Objective To analyze the correct answering rate and factors affecting healthcare-associated infection(HAI)test questions among medical interns,and provide reference for formulating teaching plans.Methods All medical interns who participated in pre-job training and testing on HAI in a hospital from October 2020 to February 2024 were selected.Pre-internship training and in-class testing on HAI were conducted.After the internship ended,a class of students was randomly selected each year to directly take the written test using the same set of questions.The impact of test content,question types,majors,educational background,and the epidemic on the correct an-swering rate of pre-internship test was analyzed,and correct answering rate for tests before and after internships was compared.Results A total of 1 163 interns were assessed,out of which 48.75％obtained a correct answering rate of 90％-100％for test questions before the internship.Among the 10 test contents,the correct answering rates for questions about multidrug-resistant organism infection prevention and control were the lowest([67.13±34.35]％),among 3 types of questions,the correct answering rate for indefinite-choice questions was the lowest([79.80±19.31]％).The correct answering rates of interns majoring in clinical medicine([90.49±12.32]％)and nursing([87.54±10.73]％)were higher than those of other majors([82.80±12.24]％).The correct an-swering rate of undergraduate students([89.05±11.29]％)was higher than that of junior college student([83.77±12.26]％).The correct answering rate of interns during the epidemic period([87.51±11.48]％)was higher than that after the epidemic([79.85±13.98]％),and the correct answering rate after the internship([81.89±14.78]％)decreased compared with that before the internship([92.99±10.48]％).Differences were all statistically signifi-cant(all P＜0.005).Conclusion Teachers can carry out targeted teaching plan reforms based on the factors affect-ing the correct answering rate(such as different majors,teaching content,and internship periods)to improve teach-ing quality.

Objective:To analyze Chinese and English literature related to Kangfuxin liquid for wound healing using CiteSpace Knowledge Graph,and to understand its research hotspots,current status,and development trend.Methods:Chinese literature on Kangfuxin Liquid in promoting wound healing was retrieved from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),and English literature from Web of Science(WOS),covering the period from January 1,2004,to October 1,2024.CiteSpace 6.1.R6 was used to perform visual analyses based on publication volume,institutions,authors,and keywords.Results:A total of 795 Chinese articles and 21 English articles were included.Overall publication volumes for both languages showed an upward trend,though Chinese publications slightly declined after 2017.Author collaboration network analysis revealed scattered and limited cooperation among researchers,with the field predominantly led by domestic scholars.Institutional collaboration analysis identified Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine as the most prolific institution in both Chinese and English literature.The mapping indicated closer collaboration among English literature institutions compared to Chinese counterparts.High-frequency keywords in Chinese literature included Kangfuxin liquid,pressure ulcer,and wound healing,while English keywords included expression,chitosan,and induced gastric ulcer.The representative clustering tags in the Chinese database were#0 Kangfuxin,#1 nurse,and#2 therapeutic effect.The representative English clustering tags were#0 diabetic wound,#1 marine polysaccharide,and#2 slamf 9.The research hotspot of the Chinese database before 2019 focused on Kangfuxin Liquid's role in wound healing,while post-2020 studies shifted toward the role of inflammatory factors during healing.Conclusions:Visual analysis confirms Kangfuxin Liquid in wound healing as a research hotspot.Future studies should strengthen interdisciplinary and regional collaborations,with mechanistic exploration and clinical applications prioritized.

