Organ donation by minors has long been a highly controversial topic in both legal and ethical discussions worldwide. In the United States, case law has established a case-by-case review mechanism, allowing limited room for the practice of living organ donation by minors under specific conditions. Germany, with a strong emphasis on the protection of personal dignity, adopts a more cautious stance. In China, the law clearly stipulates that living organ donors must possess full civil capacity. However, some scholars argue that under strict conditions and with adequate safeguards, minors should be allowed to donate organs in emergency medical situations. Given the limited domestic experience in this area, China should develop a protective pathway that balances scientific validity, legal compliance, and humanistic concern, in line with its national conditions, legal traditions and cultural background, all under the guidance of the principle of caution. Based on a review of China’s current organ donation system, this article examines legislative philosophies, procedural designs and ethical review mechanisms in the U.S. and Germany. From a comparative law perspective, it extracts institutional elements that could serve as references, with the aim of improving China’s legal framework for organ donation by minors.

As an important part of the external treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), acupoint has the advantages of simple operation, remarkable effectiveness and safety. Recently, it has been widely used in the treatment of patients with cirrhosis ascites, either alone, or in combination with other external treatments. It can improve ascites symptoms and reduce recurrence rates. Physicians select acupoint based on the meridian acupoint theory or their own methods. The acupoints are mainly Shenque (CV 8), Qihai (CV 5), Zusanli (ST 36), Guanyuan (RN 4), Zhongwan (CV 12) and other Ren meridian acupoints, supplemented by the bladder meridian, the liver meridian, the stomach meridian, and the spleen meridian. The Chinese medical drugs, mostly in terms of compounds, have function for relieasing stasis water, regulating qi and tonifying deficiency. In the future, it is necessary to strengthen basic research, treatment based on syndrome differentiation and improve the quality of clinical researchs.

Objective:To evaluate the personalized 3D printed guide template used in the osteotomy for malunion of tibial fracture.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted of the 30 patients who had been treated for malunion of tibial fracture at Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital to Zhengzhou University from January 2010 to January 2018. Of them, 15 used a personalized 3D printed guide template in the osteotomy (3D printing group). They were 9 males and 6 females, with an age of 46.3 year±8.2 years. The fracture malunion was located in the upper and middle tibia in 11 cases, in the lower tibia in 4 cases, on the left side in 6 cases and on the right side in 9 ones. There were 8 cases of varus deformity and 7 ones of valgus deformity. Their preoperative fracture deformity angle was 24.3°±5.5°. The other 15 patients were treated with conventional surgery (conventional group). They were 10 males and 5 females, with an age of 47.1 years±6.0 years. The fracture was located in the upper and middle tibia in 12 cases, in the lower tibia in 3 cases, on the left side in 5 cases and on right side in 10 cases. There were 7 cases of varus deformity and 8 ones of valgus deformity. Their preoperative fracture deformity angle was 22.5°±5.4°. The 2 groups were compared in terms of preoperative baseline data, operation time, intraoperative blood loss and postoperative recovery of the alignment of lower limb.Results:There were no significant differences in the preoperative baseline data between the 2 groups, showing comparability ( P>0.05). The 3D printing group was followed up for an average of 12 months while the conventional group for an average of 10 months. The operation time for the 3D printing group was significantly shorter than that for the conventional group(102.2 min±13.0 min versus 137.9 min ±10.5 min), the intraoperative blood loss for the former significantly less than that for the latter (77.3 mL ± 39.7 mL versus 163.3 mL ± 35.2 mL), and the postoperative malunion angle in the former significantly smaller than that in the latter (1.9°±0.4° versus 3.2°±0.9°) (all P< 0.05). The last follow-ups revealed no implant failure or re-malunion but fine healing of the osteotomy sites and good recovery of the alignment of lower limb in the 2 groups. Conclusion:A personalized 3D printed guide template used in the osteotomy for malunion of tibial fracture is an effective aid because it can facilitate precise osteotomy, reduce operation time and intraoperative blood loss and help correct the alignment of lower limb, leading to good short-term surgical outcomes.

