Objective To investigate the molecular mechanism by which STAT1 regulates the expression of APOL6 in order to mediate lipid deposition in tumor-associated macrophages(TAM)in laryngeal cancer tissues.Methods Real-time polymerase chain reaction,Western blotting,immunohistochemistry,and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to detect the expression levels of STAT1 and APOL6 in laryngeal cancer tissues,as well as the regulatory effect of STAT1 on APOL6 expression.Chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying APOL6 regulation by ST AT1.Oil Red O staining was used to evaluate the lipid deposition in TAM.Results The expression levels of STAT1 and APOL6 in laryngeal cancer tissues were significantly higher than those in the adjacent normal tissues(P＜0.01).STAT1 transcriptionally activated APOL6 gene expression.STAT1 overexpression sig-nificantly promoted the expression and secretion of APOL6 in laryngeal cancer cells and induced lipid deposition in TAM.Conclusion STAT1 is a novel transcription factor for the APOL6 gene.STAT1 promotes lipid deposition in the TAM of laryngeal cancer tissues by regu-lating APOL6 expression,thereby reshaping the lipid metabolism of TAM.

Objective To investigate the molecular mechanism by which STAT1 regulates the expression of APOL6 in order to mediate lipid deposition in tumor-associated macrophages(TAM)in laryngeal cancer tissues.Methods Real-time polymerase chain reaction,Western blotting,immunohistochemistry,and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to detect the expression levels of STAT1 and APOL6 in laryngeal cancer tissues,as well as the regulatory effect of STAT1 on APOL6 expression.Chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying APOL6 regulation by ST AT1.Oil Red O staining was used to evaluate the lipid deposition in TAM.Results The expression levels of STAT1 and APOL6 in laryngeal cancer tissues were significantly higher than those in the adjacent normal tissues(P＜0.01).STAT1 transcriptionally activated APOL6 gene expression.STAT1 overexpression sig-nificantly promoted the expression and secretion of APOL6 in laryngeal cancer cells and induced lipid deposition in TAM.Conclusion STAT1 is a novel transcription factor for the APOL6 gene.STAT1 promotes lipid deposition in the TAM of laryngeal cancer tissues by regu-lating APOL6 expression,thereby reshaping the lipid metabolism of TAM.

Objective:To investigate alterations in static regional homogeneity(ReHo) and dynamic regional homogeneity (dReHo) and glucose metabolism in MRI-negative refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients using resting-state PET-MRI, and to evaluate their efficacy in predicting surgical outcomes.Methods:This study was a cross-sectional design. A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical and imaging data of 30 patients with MRI-negative refractory TLE (patient group) treated at Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, between 2016 and 2020, and data from 30 healthy controls (control group). All MRI-negative refractory TLE patients underwent surgical treatment and were further divided into a good prognosis subgroup (Engel Class I, 16 cases) and a poor prognosis subgroup (Engel Class Ⅱ-Ⅳ, 14 cases) based on postoperative Engel classification. Analysis of variance was used to compare differences in static ReHo, dReHo, and glucose metabolism(SUVR) among the three groups. The correlation of static ReHo, dReHo, and SUVR values of differential brain regions with Engel grading was analyzed using Spearman. A support vector machine (SVM) model was constructed using the static ReHo, dReHo, and SUVR values from these differential regions to classify and predict patient prognosis. The predictive performance was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curves and the area under the curve (AUC).Results:Differential dReHo regions among the good prognosis subgroup, poor prognosis subgroup, and control group were located in the right lateral middle temporal gyrus temporal pole, the right fusiform gyrus, the right insula subfrontal gyrus, the left cuneate lobe, the right medial and paracortical cingulate gyrus, and the right supraparietal gyrus; the differential static ReHo regions were primarily found in the bilateral inferior temporal gyrus, the supraparietal gyrus, and the right subfrontal gyrus, the left medial supraparietal gyrus, the left median frontal gyrus, and the right marginal supraparietal gyrus; SUVR differences were in the affected superior, middle and inferior temporal lobes, the internal olfactory cortex and the temporal pole region. dReHo of right middle temporal gyrus temporal pole in patients with MRI-negative TLE showed a positive correlation with Engel classification ( r=0.421, P=0.020). The SVM model based on dReHo combined with SUVR values classified patients with good and poor prognosis with an AUC of 0.825 and an accuracy of 73.3%. Conclusions:In MRI-negative refractory TLE patients, abnormal dReHo regions are predominantly located in the contralateral default mode network areas and are associated with Engel classification. Combined with glucose metabolism values, dReHo can predict postoperative outcomes in MRI-negative TLE patients.

