OBJECTIVE: To explore the safety and effectiveness of the "talus home technique (THT) " in the surgery of pronation open ankle fractures (POAF). METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 14 patients with POAF admitted between January 2023 and December 2023 who met the selection criteria. There were 7 males and 7 females; age ranged from 26 to 58 years, with a median age of 53 years. Injury causes included 9 cases of traffic accident injury, 3 cases of fall from hight injury, and 2 cases of crush injury. There were 5 cases of type Ⅱ, 6 cases of type ⅢA, and 3 cases of type ⅢB according to Gustilo classification; and 6 cases of pronation-abduction grade Ⅲ and 8 cases of pronation-external rotation grade Ⅳ according to Lauge-Hansen classification. Emergency first-stage debridement of the ankle joint was performed, followed by second-stage open reduction and internal fixation surgery. The THT was used through a limited incision on the lateral malleolus to restore the height of the lateral malleolus, rotational alignment, and anatomical relationship of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis (DTFS). Wound healing was observed postoperatively. At 4 months postoperatively, weight-bearing anteroposterior, lateral, and mortise view X-ray films and CT scans of both ankles were reviewed to measure the medial clear space (MCS), tibiofibular clear space (TFCS), distal fibular tip to lateral process of talus (DFTL), and anterior/posterior syndesmosis distances of DTFS, and the quality of reduction of ankle fractures was evaluated. Ankle joint function was assessed using the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score, and active dorsiflexion/plantar flexion range of motion were recorded at last follow-up. RESULTS: After second-stage internal fixation, 8 patients achieved wound healing by first intention, 1 case had skin edge necrosis, 2 cases had local skin necrosis, 1 case had extensive medial soft tissue defect, and 2 cases developed medial wound infection with sinus formation. All 14 patients were followed up 13-24 months (mean, 16.8 months). Postoperative X-ray films showed 1 case of delayed union of the lateral malleolus, which healed after bone grafting at 12 months; the remaining 13 cases achieved clinical union at 12-32 weeks (mean, 21.5 weeks). At 4 months postoperatively, X-ray films and CT examination showed no significant differences in MCS, TFCS, DFTL, and anterior/posterior syndesmosis distances of DTFS between the healthy and affected sides ( P>0.05), with no poor DTFS reduction. AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score ranged from 80 to 95, with an average of 87.7; ankle range of motion ranged from 10° to 25° (mean, 19.6°) in dorsiflexion and from 32° to 50° (mean, 41.2°) in plantar flexion. CONCLUSION THT is safe and effective in POAF surgery. It can restore lateral malleolar height and rotational alignment, enhance DTFS reduction quality, and obtain satisfactory short-term functional recovery of the ankle.
Humans ; Male ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Ankle Fractures/surgery* ; Adult ; Retrospective Studies ; Fracture Fixation, Internal/methods* ; Pronation ; Fractures, Open/surgery* ; Talus/surgery* ; Treatment Outcome ; Debridement/methods* ; Ankle Joint/surgery* ; Open Fracture Reduction/methods*

Objective:To evaluate the clinical efficacy of a novel reduction device in the treatment of A3N0/1 thoracolumbar fracture using navigation-assisted techniques.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on 45 patients (29 males, 16 females; mean age 40.67±16.11 years, range 24-57) with thoracolumbar fractures who underwent fracture reduction and pedicle screw fixation via the Wiltse approach at Zhengzhou Orthopaedic Hospital between January 2022 and January 2023. Injury levels included: T 10 in 2 cases, T 11 in 5 cases, T 12 in 13 cases, L 1 in 20 cases, L 2 in 3 cases, L 3 in 2 cases. All patients underwent fracture reduction via the Wiltse approach using the spinal fracture reduction instrument for vertebral body reduction. Among them, 20 patients received O-arm navigation-assisted internal fixation and vertebral reduction (O-arm group), while 25 received C-arm fluoroscopy-guided internal fixation and vertebral reduction (C-arm group). Operative time, intraoperative blood loss, vertebral reduction time using the instrument, first-time screw placement success rate, screw placement accuracy, and complications were compared. Mid-vertebral body height ratio (MVBHr), local Cobb angle of the fractured vertebra, visual analogue scale (VAS) score, and Oswestry disability index (ODI) were compared preoperatively, at 1 week postoperatively, 3 months postoperatively, and final follow-up. Results:All surgeries were successfully completed in both groups. Operative