ObjectiveTo explore the changes in volatile components， total polysaccharides， enzyme activity， and chromaticity value of Myristicae Semen Koji（MSK） during the fermentation process， and conduct correlation analysis. MethodsBased on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（GC-MS）， the changes of volatile components in MSK at different fermentation times were identified. The phenol sulfuric acid method， dinitrosalicylic acid method（DNS）， and carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt method（CMC-Na） were used to investigate the total polysaccharide content， amylase activity， and cellulase activity during the fermentation process. Visual analysis technology was used to explore the changes in chromaticity values， revealing the fermentation process of MSK and the dynamic changes of various measurement indicators， partial least squares-discriminant analysis（PLS-DA） was used to explore the differential compounds of MSK at different fermentation degrees， and Pearson correlation analysis was used to explore the correlation between volatile components of MSK and total polysaccharides， enzyme activity， and chromaticity values. ResultsA total of 60 volatile compounds were identified from MSK， the relative contents of components such as （+）-α-pinene， β-phellandrene， β-pinene， （+）-limonene， and p-cymene obviously increased， while the relative contents of components such as safrole， methyl isoeugenol， methyleugenol， myristicin， and elemicin significantly decreased. During the fermentation process， the total polysaccharide content showed an upward trend， while the activities of amylase and cellulase showed an initial increase followed by a decrease， and reached their maximum value at 40 h. the overall brightness（L^*） and total color difference（ΔE^*） gradually increased， while the changes in red-green value（a^*） and yellow-blue value（b^*） were not obvious. PLS-DA results showed that MSK could be clearly distinguished at different fermentation times， and 13 differential biomarkers were screened out. Pearson correlation analysis results showed that the contents of α-terpinene， β-phellandrene， methyleugenol， β-cubebene and myristic acid had an obvious correlation with chromaticity values. ConclusionAfter fermentation， the volatile components， total polysaccharides， amylase activity， and cellulase activity of MSK undergo significant changes， and there is a clear correlation between them and chromaticity values， which reveals the dynamic changes in the fermentation process and related indicators of MSK， laying a foundation for the quality control.

Objective:To analyze Chinese and English literature related to Kangfuxin liquid for wound healing using CiteSpace Knowledge Graph,and to understand its research hotspots,current status,and development trend.Methods:Chinese literature on Kangfuxin Liquid in promoting wound healing was retrieved from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),and English literature from Web of Science(WOS),covering the period from January 1,2004,to October 1,2024.CiteSpace 6.1.R6 was used to perform visual analyses based on publication volume,institutions,authors,and keywords.Results:A total of 795 Chinese articles and 21 English articles were included.Overall publication volumes for both languages showed an upward trend,though Chinese publications slightly declined after 2017.Author collaboration network analysis revealed scattered and limited cooperation among researchers,with the field predominantly led by domestic scholars.Institutional collaboration analysis identified Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine as the most prolific institution in both Chinese and English literature.The mapping indicated closer collaboration among English literature institutions compared to Chinese counterparts.High-frequency keywords in Chinese literature included Kangfuxin liquid,pressure ulcer,and wound healing,while English keywords included expression,chitosan,and induced gastric ulcer.The representative clustering tags in the Chinese database were#0 Kangfuxin,#1 nurse,and#2 therapeutic effect.The representative English clustering tags were#0 diabetic wound,#1 marine polysaccharide,and#2 slamf 9.The research hotspot of the Chinese database before 2019 focused on Kangfuxin Liquid's role in wound healing,while post-2020 studies shifted toward the role of inflammatory factors during healing.Conclusions:Visual analysis confirms Kangfuxin Liquid in wound healing as a research hotspot.Future studies should strengthen interdisciplinary and regional collaborations,with mechanistic exploration and clinical applications prioritized.

Objective To analyze the correct answering rate and factors affecting healthcare-associated infection(HAI)test questions among medical interns,and provide reference for formulating teaching plans.Methods All medical interns who participated in pre-job training and testing on HAI in a hospital from October 2020 to February 2024 were selected.Pre-internship training and in-class testing on HAI were conducted.After the internship ended,a class of students was randomly selected each year to directly take the written test using the same set of questions.The impact of test content,question types,majors,educational background,and the epidemic on the correct an-swering rate of pre-internship test was analyzed,and correct answering rate for tests before and after internships was compared.Results A total of 1 163 interns were assessed,out of which 48.75％obtained a correct answering rate of 90％-100％for test questions before the internship.Among the 10 test contents,the correct answering rates for questions about multidrug-resistant organism infection prevention and control were the lowest([67.13±34.35]％),among 3 types of questions,the correct answering rate for indefinite-choice questions was the lowest([79.80±19.31]％).The correct answering rates of interns majoring in clinical medicine([90.49±12.32]％)and nursing([87.54±10.73]％)were higher than those of other majors([82.80±12.24]％).The correct an-swering rate of undergraduate students([89.05±11.29]％)was higher than that of junior college student([83.77±12.26]％).The correct answering rate of interns during the epidemic period([87.51±11.48]％)was higher than that after the epidemic([79.85±13.98]％),and the correct answering rate after the internship([81.89±14.78]％)decreased compared with that before the internship([92.99±10.48]％).Differences were all statistically signifi-cant(all P＜0.005).Conclusion Teachers can carry out targeted teaching plan reforms based on the factors affect-ing the correct answering rate(such as different majors,teaching content,and internship periods)to improve teach-ing quality.