Objective:To investigate alterations in static regional homogeneity(ReHo) and dynamic regional homogeneity (dReHo) and glucose metabolism in MRI-negative refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients using resting-state PET-MRI, and to evaluate their efficacy in predicting surgical outcomes.Methods:This study was a cross-sectional design. A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical and imaging data of 30 patients with MRI-negative refractory TLE (patient group) treated at Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, between 2016 and 2020, and data from 30 healthy controls (control group). All MRI-negative refractory TLE patients underwent surgical treatment and were further divided into a good prognosis subgroup (Engel Class I, 16 cases) and a poor prognosis subgroup (Engel Class Ⅱ-Ⅳ, 14 cases) based on postoperative Engel classification. Analysis of variance was used to compare differences in static ReHo, dReHo, and glucose metabolism(SUVR) among the three groups. The correlation of static ReHo, dReHo, and SUVR values of differential brain regions with Engel grading was analyzed using Spearman. A support vector machine (SVM) model was constructed using the static ReHo, dReHo, and SUVR values from these differential regions to classify and predict patient prognosis. The predictive performance was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curves and the area under the curve (AUC).Results:Differential dReHo regions among the good prognosis subgroup, poor prognosis subgroup, and control group were located in the right lateral middle temporal gyrus temporal pole, the right fusiform gyrus, the right insula subfrontal gyrus, the left cuneate lobe, the right medial and paracortical cingulate gyrus, and the right supraparietal gyrus; the differential static ReHo regions were primarily found in the bilateral inferior temporal gyrus, the supraparietal gyrus, and the right subfrontal gyrus, the left medial supraparietal gyrus, the left median frontal gyrus, and the right marginal supraparietal gyrus; SUVR differences were in the affected superior, middle and inferior temporal lobes, the internal olfactory cortex and the temporal pole region. dReHo of right middle temporal gyrus temporal pole in patients with MRI-negative TLE showed a positive correlation with Engel classification ( r=0.421, P=0.020). The SVM model based on dReHo combined with SUVR values classified patients with good and poor prognosis with an AUC of 0.825 and an accuracy of 73.3%. Conclusions:In MRI-negative refractory TLE patients, abnormal dReHo regions are predominantly located in the contralateral default mode network areas and are associated with Engel classification. Combined with glucose metabolism values, dReHo can predict postoperative outcomes in MRI-negative TLE patients.

Objective:To evaluate the value of time-of-flight (TOF) combined with point spread function (PSF) reconstruction for the improvement of brain PET images and lesion localization in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE).Methods:A retrospective collection of brain 18F-FDG PET imaging data of 52 hospitalized patients with TLE (30 males, 22 females, age: (26.7±7.1) years) and 26 healthy volunteers (14 males, 12 females, age: ( 31.7±6.8) years) from Xuanwu Hospital between 2017 and 2019 was conducted. Images were reconstructed and divided into 4 groups based on different algorithms: ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM), OSEM+ TOF, OSEM+ PSF, and OSEM+ TOF+ PSF. The image quality, clarity, noise, and the clarity of lesion display of all subjects were visually analyzed using a four-point scale. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast, and asymmetry index (AI) of the lesions were calculated. Differences in visual scores, SNR, contrast, and AI among the 4 groups were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance. The ROC curve was used to analyze the efficiency of PET images in localization of epileptogenic foci. Results:The visual score of OSEM+ TOF+ PSF group was the highest (4.0±0.0) among healthy volunteers; compared with OSEM group, OSEM+ TOF+ PSF group showed lower SNR (decreased by 46.6%; the lower the SNR value, the better the image quality) and contrast (increased by 29.8%). Visual assessment of PET images of patients with TLE showed that the scores of OSEM+ TOF+ PSF group , OSEM+ PSF group , OSEM+ TOF group and OSEM group were decreased in order (4.0±0.0 vs 3.4±0.5 vs 2.3±0.4 vs 1.0±0.0; F=884.0, P<0.001); SNRs of those 4 groups were increased in order ((5.2±2.4)% vs (6.2±2.4)% vs (7.9±2.6)% vs (8.9±3.5)%; F=18.82, P<0.001). The contrast and AI of the lesions in 4 groups were as follows: OSEM+ TOF+ PSF (contrast: 0.81±0.03; AI: 0.28±0.05) > OSEM+ TOF (0.74±0.05; 0.23±0.06) > OSEM+ PSF (0.72±0.06; 0.22±0.07) > OSEM (0.64±0.05; 0.19±0.06) ( F values: 107.10, 19.94, both P<0.001). MRI found unilateral hippocampal sclerosis in 32 patients, and the rest 20 patients with TLE were MRI-negative. ROC curve analysis showed that visual analysis and SUV ratio (SUVR) of lesion/contralateral ROI based on OSEM+ TOF+ PSF PET image could localize epileptogenic foci efficiently, with AUC of 0.874 in MRI-positive patients, and AUC of 0.932 in MRI-negative patients. Conclusions:The application of TOF and PSF significantly improves the quality of PET images. The combined use of both techniques yields the best results and aids in the localization of epileptogenic foci in patients with TLE.