time was significantly shorter in the O-arm group (106.8±14.4 min) than in the C-arm group (119.1±16.4 min, P<0.05). All patients were followed up for a mean duration of 15.9±3.9 months (range 12-20 months). Vertebral reduction time was significantly shorter in the O-arm group (11.0±2.2 min) than in the C-arm group (20.4±5.7 min, P<0.05). The first-time screw placement success rate was significantly higher in the O-arm group (100%) than in the C-arm group (95.3%, P<0.05). Screw placement accuracy (Grade I) was significantly higher in the O-arm group (117 screws, 97.5%) than in the C-arm group (136 screws, 90.7%, P<0.05). No cases of wrong-level surgery, infection, or spinal cord/nerve injury occurred. Both groups showed significant improvements in MVBHr, Cobb angle, VAS, and ODI at all postoperative time points compared to preoperative values ( P<0.05). At final follow-up, the O-arm group demonstrated significantly better outcomes than the C-arm group in MVBHr (90.6%±4.5% vs. 86.4%±6.9%, P<0.05), Cobb angle (7.6°±1.8° vs. 10.1°±3.2°, P<0.05), VAS (1.3±0.4 vs. 1.7±0.6, P<0.05), and ODI (4.6%±1.9% vs. 7.7%±2.0%, P<0.01). Conclusion:O-arm navigation-assisted intrasegmental push reduction for A3N0/1 type thoracolumbar fractures demonstrates advantages including faster and more accurate screw placement, precise reduction with improved outcomes, and significant postoperative pain relief.

Organoids,as a three-dimensional structural model that has been rapidly developed and widely concerned in recent years,enable the key functions and microenvironment of internal organs to be simulated in the real world,and closely reflect the physiological and pathological characteristics of the natural occurrence and metastasis of tumors,providing a new platform for disease modeling,drug research and precision medicine.This paper briefly summarizes the limitations and development prospects of organoid models,analyzes the current construction and development of organoid models of lung cancer and its applicability compared with traditional models under the holistic concept of traditional Chinese medicine and the basic theory of syndrome differentiation and treatment,and discusses the application of organoid technology in the basic research of lung cancer treatment.The advantages in screening anti-tumor Chinese medicine and drug resistance research and precision medicine provide new ideas for realizing innovative breakthroughs in traditional Chinese medicine research combined with modern science and technology.

Objective:To analyze the clinical efficacy of asymmetric T 1 transpedicular wedge resection Smith-Petersen osteotomy (T 1 SPO) in the treatment of stiff cervical thoracic lateral kyphosis deformity. Methods:This is a retrospective case series study. The clinical data of nine patients with stiff cervical thoracic kyphosis who underwent asymmetric T 1 SPO corrective treatment from June 2012 to October 2022 were collected. There were 7 males and 2 females, aged 45 to 68 years. The surgery time, intraoperative blood loss, and complications were recorded. The chin brow vertical angle (CBVA), cervical thoracic kyphosis Cobb angle, cervical thoracic scoliosis Cobb angle, and cervical thoracic sagittal axis (C 2-T 1 sagittal vertical axis, SVA) before surgery, after surgery, and at the last follow-up were measured and the correction rates were calculate. Results:All 9 patients successfully completed the surgery. The operation time ranged from 245 to 320 minutes, and the intraoperative blood loss was 1 400 to 2 200 ml. All patients were followed up for 24 to 48 months. The preoperative CBVA was 93.7° to 112.0°, which improved to 25.2° to 31.7° at the last follow-up, with an correction rate of 73.4%. The preoperative cervicothoracic kyphosis Cobb angle was -57.0° to -16.6°, which improved to 10.3° to 18.5° at the last follow-up, with an correction rate of 166.7%. The preoperative scoliosis Cobb angle was 13.0° to 16.5°, which improved to 2.2° to 3.8° at the last follow-up, with an correction rate of 84.9%. The preoperative SVA was 7.8 to 12.5 cm, which improved to 4.5 to 6.8 cm at the last follow-up, with an correction rate of 42.3%. One patient experienced numbness and weakness in the left hand after surgery, which recovered after 3 months. One patient had poor healing of the surgical incision, which healed after symptomatic treatment. During the follow-up, the coronal and sagittal balance of all patients was maintained, and no other neurological complications occurred. There were no cases of screw loosening, broken screws, or broken rods, or other internal fixation failures.Conclusion:The application of asymmetric T 1 SPO technique in the treatment of stiff cervical thoracic lateral kyphosis deformity can achieve relatively satisfactory correction effects.

