Chronic ulcers on the body surface are non-healing wounds.Establishing a suitable animal model of chronic wounds will provide an important tool for research aimed at preventing and understanding the complexity of chronic wound formation and related pathological mechanisms in the human body.Animal wound models are usually constructed by inducing molecular abnormalities via external injury interventions to induce wound formation.Common modeling method include surgical resection,pressure ischemia,drugs,and radiation treatment.The success of model construction can then be evaluated by various monitoring method,such as natural recovery of the wound without intervention,measurement of wound size observation of physical signs,measurement of body mass,organ index,and infrared imaging.Despite the existence of numerous modeling and evaluating method,however,there is currently a lack of unified standards for animal chronic wound models.Researchers should thus choose appropriate modeling and model-evaluation method based on their actual needs,to obtain the best experimental result.

Chronic ulcers on the body surface are non-healing wounds.Establishing a suitable animal model of chronic wounds will provide an important tool for research aimed at preventing and understanding the complexity of chronic wound formation and related pathological mechanisms in the human body.Animal wound models are usually constructed by inducing molecular abnormalities via external injury interventions to induce wound formation.Common modeling method include surgical resection,pressure ischemia,drugs,and radiation treatment.The success of model construction can then be evaluated by various monitoring method,such as natural recovery of the wound without intervention,measurement of wound size observation of physical signs,measurement of body mass,organ index,and infrared imaging.Despite the existence of numerous modeling and evaluating method,however,there is currently a lack of unified standards for animal chronic wound models.Researchers should thus choose appropriate modeling and model-evaluation method based on their actual needs,to obtain the best experimental result.

Clinicians need to focus on various points in the diagnosis and treatment of insomnia.This article prescribed the treatment protocol based on the unique features,such as insomnia in the elderly,women experiencing specific physiologi-cal periods,children insomnia,insomnia in sleep-breathing disorder patients,insomnia in patients with chronic liver and kidney dysfunction.It pro-vides some reference for clinicians while they make decision on diagnosis,differentiation and treat-ment methods.

OBJECTIVE To study the pharmacological substance basis of Shaoyao gancao decoction for relieving acute and chronic pain. METHODS The antispasmodic effect of Shaoyao gancao decoction， ethyl acetate extract of Shaoyao gancao decoction and its effluent part of macroporous resin and 90% ethanol elution part of macroporous resin （the concentration of 4 drugs was 13.44 g/mL according to crude drug） was observed by in vitro small intestine tension test in rats. The acetic acid writhing test was conducted in mice to evaluate the analgesic effects of macroporous resin efflux site and macroporous resin 90% ethanol elution site （the dosage of 2.4 g/kg according to crude drug）. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， interleukin-1β （IL- 1β）， prostaglandin E2 （PGE2） and cyclooxygenase-2 （COX-2） in serum of mice were detected. The serum prototype and metabolites of mice after intragastric administration of macroporous resin 90% ethanol elution site were identified by high performance liquid chromatogre-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RESULTS In vitro experiment showed that 90% ethanol eluting part of macroporous resin represented the best antispasmodic effect， and the inhibitory rate of small intestine tension was significantly higher than macroporous resin efflux site of Shaoyao gancao decoction （P＜0.05） without statistical significance， compared with Shaoyao gancao decoction （P＞0.05）. In the acetic acid writhing experiment， compared with model group， the writhing times of mice in the macroporous resin 90% ethanol elution part group were reduced significantly （P＜0.05）， the writhing latency was prolonged significantly （P＜0.05）， and the levels of COX-2， IL-1β， PGE2 and TNF-α in serum were decreased significantly （P＜0.05）. Ten kinds of protoproducts including paeoniflorin and glycyrrhizic acid were identified from serum of mice， and twenty-two kinds of metabolites including hydroxylated glycyrrhizin and glucosylated liquiritin were identified. CONCLUSIONS The effective part of Shaoyao gancao decoction for relieving acute and chronic pain is 90% ethanol elution part prepared by macroporous resin from the ethyl acetate extract. Ten components， including glycyrrhetinic acid and paeoniflorin， may be the basis of its pharmacological substances.

