web of Science Core Collection SSCI and SCI-Expanded as data sources, relevant RB literature from January 2015 to November 2024 was retrieved. The bibliometric analysis software CiteSpace 6.2.R6 was employed to perform visual analyses of countries/regions, institutions, journals, authors, co-cited references, and keywords.Results:A total of 5 042 relevant publications were identified. Annual publication numbers in this field consistently exceeded 400, peaking at 565 in 2021. The United States contributed the highest number of publications, with 1 600 articles (31.73%). Among institutions, Harvard University ranked first with 167 publications (3.31%). Abramson DH of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center published the most papers (75). Nature (United Kingdom) received the highest citation count (2 349). The highest betweenness centrality was observed for the United States (0.14) among countries/regions, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (0.21) among institutions, and Berry JL of Children’s Hospital Los Angeles (0.21) at the author level. Co-citation and keyword analyses revealed that RB research hotspots are shifting from a focus on basic molecular mechanisms, such as the cell cycle and RB protein, toward advanced therapeutic strategies, such as intra-arterial chemotherapy and nanoparticle-based drug delivery. Emerging keywords such as complexity, chemoresistance and carboplatin indicate that future studies will focus on optimising diagnosis and treatment. Conclusions:From 2015 to 2024, RB research displayed a sustained growth trend, with the United States and its institutions and scholars contributing the most publications. The research focus has shifted from the exploration of molecular mechanisms to the optimization of precise treatment strategies, among which the application of nanotechnology and the resolution of drug resistance mechanisms will become key breakthrough directions.

Objective:To observe the clinical features and treatment outcomes of patients with intraocular foreign bodies with endophthalmitis, and analyze the prognostic factors affecting the anatomic and visual outcomes of patients.Methods:A retrospective clinical study. A total of 1 704 patients (1 704 eyes) with intraocular foreign body at Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University from January 2015 to June 2024 were included in this study. Endophthalmitis was diagnosed in 263 eyes (15.4%, 263/1 704). Patients who lost follow-up in our hospital after surgery were excluded, 155 patients with 155 eyes were finally included in the study. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) examination was performed before operation. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) examination was performed both after the first stage debridement and during follow-up. The visual acuity test is performed using a standard logarithmic visual acuity chart, which is statistically converted to logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) visual acuity. Demographic characteristics (gender, age), trauma characteristics (time of injury, occupation characteristics, nature of foreign body), anatomical injury (wound zoning, nature of infection, etc.), clinical treatment (interval between operation and injury, rate of second operation, etc.) and outcome (vision outcome, complications, anatomic outcome, etc.) were recorded. Prophylactic intravitreous injection of 10 mg/ml of cefazolin sodium 0.1 ml (including 1 mg of cefazolin sodium) was given on the basis of perioperative systemic administration of cefazolin sodium from 2022. Anatomical outcomes included anatomical reduction, silicone oil-dependent, and ophthalmectomy. The visual outcomes of the patients were categorized into three groups based on the best-corrected visual acuity at the final follow-up: visual acuity worse than 0.05, visual acuity between 0.05 and 0.3, and visual acuity better than 0.3. Generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) was used to analyze the correlation between the timing of treatment, nature of foreign body, nature of infection, number of operations, location of injury and the anatomic and visual outcomes of patients.Results:Of 155 patients, 149 were males and 6 were females, mean age was (45.7±12.9) years, patients with monocular injury. Magnetic, non-magnetic, unidentified metal and vegetable, mineral, animal and unidentified foreign bodies were 102 (65.8%, 102/155), 2 (1.3%, 2/155), 28 (18.1%, 28/155), 1 (0.6%, 1/155), 12 (7.7%, 12/155), 7 (4.5%, 7/155), 3 (1.9%, 3/155) cases, respectively. The time between injury and removal of foreign body was (98.1±359.5) h. The foreign bodies were removed in 136 eyes (87.2%, 136/155) in the primary surgery, 67 cases combined with debridement and suture, 68 cases combined with pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), and 1 case suffered ophthalmectomy. The slide and culture results revealed that the eyes positive for bacteria and those positive for a mixed infection of bacteria and fungi were 80 (51.2%, 80/155) and 2 (1.3%, 2/155) eyes, respectively; 73 eyes (46.8%, 73/155) were negative. Among the 80 eyes positive for bacteria, staphylococcus epidermidis and bacillus cereus were found in 26 (32.5%, 26/80) and 23 (28.8%, 23/80) eyes, respectively. Drug sensitivity testing indicated that vancomycin, gentamicin and amikacin had low drug resistance (1.79%, 6.67%, 0.0%, respectively). The mean preoperative logMAR UCVA was 1.67±0.79. In the outcome of visual function, 78, 26 and 51 patients with visual acuity <0.05, 0.05-0.3, >0.3, respectively. At the last follow-up, there were 56 cases (36.1%, 56/155) of silicone oil dependence, 93 cases (60%, 93/155) of anatomic reduction, and 6 cases (3.9%, 6/155) suffered ophthalmectomy, the mean intraocular pressure was (13.6±6.1) mm Hg (1 mm Hg= 0.133 kPa). Preoperative visual acuity was strongly correlated with visual outcomes ( F=6.896, P=0.001). Preoperative visual acuity ( F=5.310, P=0.023) and surgical method ( F=20.448, P<0.001) were closely related to the anatomical outcome, while age, treatment time, foreign body nature, wound zoning, infection nature, and foreign body removal time had no statistical correlation with the anatomic and functional outcome ( P>0.05). During 2015 to 2024, the incidence of intraocular foreign body-related endophthalmitis was 12.5%-22.7%, which showed a fluctuating upward trend. The incidence of endophthalmitis increased during 2022 to 2024 compared with the period from 2019 to 2021, but no statistically difference was found ( χ2=3.856, P=0.05). Conclusions:The incidence of intraocular foreign body related endophthalmitis was 15.4%. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Bacillus cereus are the first and second pathogenic bacteria. The incidence of endophthalmitis is not significantly reduced with intravitreal injection of cefazolin sodium. Preoperative UCVA and surgical method were closely related to the anatomic outcome of patients.