Objective:To explore the impact of dual coping and marital adjustment of patients with familial clustering liver cancer and their spouses on the hope levels of both partners based on the model of mutual dependence between subject and object, and to provide a theoretical basis for clinical intervention.Methods:A cross-sectional study design was adopted. From October 2022 to July 2024, a convenience sampling method was used to select 238 pairs of patients with familial clustering of liver cancer and their spouses from the hepatobiliary cancer department of Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital. Data were collected using general information questionnaires, Dyadic Coping Inventory, Locke-Wollance Marital Adjustment Test, and Herth Hope Scale. The AMOS 24.0 software was employed to establish a model of mutual dependence between dual coping, marital adjustment, and hope levels.Results:A total of 238 pairs of patients with familial clustering of liver cancer and their spouses were included in the study. Among the patients, 158 were male and 80 were female, aged 24-83 (51.80 ± 10.38) years. Among the spouses, 80 were male and 158 were female, aged 23-76 (52.95 ± 9.97) years. The dual coping score of patients with familial clustering liver cancer was (118.55 ± 14.04) points, marital adjustment score was (88.96 ± 19.25), and hope level score was (35.97 ± 3.29); the dual coping score of spouses was (123.64 ± 16.05), marital adjustment score was (91.36 ± 17.08), and hope level score was (36.73 ± 3.33). There was no statistically significant difference in the binary coping scores between the two ( P>0.05), while there were statistically significant differences in the scores of marital adjustment and hope level ( t = - 4.90, - 3.37, both P<0.05). The results of the model of mutual dependence showed that the dual coping of patients and spouses could positively predict their own and each other′s hope levels ( β = 0.103, 0.097, 0.088, 0.094, all P<0.05); marital adjustment of patients and spouses could positively predict their own hope levels ( β = 0.086, β = 0.091, both P<0.05), but the marital adjustment of patients could not positively predict the hope level of their spouses ( β = 0.028, P = 0.106), while the marital adjustment of spouses could positively predict the hope level of patients ( β = 0.102, P<0.05). Conclusions:The hope levels of both partners are influenced not only by their own dual coping levels but also by marital adjustment. It is suggested that nursing staff should pay attention to the interactive effects of patients′and spouses′dual coping levels and marital adjustment and actively explore interventions targeting dual coping and marital adjustment to improve the hope levels of couples.

Objective Exploring the antidiarrhea effect of new Ershen pills composed of nutmeg koji based on the spleen and kidney yang deficiency diarrhea mouse model.Methods KM mice were randomly divided into normal,model,Ershen pills Ⅰ(salt psoralen+bran-stewed nutmeg),Ershen pills Ⅱ(salt psoralen+nutmeg koji),Ershen pills Ⅲ(salt psoralen+nutmeg raw product),salt psoralen,and nutmeg koji groups.The combined modeling method of hydrocortisone+senna leaf was used to establish the diarrhea mouse model with spleen-kidney yang deficiency.General signs and pathological changes of each organ were observed.Various organ indexes,the small intestine propulsion rate,gastric residual rate,serum motilin(MTL),gastrin(GAS),adrenal ketone(CORT),thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH),testosterone(T),tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),and interleukin 1β(IL-1β)were assessed.16S rDNA sequencing and data analysis were conducted for fecal microorganisms.Results After modeling,compared with the normal group,the weight and activity of mice in the model group were reduced,the small intestine propulsion rate was significantly increased,the gastric residual rate and organ indexes were significantly decreased,serum GAS,CORT,TSH,and T levels were significantly decreased,MTL,TNF-α,and IL-1β levels were significantly increased,and intestinal flora species diversity was decreased.After administration,the above indexes and symptoms were improved by various degrees in each administration group,and the Ershen pills Ⅱ group was better than Ershen pills Ⅰ,Ershen pills Ⅲ,salt-psoralea,and nutmeg koji groups.Conclusions Combined use of nutmeg koji and salt psoralen has a remarkable effect on diarrhea of spleen-kidney yang deficiency.Fermented nutmeg reduces its toxicity risk and enhances its effect of warming the spleen and preventing diarrhea,which facilitates the development of nutmeg koji.