Objective:To investigate the correlation between serum cystatin C and formation of intracranial aneurysms.Methods:Patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms hospitalized in the First People's Hospital of Kashgar from January 2016 to September 2021 were retrospectively enrolled as the case group and patients with trigeminal neuralgia in the same period as the control group. The demographic and clinical data of patients were collected, and the correlation between serum cystatin C and the occurrence of intracranial aneurysms was determined by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results:A total of 114 patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms and 142 patients with trigeminal neuralgia were enrolled. Univariate analysis showed that there were significant differences in triglyceride and cystatin C, as well as the proportions of male and hypertensive patients between the case group and the control group (all P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that there was a significant independent negative correlation between the serum cystatin C and the risk of intracranial aneurysms (odds ratio 0.045, 95% confidence interval 0.011-0.184; P<0.001). Conclusion:Serum cystatin C may be an independent protective factor for the formation of intracranial aneurysms.

Objective:To investigate the clinical value of digital three-dimensional reconstruction model of pituitary adenoma in transsphenoidal endoscopic pituitary adenoma resection.Methods:Fifty-eight patients with endoscopic pituitary, admitted to our hospital from July 2020 to March 2022, were chosen. All patients accepted transsphenoidal surgery under microscope and were randomly assigned to a control group (without digital 3D reconstruction technology before surgery) and a model group (with digital 3D reconstruction technology before surgery). The tumor size, preoperative and postoperative hormone levels, surgical duration, intraoperative blood loss, extent of surgical resection, and complications 3 months after follow up were compared.Results:There was no significant difference in age, gender, tumor types, tumor sizes and Knosp grading between the two groups ( P>0.05), indicating comparability. The resection degree of pituitary tumor in model group was better than that that in control group; the proportion of patients with total and subtotal resection in the model group was significantly higher than that in the control group (24/29 vs. 16/29, P=0.045). Intraoperative blood loss, surgical duration and average hospital stay in the model group were significantly decreased as compared those in the control group ( P<0.05); the duration of tumor resection in the model group ([46.93±10.77] min) was significantly shorter than that in the control group ([56.00±12.47] min, P<0.05). The levels of prolactin and human growth hormone in the model group 1 and 7 d after surgery were decreased as compared with those in the control group, without significant differences ( P>0.05). Three months after follow-up, the incidences of diabetes insipidus, hyponatremia and hypopituitarism in model group were significantly lower than those in control group ( P<0.05). The satisfaction rate in the model group was significantly higher than that in the control group ( P<0.05). Conclusion:The construction of digital three-dimensional reconstruction model of pituitary adenoma is helpful in understanding the adjacent relationship between tumors, nerves, and blood vessels before surgery, develop personalized surgical plan and improve surgical efficiency.

The occurrence and development of chronic insomnia involves subjective and objective factors, which can be classified as predisposing factors, precipitating factors and perpetuating factors. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) evolves from the pathopsychological analysis of chronic insomnia patients, and selectively combines the sleep hygiene, cognitive therapy and behavioral therapy to improve the symptoms of patients. With the popularity of internet, the digital cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia has an convenient advantage over the traditional therapy, and has become the focus of research. Researchers have proposed multiple therapies for chronic insomnia, including drug therapy and non-drug therapy, which improve the treatment effect of chronic insomnia from different perspectives.

The clinical symptoms of chronic insomnia are various, the clinical diagnosis process needs to be combined with sleep parameters, daytime symptoms and psychological status of patients. Recently, the neuroimaging research suggests that chronic insomnia patients have certain structural changes and functional changes, which leads a new direction for the following research. The new drugs for the treatment of chronic insomnia, improving receptor specificity or increasing intervention targets, will provides more choices for patients.