The incidence of leukemia,a malignant cancer originating from the hematopoietic system,is increasing annually.Although traditional treatment method such as chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation have improved patient survival rates to some extent,serious side effects,drug tolerance,and high recurrence rates remain.In recent years,studies have shown that the gut microbiota and its metabolites play an important role in the occurrence,development,and complications of leukemia.Imbalance of the gut microbiota can lead to decreased immune function and an intensified inflammatory response,which is a key factor driving disease progression.Some metabolites,such as short-chain fatty acids,enhance immune function and improve patient prognosis through intestinal barrier repair,while others,such as hydrogen sulfide and bile acids,show potential anti-tumor effects exerted through regulation of tumor cell apoptosis and immune balance.Traditional Chinese medicine aimed at regulating the structure of the gut microbiota and its metabolites has shown great potential in alleviating the side effects of chemotherapy for leukemia.This review covers the role of the gut microbiota and its metabolites in the occurrence,development,and complications of leukemia,and explores treatment strategies for regulating the microbiota,including fecal microbiota transplantation,probiotics,and traditional Chinese medicine intervention.We anticipate that this review will serve as a reference for improving the treatment and prognosis of leukemia.

Objective:To compare the clinical efficacy of O-arm navigation-assisted percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) versus C-arm-guided PVP in the treatment of postoperative recurrent vertebral fractures following Kümmell′s disease.Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of 48 patients with postoperative recurrent vertebral fractures following Kümmell′s disease who were admitted to Zhengzhou Orthopedic Hospital from January 2021 to September 2024, including 16 males and 32 females, aged 51-85 years [(69.8±6.6)years]. Among them, 21 patients had stage I Kümmell′s disease and 27 stage II. Fractured vertebrae involved T 8-T 10 in 4 patients, T 11-L 2 in 29, and L 3-L 5 in 15. Twenty-five patients underwent O-arm navigation-assisted PVP (O-arm-assisted group) and 23 underwent C-arm-guided PVP (C-arm-guided group). The two groups were compared in terms of the operative time, intraoperative blood loss, bone cement volume, and bone cement filling saturation rate in the injured vertebral body. The visual analogue scale (VAS) scores and Oswestry disability index (ODI) values were also compared before operation, at 1 day, 1 month, 6 months after operation, and at the last follow-up. The excellent-good rate based on the MacNab criteria at the last follow-up and incidence of postoperative complications were detected. Results:All the patients were followed up for 6-24 months [(13.3±3.5)months]. There were no significant differences in the operative time, operative blood loss or bone cement volume between the two groups ( P>0.05). The O-arm-assisted group demonstrated a bone cement filling saturation rate of 96% (24/25) in the fractured vertebrae, significantly higher than 65% (15/23) in the C-arm-guided group ( P<0.05). The VAS scores before operation, at 1 day, and 1 month after operation were (8.4±1.0)points, (1.9±0.7)points, and (1.8±0.6)points, respectively in the O-arm-assisted group, while they were (8.3±0.8)points, (2.0±0.6)points, and (1.9±0.5)points, respectively in the C-arm-guided group ( P>0.05). The ODI values before operation, at 1 day, and 1 month after operation were 76.6±8.2, 20.4±4.5, and 19.8±4.1, respectively in the O-arm-assisted group, and 74.9±9.1, 21.3±3.6, and 20.9±3.2, respectively in the O-arm-assisted group ( P>0.05). At 6 months after operation and at the last follow-up, the VAS scores were (1.4±0.5)points and (1.5±0.5)points in the O-arm-assisted group, with significant improvement compared to (1.8±0.4)points and (1.9±0.3)points in the C-arm-guided group ( P<0.01); the ODI values were 17.8±3.2 and 18.2±3.5 in the O-arm-assisted group, with significant improvement compared to 19.9±3.1 and 21.3±4.0 in the C-arm-guided group ( P<0.05). Both groups demonstrated significant improvements in VAS scores and ODI values at 1 day, 1 month, 6 months after operation, and at the last follow-up, compared to those preoperatively ( P<0.05), while no statistically significant differences were found in VAS scores or ODI values at any postoperative timepoints ( P>0.05). According to the MacNab criteria, the O-arm-assisted group had a 100% (25/25) excellent-good rate, compared to 74% (17/23) in the C-arm-guided group ( P<0.05). The complication rate was 4% (1/25) in the O-arm-assisted group, significantly lower than 35% (8/23) in the C-arm-guided group ( P<0.05). Conclusion:O-arm navigation-assisted PVP for postoperative recurrent vertebral fractures following Kümmell′s disease offers advantages in precise cement delivery with sufficient dispersion, enhanced pain relief, functional recovery, improved quality of life, and reduced complication rates when compared to C-arm navigation-assisted PVP.