ObjectiveTo explore the potential mechanism of different processed products of Baiyaojian and its compound Xiangmei pills in rats with ulcerative colitis（UC） by comparing the pharmacodynamic and metabolomic differences. MethodEighty SD rats were acclimatized and kept for 3 d， and randomly divided into 8 groups［blank group， model group， mesalazine group（0.4 g·kg^-1）， Baiyaojian group（1.89 g·kg^-1）， stir-fried Baiyaojian group（1.89 g·kg^-1）， carbonized Baiyaojian group（1.89 g·kg^-1）， and Xiangmei pills low and high dose groups（1.89， 5.67 g·kg^-1）］， with 10 rats in each group. Rats in the blank group were administered physiological saline by gavage， and rats in the remaining 7 groups were orally administered 5% dextran sodium sulfate（DSS） solution daily for 8 consecutive days to induce UC model. After successful modeling， each dosing group was given the corresponding dose of drug solution by gavage， and the blank and model groups were given equal amounts of saline by gavage， and the drug was administered continuously for 8 d. Then serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α（TNF-α）， interleukin（IL）-6， IL-10 and IL-1β were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA）， hematoxylin-eosin（HE） staining was used to observe the histopathological changes of colon tissue， the proportion of T helper 17 cells（Th17） and regulatory T cells（Treg） in the peripheral blood of rats in each group was detected by flow cytometry. The endogenous metabolites in serum of rats were detected by ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS）， and the differential metabolites were characterized by combining principal component analysis（PCA） and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis（OPLS-DA）， and were analyzed according to the variable importance in the projection（VIP） value>1.0 and P<0.05， and potential metabolic pathways were analyzed according to Human Metabolome Database（HMDB）. ResultCompared with the blank group， the colon tissue of the model group was congested and the mucosa was ulcerated， the colon length was significantly reduced（P<0.01） and the quality was significantly increased（P<0.05）， the proportion of Th17/Treg in the peripheral blood and the serum levels of TNF-α， IL-6 and IL-1β were significantly increased， while the IL-10 expression wassignificantly reduced（P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the colon tissue of UC rats in each treatment group was improved with scattered ulcers， reduced inflammatory cell infiltration， significantly increased colon length， and significantly decreased mass（P<0.05）， the proportion of Th17/Treg in the peripheral blood decreased， the expression of TNF-α，IL-6 and IL-1β was significantly reduced（P<0.05， P<0.01）， while the IL-10 expression was significantly increased（P<0.01）. The therapeutic effect of different administration groups on UC was in the order of high dose group of Xiangmei pills>low dose group of Xiangmei pills>carbonized Baiyaojian group>stir-fried Baiyaojian group>Baiyaojian group. And a total of 26 differential metabolites were screened in the metabolomics results. Compared with the blank group， 14 differential metabolites were up-regulated and 5 metabolites were down-regulated in the model group， and 14， 9， 14， 12 and 17 metabolites could be recalled in the Baiyaojian group， stir-fried Baiyaojian group， carbonized Baiyaojian group， Xiangmei pills low and high dose groups. The main metabolic pathways involved were citrate cycle pathway， pantothenic acid and coenzyme A biosynthesis pathway， aromatic hydrocarbon receptor（AhR） signaling pathway， glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway. ConclusionThe therapeutic effect of Baiyaojian on UC is significantly improved after charcoal stir-frying， and the efficacy is more prominent when combined with Angelicae Dahuricae Radix and Mume Fructus Carbonisata， which can provide a basis for the development of Baiyaojian compound preparations.