Objective:To compare the efficacy of series casting with different timings after botulinum toxin injection among equinus children with spastic cerebral palsy.Methods:Sixty-three equinus children with spastic cerebral palsy were randomly divided into a control group and an experimental group. After being injected with botulinum toxin type A, 4 weeks of series casting was applied immediately in the control group, while in the experimental group it was applied 2 weeks later. Both groups were given basic rehabilitation therapy including heel walking, kicking balls, single-leg standing, standing platform training and balance training. The modified Tardieu scale, three-dimensional gait analysis, gross motor function measure 88 (GMFM-88) and a self-made questionnaire were used to evaluate muscle tone, spasticity, gait parameters, standing and walking before the treatment and 2 and 6 months afterward.Results:Immediately after the treatment there was a significant improvement in both groups′ average MTS scores (R1, R2, R1-R2 with knee extension and flexion), dorsiflexion at initial contact, peak dorsiflexion in the stance and swing phases, and dimension D (standing), and also in their average GMFM-88 (walking) scores. Two and six months later the experimental group′s average MTS scores, peak dorsiflexion in the stance phase, and dimension D (standing) score in the GMFM-88 (walking) had improved significantly compared with the control group′s averages. However, no significant differences were observed between the two groups in any of the other measurements after the treatment.Conclusion:Delaying series casting after botulinum toxin A injection can significantly reduce tone and spasticity in the plantarflexors, improve the range of motion and functioning of the ankle, and alleviate the discomfort and pain caused by series casting.

Objective To explore the expressions and clinical values of pro-gastrin-releasing peptide(ProGRP) and carbohydrate antigen 72-4 (CA72-4) in patients with gastric cancer.Methods Ninety patients with gastric cancer and fifty healthy subjects were selected from January 2014 to December 2016 in our hospital.Serum levels of ProGRP and CA72-4 were detected by electrochemiluminescence.The relationships between ProGRP and clinicopathological characteristics,postoperative recurrence and CA72-4 were analyzed.The diagnostic values of ProGRP and CA72-4 in gastric cancer were analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.Results The expressions of ProGRP and CA72-4 in patients with gastric cancer were (249.3 + 28.9) pg/ml and (148.8 + 33.5) U/ml respectively,which were significantly higher than those of healthy subjects [(14.4 ± 7.6) pg/ml and (3.8 ± 1.4) U/ml],and the differences were statistically sigificant (t =56.320,P ＜ 0.001;t =30.504,P ＜ 0.001).The expression of ProGRP in TNM stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ [(269.1 ±30.9)pg/ml] was obviously higher than that in stage Ⅰ-Ⅱ [(198.5 +23.9)pg/ml],with a significant difference (t =11.200,P ＜ 0.001).The expression of ProGRP in patients with lymph node metastasis [(259.9 ±31.4)pg/ml] was significantly higher than that in patients without lymph node metastasis [(190.3 ±26.8)pg/ml],with a significant difference (t =9.500,P ＜ 0.001).The expression of ProGRP in patients with postoperative recurrence after one year [(181.3 ± 21.7)pg/ml] was higer than that in patients without postoperative recurrence [(26.1 ± 12.8)pg/ml],with a significant difference (t =31.830,P ＜ 0.001).There was a positive correlation between serum ProGRP and CA72-4 (r =0.792,P =0.012).According to the ROC curve,the cut-off point of ProGRP was 23.6 pg/ml,and the diagnostic sensitivity was 80.0％,the specificity was 70.0％.The cut-off point of CA72-4 was 11.2 U/ml,and the diagnostic sensitivity was 60.0％,the specificity was 89.0％.The sensitivity and specificity diagnostic value of combined detection were 89.7％ and 94.8％,better than those of individual detection (x2 =6.028,P =0.009;x2 =4.675,P =0.031).Conclusion ProGRP and CA72-4 are highly expressed in the serum of gastric cancer patients,with a positive correlation.The combined detection of ProGRP and CA72-4 can improve the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity.ProGRP is significantly correlated with tumor stage,lymph node metastasis and prognosis,which may be a mew target for prevention and treatment of gastric cancer.