The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a pivotal role in orchestrating higher-order emotional and cognitive processes, a function that depends on the precise modulation of synaptic activity. Although pharmacological studies have demonstrated that dopamine signaling through dopamine D1 receptor (DRD1) in the PFC is essential for these functions, the cell-type-specific and molecular mechanisms underlying the neuromodulatory effects remain elusive. Using cell-type-specific knockout mice and patch-clamp recordings, we investigated the regulatory role of DRD1 on neurons and astrocytes in synaptic transmission and plasticity. Furthermore, we explored the mechanisms by which DRD1 on astrocytes regulate synaptic transmission and plasticity at the cellular level, as well as emotional and cognitive functions at the behavioral level, through two-photon imaging, microdialysis, high-performance liquid chromatography, transcriptome sequencing, and behavioral testing. We found that conditional knockout of the Drd1 in astrocytes (CKO^AST) increased glutamatergic synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation (LTP) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), whereas Drd1 deletion in pyramidal neurons did not affect synaptic transmission. The elevated level of d-serine in the mPFC of CKO^AST mice increased glutamatergic transmission and LTP through NMDA receptors. In addition, CKO^AST mice exhibited abnormal emotional and cognitive function. Notably, these behavioral changes in CKO^AST mice could be reversed through the administration of d-serine degrease to the mPFC. These results highlight the critical role of the astrocytic DRD1 in modulating mPFC synaptic transmission and plasticity, as well as higher brain functions through d-serine, and may shed light on the treatment of mental disorders.

Objective To compare the efficacies of intralesional hyaluronidase(HAase), intralesional dexamethasone(DEX), and intralesional HAase plus intralesional DEX on skin damage caused by vinorelbine extravasation in a rat model. Methods After establishing an animal model with vinorelbine extravasation in each lower extremity of 40 Sprague-Dawley rats, we treated the rats with intralesional HAase,intralesional DEX, intralesional HAase plus intralesional DEX,intralesional saline,or received no treatment as control.The wound area on 1 d, 4 d, 8 d, 12 d, 18 d, 24 d, 30 d and the time of healing were observed and compared.Results The wound area on 1 d, 4 d, 8 d, 12 d, 18 d and 24 d was significantly lower in intralesional HAase group, intralesional DEX group,intralesional HAase plus intralesional DEX group,and intralesional saline group than that in control group (P ＜0.05), and that was significantly lower in intralesional HAase group and intralesional HAase plus intralesional DEX group than that in intralesional DEX group and intralesional saline group (P ＜0.05). The healing time was significantly shorter in 4 therapy groups than that in control group [(25.1±3.1) d, (27.9±2.8) d, (23.0±3.2) d, and (28.4±3.9) d vs.(31.2±3.0) d, P ＜0.05], and that was significantly lower in intralesional HAase group and intralesional HAase plus intralesional DEX group than that in intralesional DEX group and intralesional saline group (P ＜0.05). Conclusion The monotherapy with intralesional HAase or intralesional DEX, with decreasing the extent of skin damage and shortening the healing time, is effective therapy for skin damage caused by vinorelbine extravasation, and the monotherapy with intralesional Haase is more efficacious. The efficacy of intralesional HAase plus intralesional DEX seems better than that of monotherapy.

Objective To increase the awareness of ectopic ACTH syndrome in patients with thymus carcinoid. Methods Clinical manifestations, especially atypical presentation of ectopic ACTH syndrome, laboratory findings and imaging data (chest X-ray and CT, etc.) in 6 patients were analysed. Results In all 6 patients, the thymus tumors removed were pathologically proved to be thymus carcinoid. Conclusion Patients having typical manifestations of Cushing′s syndrome with hypokalemia, edema, proteinuria and equivocal result of dexamethasone inhibition test, should be considered as ACTH syndrome. And thymus carcinoid seems to be the cause of the disease.

The signs and results of 14 patients with small hepatocelular carcinoma HCC of a diameter less than 3 cm (in 10 of them the daignosis was proven by pathology after surgery) obtained by CT,angiography and CT angiography were described in this article. The value of the above imaging modalities in the detection and diagnosis of small HCC was discussed with emphasis on the significance of the sequential staining sign from interior to exterior in CT and angiography.

The angiographic features of 9 liver diseases containing primary hepato- cellular carcinoma(HCC),and hepatic hemangioma were analysed in this article. The signs of angiography,such as tumor vessel,lesion density,and staining sequence were discussed.The staining sequence of lesion in the differential diagnosis of HCC and he- mangioma,two most common liver diseases,was emphatically discussed.The study demon- strated that,97 percent (32/33) of the angiographic sign of the lesion staining in sequence from interior to exterior occurred in malignant tumors,in which HCC occupied 93.8 percent (30/32).All eight small HCC of a diameter smaller than 3 cm,without any tumor vessel sign presented the above mentioned sign.No hepatic hemangioma presented this sign,the angiographic sign of the lesion staining in sequence from exterior to interior occured in larger HCC (diameter 6～24 cm,mean 13.9 cm) and hemangioma.The former has tumor vessel, and the latter has none.Therfore it is not difficult to differentiate HCC from hemoangioma.

The clinical data, x-ray examinations, constrast study and its failure as well as the diagnosis and its mistake of ERCP of 101 pathologically proved cases of biliary tract carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma and biliary stone were analyzed. The requirement of ERCP examination and the barium study for screening of jaundiced cases were dicussed. The common abnormalities such as the filling defect, narrowing and obstruction of the lumen of biliary tract were emphazised for the differential diagnosis. The different appearence of dilatation of the intrahepatic biliary tract caused by benign and malignant neoplasms of extrahepatic biliary tract and its pathological basis were studied and the "soft rattan" sign was considered to be of significance. The significance and the limitation of ERCP study in cases of obstructive jaundice were assessed as the first choice for its safety and reality.