Sepsis is a lethal condition resulting from the host's dysregulated response, involving complex pathophysiological mechanisms, including the host's biphasic immune response and metabolic disturbances. Diagnosing and treating sepsis remain formidable challenges, with the absence of definitive biomarkers and effective therapeutic interventions to date. Animal models of sepsis are pivotal in unraveling the disease's pathogenesis and identifying potential treatments, playing a crucial role in enhancing our comprehension of its intrinsic nature. However, there is no animal model that can comprehensively and accurately simulate the complex pathophysiological process of human sepsis. This review discusses the widely used sepsis animal models, exploring their advantages and limitations in terms of pathogenesis, inflammatory response, pathophysiological changes, and organ dysfunction. It summarizes the application scenarios and latest research advancements of these models and provides an outlook on potential future improvements.
Sepsis/physiopathology* ; Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Humans

OBJECTIVE To analyze the bacterial spectrum characteristics and drug resistance of midstream urine culture-positive cases in patients with urinary tract infection(UTI),and to provide reference for rational use of antibiotics.METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on 6 029 patients with urinary tract infections who had positive midstream urine cultures at the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University from 2013 to 2023,with a total of 8 495 infectious bacterial detected,and the characteristics of the pathogens,antimicrobial susceptibility tests and the epidemiological features were analyzed.RESULTS There were 2 086 males and 3 943 fe-males.A total of 8 495 pathogens were isolated,of which 1 492 stains of gram-positive bacteria accounted for 17.56％,5 850 strains of gram-negative bacteria accounted for 68.86％,1 150 strains of fungi accounted for 13.54％,with Escherichia coli(42.30％),Klebsiella pneumoniae(7.59％),and Enterococcus faecalis(6.19％)being predominated.The major gram-negative bacteria had low resistance rates to meropenem,imipen-em and ertapenem(＜20％),and high resistance rates to ampicillin and cefazolin(＞34％).The major gram-posi-tive bacteria had low resistance rates to teicoplanin and quinupristin/dalfopristin(＜12％),very low resistance to linezolid(＜1％),and high resistance rates to erythromycin(＞40％).The main fungi had low resistance rates to flucytosine and amphotericin B(＜3％),while Candida tropicalis had high resistance rates to itraconazole,flu-conazole,and voriconazole(37.93％-42.18％).CONCLUSION The three most frequently isolated pathogens in the midstream urine cultures of patients with UTI are Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae,and Group D En-terococcus faecalis,which show low resistance to tigecycline and high resistance to ciprofloxacin,ampicillin and levofloxacin,and these findings provide important references for clinical treatment of urinary tract infections.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the bacterial spectrum characteristics and drug resistance of midstream urine culture-positive cases in patients with urinary tract infection(UTI),and to provide reference for rational use of antibiotics.METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on 6 029 patients with urinary tract infections who had positive midstream urine cultures at the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University from 2013 to 2023,with a total of 8 495 infectious bacterial detected,and the characteristics of the pathogens,antimicrobial susceptibility tests and the epidemiological features were analyzed.RESULTS There were 2 086 males and 3 943 fe-males.A total of 8 495 pathogens were isolated,of which 1 492 stains of gram-positive bacteria accounted for 17.56％,5 850 strains of gram-negative bacteria accounted for 68.86％,1 150 strains of fungi accounted for 13.54％,with Escherichia coli(42.30％),Klebsiella pneumoniae(7.59％),and Enterococcus faecalis(6.19％)being predominated.The major gram-negative bacteria had low resistance rates to meropenem,imipen-em and ertapenem(＜20％),and high resistance rates to ampicillin and cefazolin(＞34％).The major gram-posi-tive bacteria had low resistance rates to teicoplanin and quinupristin/dalfopristin(＜12％),very low resistance to linezolid(＜1％),and high resistance rates to erythromycin(＞40％).The main fungi had low resistance rates to flucytosine and amphotericin B(＜3％),while Candida tropicalis had high resistance rates to itraconazole,flu-conazole,and voriconazole(37.93％-42.18％).CONCLUSION The three most frequently isolated pathogens in the midstream urine cultures of patients with UTI are Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae,and Group D En-terococcus faecalis,which show low resistance to tigecycline and high resistance to ciprofloxacin,ampicillin and levofloxacin,and these findings provide important references for clinical treatment of urinary tract infections.