OBJECTIVETo develop a dental CAD/CAM system with the autonomic intellectual property.

METHOD28 standard teeth crowns were scanned using a newly 3-D laser scanner. As a development platform the Matlab 5.3 were used to process the acquired data, also be used to define the characterized areas on the surfaces of the crowns and to change the crowns form. The software of Surfacer 10.5 to develop a new CAD software for fixed prosthetics, and the 3.5 axis numerical controlled machine to manufacture the prosthetics were used.

RESULTIt is the first time, the 3D graphic data bank of Chinese teeth crowns with a standard form was established. A software of the occlusal adjustment and the form modification were developed. It is also the first time, the authors realized the whole process to use the CAD-CAM for the manufacture of a crown.

CONCLUSIONThe successful result shows, that we have already mastered well the base theory, the mathematics method, the technology of a CAD-CAM system. It provides the basics for the future development.

Computer-Aided Design ; Dental Prosthesis Design ; methods ; trends ; Dental Restoration, Permanent ; methods ; Dentistry, Operative ; methods ; Humans ; Research ; trends ; Research Design

Objective: To compare trophic effects of soluble substances derived from Schwann cells (SC) of neonatal and Wallerian degenerating segments of rats on facial motoneuron (FMN) cultures. Methods: Serum-free conditioned media of Schwann cell cultures (SC-CM) from facial and sciatic nerves of neonatal and Wallerian degenerating segments in adult rats were individually collected and concentrated by ultra-filtration with molecular weight cut-off at 30 000 and 10 000. The growth activities of FMNs in vitro were determined by means of MTT assay under the condition of serum-free medium added with different components of concentrated SC-CMs (SC-CMCs). The absorbance values were then statistically analyzed. Results: Survival and growth rate of FMN cultures in four kinds of SC-CMCs were significantly higher than that in media both with serum and non-serum and the difference between SC-CMCs was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Neurotrophic molecules were predominantly protein or peptide components with relative molecular weight larger than 30 000 and their trophic activity was positively related to total protein concentration in SC-CMCs. Conclusion: There were soluble trophic molecules with relative molecular weight larger than 30 000 for survival and neurite growth of FMN cultures in media with SC-CMCs derived from facial and sciatic nerves of neonatal rats and with SC-CMCs derived from Wallerian degenerating facial and sciatic nerves of adult rats. It might be reasonable to choose SC from sciatic nerves of rats on account of the findings from SC cultures on facial motoneurons.

Objective:To investigate the oral-maxillofacial pain and t he surface electromyographic (EMG) activity of masseter muscles and anterior and posterior portions of temporalis muscles after experimental interference. Methods:A cast onlay of 0.5 mm in height was placed on the right low er first molar and remained for three days in 10 adult volunteers with normal oc clusion and without any symptom of TMD. The oral-maxillofacial pain was continu ously scored on a visual analogue scale(VAS)by the subjects before and after t he placement of the onlay. At the same time, the integral data of surface EMG we re recorded, and then the asymmetry index of the activity of bilateral muscles w as calculated. Results:Three days after the placement of the occ lusal highspot, all the subjects complained oral-maxillofacial pain. 8 of them had headache in right temporal region with VAS value of 1~4; the activity of tem poralis anterior at rest position of mandible was increased significantly (P

Objective: To follow up patients received orthognathic surgery Method:108 patients were assessed with SCL-90 five times during the study, that was the time before the operation, after the operation, 3 month, 6 month and 12 months later Result: After operation, three subscores of SCL-90 increased significantly, they were anxiety, depression and hostility From the third month after the operation, the score of SCL-90 began to decrease Both results of the 6th month and 12 th month were significantly lower than that before the operation Patients felt more confident and happy at the end of one year Conclusion:There is a process of psychological adaptation to orthognathic surgery, which lasts for half a year