Objective To explore the mechanism of Bufei Jiedu Granules in the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)chronic infection using network pharmacology;To verify it through animal experiments.Methods Active components and potential targets in Bufei Jiedu Granules were screened through the TCMSP database,and genes related to MRSA infection were retrieved through GeneCards,OMIM,DisGeNET,TTD,DrugBank and PharmGKB databases.The STRING database was employed to construct a protein-protein interaction network on common targets,and GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were conducted to identify key signaling pathways for Bufei Jiedu Granules treatment of MRSA infection.The effects of Bufei Jiedu Granules on bacterial load and pathological changes in the lung,liver and kidney of MRSA chronic infection mice models were evaluated through WT and T/B immune cell deficient Rag2-/-mouse animal experiments.The mRNA expressions of inflammatory factors(IFN-γ,IL-10)and immune checkpoints(PD1,TIM3)were detected.Results Totally 54 active components related to Bufei Jiedu Granules were selected,and 50 potential targets related to MRSA infection were identified.118 signaling pathways significantly associated with MRSA infection were identified through GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis,in which the JAK-STAT signaling pathway,Th17 cell differentiation,and PD-L1 expression and PD-1 checkpoint pathway were closely related to cell activation and T cell differentiation.Animal experimental results indicated that Bufei Jiedu Granules could effectively reduce the bacterial load in organs and ameliorate the pathological damage in the chronic MRSA infection mouse model,increase the mRNA expression of IFN-γ in the lung tissue,and decrease the mRNA expressions of IL-10,PD1 and TIM3.Conclusion Bufei Jiedu Granules has the characteristics of multi-component and multi-target in the treatment of MRSA infection,and may be involved in adaptive immune activation to effectively treat chronic MRSA infection.

Objective:To compare the efficacy of O-arm navigation-assisted and freehand posterior pedicle screw fixation in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) associated with lower cervical fractures in adults.Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of 29 adult AS patients with lower cervical fractures admitted to Zhengzhou Orthopedic Hospital from June 2020 to September 2024, including 22 males and 7 females, aged 35-72 years [(52.3±11.1)years]. Injured segments involved C 5~6 in 6 patients, C 6 in 8, C 6~7 in 8, and C 7 in 7. Accirdubg to AO classification, the fracture was classified as type B3 in 22 patients and type C in 7. All the patients underwent posterior cervical pedicle screw fixation, among whom 15 patients were treated with navigation-assisted screw placement (navigation screw placement group, with 120 screws) and 14 with freehand technique (freehand screw placement group, with 112 screws). The two groups were compared in terms of the operative time, intraoperative blood loss, and postoperative drainage volume. The accuracy of screw placement, penetration rate of the pedicle cortex and fracture healing time were evaluated in the two groups. The Cobb angle before surgery and at 3 days after surgery and American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) classification before surgery and at the last follow-up were recorded in the two groups. The visual analogue scale (VAS) score, Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score and neck dysfunction index (NDI) before surgery, at 1 week, 3 months after surgery and at the last follow-up were compared between the two groups. The incidence of postoperative complications was also investigated. Results:All the patients were followed up for 6-57 months [(29.3±14.1)months]. The operation duration, intraoperative blood loss, and postoperative drainage volume were (166.0±31.4)minutes, (256.7±70.7)ml, and (91.0±14.4)ml in the navigation screw placement group, which were shorter or less than (219.29±31.7)minutes, (342.1±60.7)ml, and (123.2±20.7)ml in the freehand screw placement group ( P<0.01). The accuracy of screw placement in the navigation screw placement group was 98.3% (118/120) and penetration rate of the pedicle cortex was 5.8% (7/120), which were both superior to 89.3% (100/112) and 18.8% (21/112) in the freehand screw placement group ( P<0.01). No significant difference was detected in fracture healing time between the two groups ( P>0.05). There were no significant differences in the Cobb angle before surgery and at 3 days after surgery, as well as in the ASIA grading before surgery and at the last follow-up between the two groups ( P>0.05). The Cobb angle and ASIA classification at 3 days after surgery and at the last follow-up were improved compared with those before surgery ( P<0.05). Before surgery, at 1 week, 3 months after surgery, and at the last follow-up, the VAS scores were 8.0(7.0, 9.0)points, 4.0(3.0, 4.0)points, 2.0(1.0, 2.0)points, and 0.0(0.0, 1.0)points in the navigation screw placement group, which were not significantly different from 8.0(7.0, 9.0)points, 4.0(3.0, 4.0)points, 1.5(1.0, 2.0)points, and 0.0(0.0, 1.0)points in the freehand screw placement group ( P>0.05); the JOA scores were (7.5±1.4)points, (10.9±1.2)points, (13.2±1.5)points, and (15.7±1.0)points in