Objective:To study the anti-motion sickness effect of atrial natriuretic peptide（ANP）through establishing two types of motion sickness rat models by giving rotational stimulation or intraperitoneal arginine vasopressin（AVP）injection.Methods:Normal Sprague-Dawley rats were rotated 120 min to induce motion sickness. The behavioural changes in their ingestion of 0.15% saccharin sodium solution（SSS）and consumption of kaolin were measured；and the susceptibilities of the rats to motion sickness were thus determined. The behavioural changes in the ingestion of 0.15% SSS after the intraperitoneal injection of AVP were also recorded. Finally，after the intraperitoneal injection of ANP，inhibitory influences on taste aversion to 0.15% SSS induced by these two methods were determined.Results:After the rotational stimulation，the rats reduced their intake of 0.15% SSS（taste aversion）or increased the intake of kaolin（pica）. The intraperitoneal injection of AVP in rats could also induce taste aversion to 0.15% SSS. However，the intraperitoneal injection of ANP effectively inhibited this conditioned taste aversion to 0.15% SSS induced either by rotational stimulation or AVP injection.Conclusion:Both rotational stimulation and intraperitoneal injection of AVP could induce motion sickness；and the intraperitoneal injection of ANP could help relieve motion sickness in rats.

Objective:To investigate the effect of rotational stimulation on the expression and distribution of α-ENaC in different areas of the inner ears of rats.Methods:With immunohistochemistry staining，the expressions of α-ENaC in different areas of the inner ears of the Sprague-Dawley rats after rotational stimulation were observed.Results:After rotational stimulation，the expressions of α-ENaC in the stria vascularis，the spiral ganglion neurons，peripheral satellite cells，the epithelial and stromal cells of the macula utriculi，the vestibular ganglion neurons of rats were increased，while the distributions of α-ENaC in epithelial and stromal cells of the crista ampullaris were decreased. Moreover，in the spiral ligament，Reissner’s membrane，the epithelial and stromal cells of the macula sacculi，and the epithelial cells of the semicircular canal，the distributions of α-ENaC of the observation group were similar to the control group.Conclusion:The α-ENaC were widely expressed in the inner ears，and the changes of its expression varied among different areas in the inner ears of rats after rotation. Thus，ENaC may be involved in the development of motion sickness through regulating the endolymph balance and vestibular sensation of the inner ears.

Objective:To study the anti-motion sickness effect of atrial natriuretic peptide（ANP）through establishing two types of motion sickness rat models by giving rotational stimulation or intraperitoneal arginine vasopressin（AVP）injection.Methods:Normal Sprague-Dawley rats were rotated 120 min to induce motion sickness. The behavioural changes in their ingestion of 0.15% saccharin sodium solution（SSS）and consumption of kaolin were measured；and the susceptibilities of the rats to motion sickness were thus determined. The behavioural changes in the ingestion of 0.15% SSS after the intraperitoneal injection of AVP were also recorded. Finally，after the intraperitoneal injection of ANP，inhibitory influences on taste aversion to 0.15% SSS induced by these two methods were determined.Results:After the rotational stimulation，the rats reduced their intake of 0.15% SSS（taste aversion）or increased the intake of kaolin（pica）. The intraperitoneal injection of AVP in rats could also induce taste aversion to 0.15% SSS. However，the intraperitoneal injection of ANP effectively inhibited this conditioned taste aversion to 0.15% SSS induced either by rotational stimulation or AVP injection.Conclusion:Both rotational stimulation and intraperitoneal injection of AVP could induce motion sickness；and the intraperitoneal injection of ANP could help relieve motion sickness in rats.