The global COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic has infected over 109 million people, leading to over 2 million deaths up to date and still lacking of effective drugs for patient treatment. Here, we screened about 1.8 million small molecules against the main protease (M^pro) and papain like protease (PL^pro), two major proteases in severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 genome, and identified 1851M^pro inhibitors and 205 PL^pro inhibitors with low nmol/l activity of the best hits. Among these inhibitors, eight small molecules showed dual inhibition effects on both M^pro and PL^pro, exhibiting potential as better candidates for COVID-19 treatment. The best inhibitors of each protease were tested in antiviral assay, with over 40% of M^pro inhibitors and over 20% of PL^pro inhibitors showing high potency in viral inhibition with low cytotoxicity. The X-ray crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 M^pro in complex with its potent inhibitor 4a was determined at 1.8 Å resolution. Together with docking assays, our results provide a comprehensive resource for future research on anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug development.
Humans ; Antiviral Agents/chemistry* ; COVID-19 ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; High-Throughput Screening Assays ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Protease Inhibitors/chemistry* ; SARS-CoV-2/enzymology* ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins

Dopamine D₃ receptor (D₃R) is implicated in multiple psychotic symptoms. Increasing the D₃R selectivity over dopamine D₂ receptor (D₂R) would facilitate the antipsychotic treatments. Herein, novel carbazole and tetrahydro-carboline derivatives were reported as D₃R selective ligands. Through a structure-based virtual screen, ZLG-25 (D₃R K_i = 685 nmol/L; D₂R K_i > 10,000 nmol/L) was identified as a novel D₃R selective bitopic ligand with a carbazole scaffold. Scaffolds hopping led to the discovery of novel D₃R-selective analogs with tetrahydro-β-carboline or tetrahydro-γ-carboline core. Further functional studies showed that most derivatives acted as hD₃R-selective antagonists. Several lead compounds could dose-dependently inhibit the MK-801-induced hyperactivity. Additional investigation revealed that 23j and 36b could decrease the apomorphine-induced climbing without cataleptic reaction. Furthermore, 36b demonstrated unusual antidepressant-like activity in the forced swimming tests and the tail suspension tests, and alleviated the MK-801-induced disruption of novel object recognition in mice. Additionally, preliminary studies confirmed the favorable PK/PD profiles, no weight gain and limited serum prolactin levels in mice. These results revealed that 36b provided potential opportunities to new antipsychotic drugs with the multiple antipsychotic-like properties.