the navigation screw placement group, which were not significantly different from (7.2±2.8)points, (10.1±3.2)points, (11.8±3.8)points, and (14.1±4.3)points in the freehand screw placement group ( P>0.05); the NDI were 48.0(44.0, 56.0)%, 30.0(30.0, 34.0)%, 18.0(16.0, 22.0)%, 8.0(6.0, 10.0)% in the navigation screw placement group, which were not significantly different from 44.0(40.0, 52.0)%, 30.0(29.0, 34.5)%, 17.0(16.0, 20.0)%, and 8.0(5.5, 10.0)% in the freehand screw placement group ( P>0.05). The VAS scores, JOA scores, and NDI were improved at 1 week, 3 months after surgery, and at the last follow-up in both groups, compared to those before surgery and they were gradually improved with the passage of the follow-up time ( P<0.05). One patient in the navigation screw placement group developed postoperative pulmonary infection and recovered after symptomatic treatment, with an incidence of complications 7% (1/15). Two patients in the freehand screw placement group had postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage and dural rupture and recovered after symptomatic treatment, with an incidence of complications 14% (2/14). Throughout the follow-up period, no complications such as screw breakage, implant loosening, or loss of correction were found in either group. Conclusion:Compared with freehand screw placement, the O-arm navigation system-assisted posterior pedicle screw fixation in the treatment of AS associated with lower cervical fractures in adults demonstrates significant advantages, including reduced operative time, decreased intraoperative blood loss and postoperative drainage volume, improved accuracy of screw placement, and reduced penetration rate of the pedicle cortex.

Objective:To compare the efficacy of whole-process visualization system-assisted pedicle screw internal fixation and free-hand pedicle screw internal fixation in the treatment of thoracolumbar burst fracture (TLBF) without neurologic symptoms.Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of 64 patients with TLBF without neurologic symptoms admitted to Zhengzhou Orthopedic Hospital from December 2020 to October 2022, including 41 males and 23 females, aged 23-52 years [(42.1±6.6)years]. The injured vertebrae involved T 11 in 26 patients, T 12 in 17, L 1 in 12, and L 2 in 9. The Wiltse approach was used in all the patients, 31 of whom were treated with pedicle screw internal fixation assisted by the whole-process visualization system (visualization system-assisted screw placement group) and 33 of whom were treated with free-hand pedicle screw internal fixation (free-hand screw placement group). The two groups were compared in terms of operation time, single screw placement time, intraoperative blood loss, intraoperative total radiation dose and total length of hospital stay. The accuracy of pedicle screw placement and penetration rate of the pedicle cortex were evaluated in the two groups. The Cobb angle and lumbar visual analogue scale (VAS) before surgery, at 1 week, 3 months after surgery and at the last follow-up were compared between the two groups. The incidence of postoperative complications was also investigated. Results:All the patients were followed up for 10-33 months [(17.5±4.8)months]. The operation time was (106.9±11.8)minutes in the visualization system-assisted screw placement group, shorter than (121.3±11.4)minutes in the free-hand screw placement group ( P<0.01). The single screw placement time was (9.1±1.0)minutes in the visualization system-assisted screw placement group, shorter than (11.7±1.5)minutes in the free-hand screw placement group ( P<0.01). The total radiation dose was (10.4±2.4)mGy in the visualization system-assisted screw placement group, lower than (51.8±7.2)mGy in the screw placement group ( P<0.01). There was no significant difference in intraoperative blood loss or total length of hospital stay between the two groups ( P>0.05). The accuracy of pedicle screw placement was 96.6% (197/204) in the visualization system-assisted screw placement group, significantly higher than 89.3% (191/214) in the free-hand screw placement group ( P<0.01). Both groups showed significant improvements in Cobb angle and VAS scores at 1 week, 3 months after surgery, and at the last follow-up ( P<0.05). There were no significant differences in Cobb angle or VAS scores between the two groups at each time point ( P>0.05). In the visualization system-assisted screw placement group, one patient had incision infection at 4 days after operation, which was cured with antibiotics. One patient in the free-hand screw placement group developed the symptoms of nerve root irritation at 2 days after surgery, which disappeared at 7 days after revision. There was no significant difference in the incidence of complications between the two groups ( P>0.05). During the follow-up, no patients had broken screws, loosening of internal fixation, or loss of correction in either group. Conclusions:Compared with free-hand pedicle screw internal fixation, the whole-process visualization system-assisted pedicle screw internal fixation in the treatment of TLBF without neurologic symptoms can shorten the time of operation and screw placement, reduce the radiation dose, and improve the accuracy of pedicle screw placement, suggesting that it is a safer and more effective auxiliary method for pedicle screw placement.