Fundus neovascularization is a significant cause of ocular diseases, mainly including retinal neovascularization and choroidal neovascularization. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy, though effective, has limitations such as a short half-life, non-responsiveness, and drug resistance. 6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3), a key regulator of glycolysis, affects the generation of pathological blood vessels by modulating the metabolism of vascular endothelial cells. Small molecule inhibitors targeting PFKFB3 protein have been confirmed in animal and cell models to significantly inhibit pathological angiogenesis, showing good therapeutic potential. However, most of them are still in the preclinical research stage. In the future, it is necessary to further investigate the mechanism of PFKFB3 gene, optimize the specificity and safety of the inhibitors, and explore the effects of combining them with existing therapies, so as to provide new strategies for the treatment of fundus neovascular diseases.

OBJECTIVE： To study the mechanism of couplet medicine of Tripterygium hypoglaucum-Spatholobus suberectus in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis （RA）. METHODS： The RA targets were retrieved and obtained by therapeutic target database （TTD）， DrugBank and DisGeNET databases， and the protein protein interaction （PPI） network was constructed to screen its key targets. Using oral bioavailability（OB）≥30％， drug like（DL）≥0.18 and drug half-life （HL） ≥4 h as index， active components were obtained from couplet medicine of T. hypoglaucum-S. suberectus by using TCM systematic pharmacological analysis platform （TCMSP） and TCM integrated database （TCMID）， and the targets were predicted. The active component-target network of couplet medicine of T. hypoglaucum-S. suberectus was constructed. Systems Dock Web Site online platform and Genomics platform were used to screen the active component and common targets of RA of couplet medicine of T. hypoglaucum-S. suberectus； KEGG signaling pathways of common targets were analyzed by using Cluego plug-in unit of Cytoscape 3.2.1 software. RESULTS： Totally 1 956 RA targets were retrieved， involving 11 key targets [such as IL-6， TNF， VEGFA]. The couplet medicine contained 30 active components （including luteolin， erythroxanthin， β-sitosterol and triptolide） and 229 targets. There were 37 common targets for couplet medicine of T. hypoglaucum-S. suberectus and RA （including MMP2， TNF， VEGFA）. KEGG signaling way involved cell apoptosis， IL-17 signaling pathway， Th17 cell differentiation pathway and TNF signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS： The couplet medicine of T. hypoglaucum-S. suberectus may play a role in the treatment of RA by acting on cell apoptosis， IL-17 signaling pathway and other signaling pathways through MMP2， TNF， and VEGFA target. The results of this study can provide a reference for further study on the mechanism of the effects of couplet medicine of T. hypoglaucum-S. suberectus on RA.