Objective:To investigate the effect of rotational stimulation on the expression and distribution of α-ENaC in different areas of the inner ears of rats.Methods:With immunohistochemistry staining，the expressions of α-ENaC in different areas of the inner ears of the Sprague-Dawley rats after rotational stimulation were observed.Results:After rotational stimulation，the expressions of α-ENaC in the stria vascularis，the spiral ganglion neurons，peripheral satellite cells，the epithelial and stromal cells of the macula utriculi，the vestibular ganglion neurons of rats were increased，while the distributions of α-ENaC in epithelial and stromal cells of the crista ampullaris were decreased. Moreover，in the spiral ligament，Reissner’s membrane，the epithelial and stromal cells of the macula sacculi，and the epithelial cells of the semicircular canal，the distributions of α-ENaC of the observation group were similar to the control group.Conclusion:The α-ENaC were widely expressed in the inner ears，and the changes of its expression varied among different areas in the inner ears of rats after rotation. Thus，ENaC may be involved in the development of motion sickness through regulating the endolymph balance and vestibular sensation of the inner ears.

OBJECTIVETo assess the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of PLEKHA7, COL11A1 and PCMTD1-ST18 genes and primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) among ethnic Han Chinese from Sichuan Province.

METHODSIn this study, 362 subjects with PACG and 1056 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were recruited. Genotypes of 3 reported SNPs, including PLEKHA7 rs11024102, COL11A1 rs3753841 and PCMTD1-ST18 rs1015213 were determined with a SNaPshot method.

RESULTSThe P values for the genotype frequencies of rs11024102, rs3753841 and rs1015213 between the patient and control groups were 0.62 (OR=1.09, 95%CI: 0.91-1.30), 0.42 (OR=1.04, 95%CI: 0.87-1.41) and 0.34 (OR=1.35, 95%CI: 0.73-2.49), respectively. And the P values for the allele frequency distributions of PLEKHA7 rs11024102, COL11A1 rs3753841 and PCMTD1-ST18 rs1015213 between the two groups were 0.347, 0.698 and 0.344, respectively.

CONCLUSIONNo significant association of PLEKHA7 rs11024102, COL11A1 rs3753841 and PCMTD1-ST18 rs1015213 with PACG was found among ethnic Han Chinese from Sichuan.

Carrier Proteins ; genetics ; China ; ethnology ; Collagen Type XI ; genetics ; Female ; Glaucoma, Angle-Closure ; genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Protein D-Aspartate-L-Isoaspartate Methyltransferase ; genetics

Objective To investigate the implementation and application of rotational DSA dual volume technology in displaying the intracranial artery stent.Methods Firstly,the “stent opacity”single volume technology was used to display 5 types of stent which were released in 7 cases of pure intracranial artery stenting and 12 cases of stent-assisted aneurysm embolization.Then we applied “vessel translucent”and “vessel opacity”single volume technology to display corresponding vessel segments.Finally,by coalescing the single volume imaging of stent and vessel,the “vessel opacity + stent opacity”dual volume image and “vessel translucent+ stent opacity”dual volume image were performed.We compared the effects of two kinds of dual volume imaging and assessed the imaging characteristics and influencing factors of each method.Results (1)On the “stent opacity”single volume display mode,in 7 cases of pure intracranial artery stenting,the display effect of two Pipeline stents and three Apollo stents belongs to level 1,the display effect of two Enterprise stents belongs to level 2;In 12 cases of stent-assisted aneurysm embolization,in the stent segments which weren’t influenced by artifacts,the display effect of two LEVIS stents belongs to level 1,the display effects of 5 Enterprise stents and 2 Solitaire AB stents belongs to level 2;While in the stent segments which were influenced by the artifact of spring coil and bone,the display effect significantly reduced, three pieces of Enterprise stents were even unable to identify.(2)On the “vessel opacity”single volume display mode,1 9 cases of vessel segment at the stent completed opacity display.The surface structure of vessel was very clear,but the structure under the surface was completely being covered.On the “vessel translucent”single volume display mode,the surface structure of 19 cases of vessel segment at the stent displayed clear at the tangential position.The vessel lumen also presented transparent state.(3)On the “stent opacity+vessels opacity”double volume display mode,the start-stop location and the adherence of stents in blood vessels in 1 6 cases were displayed clearly. When using the “stent opacity+ vascular opacity”double volume imaging,except 3 cases which used ball expansion Apollo stents could display comprehensive relationship between the blood vessels,in the other 13 cases,the relationship between stent and vascular could not be fully displayed.Conclusion On the condition that the single volume display technology shows stent well,the “stent opaque+vessels translucent”double volume display technology can well present the stent condition in the vessels.