Objective:To compare the efficacy of three-dimensional visualization-assisted intermuscular versus conventional intermuscular cervical expansive open-door laminoplasty (CEOL) in the treatment of cervical spinal cord injury without fracture or dislocation (CSCIWFD).Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of 58 patients with CSCIWFD admitted to Zhengzhou Orthopedic Hospital from October 2021 to January 2024, including 39 males and 19 females, aged 36-77 years [(52.9±8.9)years]. Among them, 26 patients were treated with three-dimensional visualization-assisted intermuscular CEOL (three-dimensional visualization group), while 32 patients were treated with conventional intermuscular CEOL (conventional intermuscular group). All patients were treated with CEOL in 4 segments (C 3-C 6), comprising 104 surgical segments in the three-dimensional visualization group and 128 in the conventional intermuscular group. The following outcomes were compared between the two groups, including the operative duration, intraoperative blood loss, accuracy rate of open-door and hinge placement at the surgical levels, visual analogue scale (VAS) of the neck and shoulder and Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score preoperatively, at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months postoperatively and at the last follow-up, American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale preoperatively and at the last follow-up, and postoperative complication rate. Results:All patients were followed up for 12-24 months [(17.5±3.1)months]. The operative duration and intraoperative blood loss were (117.0±12.3)minutes and (151.3±30.9)ml in the three-dimensional visualization group, which were shorter or less than (131.9±15.0)minutes and (184.7±42.9)ml in the conventional intermuscular group ( P<0.01). The accuracy rate of open-door and hinge placement at the surgical levels was 94.2% (98/104) in the three-dimensional visualization group, significantly higher than 83.6% (107/128) in the conventional intermuscular group ( P<0.05). The VAS scores of the neck and shoulder preoperatively, at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months postoperatively, and at the last follow-up were 6.0(5.0, 7.0)points, 3.5(3.0, 4.0)points, 3.0(2.0, 3.0)points, 2.0(1.0, 3.0)points, 2.0(1.0, 2.3)points, and 2.0(1.0, 2.0)points in the three-dimensional visualization group, which were not statistically different from 5.0(4.3, 6.8)points, 4.0(3.0, 4.0)points, 3.0(2.0, 3.0)points, 2.0(1.3, 2.0)points, 2.0(1.0, 2.8)points, and 2.0(1.0, 2.0)points in the conventional intermuscular group ( P>0.05). The VAS scores of the neck and shoulder in the two groups were significantly decreased at 1 week, 1 month and 3 months postoperatively from the preoperative values ( P<0.05), while they were stabilized at 6 months postoperatively and at the last follow-up compared with those at 3 months postoperatively, with no significant difference among them ( P>0.05). The JOA scores were (8.1±2.8)points, (10.0±2.6)points, (10.5±2.6)points, (11.6±2.3)points, (12.7±2.3)points, and (13.7±2.4)points in the three-dimensional visualization group, which were not statistically different from (8.8±2.2)points, (10.3±2.1)points, (10.8±2.0)points, (12.0±2.0)points, (12.9±2.0)points, and (13.8±2.1)points in the conventional intermuscular group ( P>0.05). The JOA scores of the two groups showed continuous improvement at 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months postoperatively and at the last follow-up in comparison with the preoperatively values ( P<0.05). Although no significant difference was observed between the two groups in ASIA grade preoperatively and at the last follow-up ( P>0.05), the ASIA grade at the last follow-up was significantly improved compared with that before surgery in both groups ( P<0.05). The postoperative complication rate was 12% (3/26) in the three-dimensional visualization group, significantly lower than 38% (12/32) in the conventional intermuscular group ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Compared with the conventional intermuscular approach, the three-dimensional visualization-assisted intermuscular CEOL offers advantages in reducing surgical trauma, improving surgical precision, and lowering the postoperative complication rate in the treatment of CSCIWFD.