Objective:To explore the impact of dual coping and marital adjustment of patients with familial clustering liver cancer and their spouses on the hope levels of both partners based on the model of mutual dependence between subject and object, and to provide a theoretical basis for clinical intervention.Methods:A cross-sectional study design was adopted. From October 2022 to July 2024, a convenience sampling method was used to select 238 pairs of patients with familial clustering of liver cancer and their spouses from the hepatobiliary cancer department of Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital. Data were collected using general information questionnaires, Dyadic Coping Inventory, Locke-Wollance Marital Adjustment Test, and Herth Hope Scale. The AMOS 24.0 software was employed to establish a model of mutual dependence between dual coping, marital adjustment, and hope levels.Results:A total of 238 pairs of patients with familial clustering of liver cancer and their spouses were included in the study. Among the patients, 158 were male and 80 were female, aged 24-83 (51.80 ± 10.38) years. Among the spouses, 80 were male and 158 were female, aged 23-76 (52.95 ± 9.97) years. The dual coping score of patients with familial clustering liver cancer was (118.55 ± 14.04) points, marital adjustment score was (88.96 ± 19.25), and hope level score was (35.97 ± 3.29); the dual coping score of spouses was (123.64 ± 16.05), marital adjustment score was (91.36 ± 17.08), and hope level score was (36.73 ± 3.33). There was no statistically significant difference in the binary coping scores between the two ( P>0.05), while there were statistically significant differences in the scores of marital adjustment and hope level ( t = - 4.90, - 3.37, both P<0.05). The results of the model of mutual dependence showed that the dual coping of patients and spouses could positively predict their own and each other′s hope levels ( β = 0.103, 0.097, 0.088, 0.094, all P<0.05); marital adjustment of patients and spouses could positively predict their own hope levels ( β = 0.086, β = 0.091, both P<0.05), but the marital adjustment of patients could not positively predict the hope level of their spouses ( β = 0.028, P = 0.106), while the marital adjustment of spouses could positively predict the hope level of patients ( β = 0.102, P<0.05). Conclusions:The hope levels of both partners are influenced not only by their own dual coping levels but also by marital adjustment. It is suggested that nursing staff should pay attention to the interactive effects of patients′and spouses′dual coping levels and marital adjustment and actively explore interventions targeting dual coping and marital adjustment to improve the hope levels of couples.

ObjectiveTo compare the effects of different processing methods in ancient and modern times on the chemical components of Lilii Bulbus decoction， and to provide experimental support for the origin processing， decoction piece processing and clinical application of this herb. MethodUltra high performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole electrostatic field orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry（UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS） was used for structural identification of the compounds using excimer ions， secondary MS and characteristic fragment ions， and referring to relevant literature and database information. Principal component analysis（PCA） and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis（OPLS-DA） were used to screen the main differential components， the differential components were quantitatively studied by high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC）， in order to compare the types and contents of chemical components in the decoction of different processing products of Lilii Bulbus. ResultA total of 24 chemical components were identified from the decoction of different processed products of Lilii Bulbus， water extract and scalding liquid of fresh Lilii Bulbus， including 17 phenols， 5 saponins and 2 alkaloids. Compared with the fresh Lilii Bulbus decoction， the contents of regaloside A， p-coumaric acid， colchicine and other components in the decoction of dry Lilii Bulbus processed by scalding method decreased， the content of regaloside C in the decoction of dry Lilii Bulbus processed by steaming method decreased， and the contents of regaloside A and regaloside C in the decoction of fresh Lilii Bulbus processed by water immersion also decreased. Compared with the decoction of dry Lilii Bulbus processed by scalding method， the overall content of components in the fresh Lilii Bulbus decoction and the decoction of fresh Lilii Bulbus processed by water immersion was higher， the contents of components in the decoction of dry Lilii Bulbus processed by steaming method was higher， except for the slightly lower content of regaloside C. ConclusionDifferent processing processes have a certain effect on the types and contents of chemical components in Lilii Bulbus decoction. Scalding process is beneficial to the preservation of Lilii Bulbus， but can cause the loss of effective components. Compared with scalding method， steaming method can prevent browning of Lilii Bulbus and reduce the loss of its active ingredients. The processing method of removing foam after overnight immersion proposed by ZHANG Zhongjing may be more conducive to the treatment of Baihe disease， which can provide reference for the clinical rational application and mechanism research of different processed products of Lilii Bulbus.