Objective:To study the personality development of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) from the perspective of memory-tracing.Methods:From January 2016 to May 2017, totally 103 patients with OCD (patient group) and 88 normal subjects (control group) matched with age, gender, and educational level in the national urban population norm database of Wang Weidong memory-tracing personality developmental inventory (WMPI) were included.WMPI was used to evaluate and compare all subjects.SPSS 22.0 software and nonparametric test were used for statistically analysis, and independent sample t-test and nonparametric test were used for data camparison. Results:1.In terms of external influencing factors of personality development: on the part of life events, the score of family affair in the patient group was higher than that in the control group( P<0.05) in childhood.In terms of upbringing, the scores of strictness (5.637±3.463) and punishment (6.275±4.565) in the patient group were higher than those ((4.341±3.092), (5.000±3.698)) in the control group in childhood( t=-2.703, -2.093, both P<0.05). 2.In the aspect of personality elements: (1) Among courage subscales, the scores of natural fear (7.686±3.441) and adaptability (15.000±5.321) in the patient group were higher than those((6.023±3.991), (12.841±6.070)) in the control group in childhood ( t=-3.085, -2.613, both P<0.05) .For all three stages, interpersonal fear scores in the patient group ((20.284±8.255), (22.804±7.458), (22.725±7.145))were all higher than those ((16.205±7.937), (19.841±6.319), (18.364±6.277))in the control group( t=-3.458, -2.929, -4.437, P<0.01). (2) Among interpersonal relationship, the dependence dimension scores were higher in the patient group (10.804±3.621) than those (8.830±4.850) in the control group during childhood( t=-3.205, P<0.01). (3) Among sex development, the scores of heterosexual communications (11.941±4.878), love concept (15.098±4.180) and sexual concept (8.892±2.988) were higher in the patient group than those ((9.125±5.040), (11.761±5.202), (6.943±3.288)) in the control group in adolescence(all P<0.01). (4) Among ego, the score of self-care dimension in the patient group (6.465±2.890) was higher than that in the control group(4.239±2.861) in childhood ( P<0.01). In the dimension of autonomy, the scores of the patient group ((10.772±2.694), (11.347±2.621)) were higher than those in the control group ((8.011±4.039), (9.818±2.693)) in childhood and adolescence (both P<0.01). (5) Among the way of thinking, the score of absolute thinking dimension in the patient group was higher than that in control group in childhood ( P<0.01). In the dimension of cautious, the scores of patient group were higher than those in the control group in childhood and adolescence (both P<0.01). (6)Among volition, the scores of decisive dimension in the patient group were higher than those in the control group in adolescence and youth (both P<0.01). In the dimension of consciousness, the score of patient group was higher than that in the control group in youth( P<0.01). In the dimension of insistence, the score of the patient group were higher than those in the control group in childhood and youth (both P<0.01). (7) Among worldviews, the scores of motivations, perspective of career and perspective of friendship in the patient group were higher than those in the control group in adolescence (all P<0.01). The score of value dimension in patient group was lower than that in the control group in the youth ( P<0.01). Conclusion:Patients with OCD have more strictness and punishment during their childhood in terms of upbringing.This leads to a lack of courage, poor interpersonal relationships, low self-care or autonomy, high attachment, absolutization of thinking and suppressing themself more in their childhood.In their adolescence and youth, their lack of courage, poor self-care or autonomy and the way of thinking cautious and stubborn will further aggravate and gradually show a more conservative sexual development and traditional world outlook.

Anoctamin 1 (ANO1) is a kind of calcium-activated chloride channel involved in nerve depolarization. ANO1 inhibitors display significant analgesic activity by the local peripheral and intrathecal administration. In this study, several thiophenecarboxylic acid and benzoic acid derivatives were identified as novel ANO1 inhibitors through the shape-based virtual screening, among which the 4-arylthiophene-3-carboxylic acid analogues with the best ANO1 inhibitory activity were designed, synthesized and compound

Flagellum is a slender and wavy protein-attached filament on the surface of certain bacterial cells. It not only plays an important role in the movement and pathogenic ability of bacteria, but also participates in a variety of host immune regulation. Flagellin is a structural protein that forms the main part of flagellar filaments and can be recognized by TLR5 and other receptors in the host cell to induce the body′s immune response. At present, flagellin is widely used in the research of new immune adjuvants due to its immune activation, and its inflammation inhibitory effect also has good prospects against immune pathological damage. In this review, we summarized and analyzed the recent progress on the basic structure and function of flagellin, the host recognition mechanism, and its role in regulating the host immune system.