Autoimmune diseases, cancers, and viral infections pose significant global health threats, characterized by chronic pathology, unregulated cellular proliferation, and rapid transmission, respectively, requiring urgent early warning and treatment strategies. Antibodies, primarily classified into autoantibodies and therapeutic antibodies based on their clinical roles, provide essential information and show considerable value in the precise diagnosis and treatment of these serious diseases. Among the technologies utilized in bioanalysis, electrochemical biosensors, with their unique advantages of rapid response, high sensitivity, miniaturization, cost-effectiveness and user-friendly operation, have been developed as a trending technology for precise diagnostic and therapeutic drug monitoring. This review systematically summarizes the relationships and roles of clinically relevant antibodies in autoimmune diseases, cancers, and viral infections, while detailing the composition, strategies, development, and application trends of relevant electrochemical biosensors. Furthermore, it highlights the remaining challenges and opportunities for the advancement and prospects of electrochemical sensors in the context of clinically relevant antibodies.

Objective:To evaluate the safety and efficacy of eltrombopag combined with immunosuppressive therapy in patients with aplastic anemia (AA) in China.Methods:We investigated and analyzed the clinical data of AA patients from 14 hematological treatment centers who were treated with oral eltrombopag for at least 3 mon.Results:We enrolled 56 AA patients, including 19 treatment-na?ve patients and 37 IST-refractory patients. The median administration period for eltrombopag was 7 (3-31) months, and the median maximum stable dosage was 75 mg/d (50-150 mg/d) . The 3-month hematological response (HR) rate was 60%, and the complete response (CR) rate was 30% in 10 SAA patients who were treated with first-line eltrombopag and standard IST (ATG+CsA) . Eight of 9 eltrombopag and CsA ± androgen first-line treated SAA patients responded (8/9, 89%) and 4 (44%) gave CR. The overall HR and CR rates were 79% and 52.6%, respectively, among these 19 patients by the end of the follow-up period. Of the 19 AA patients who were refractory to CsA ± androgen, 11 achieved HR (57.9%) at 3 mon, and the best HR rate was 44% in standard IST (ATG+CsA) refractory 18 patients after eltrombopag treatment. Fifty-one percent of the patients experienced mild or moderate adverse events, and gastrointestinal discomfort was the most common adverse effect reported by the study subjects.Conclusion:Adding Eltrombopag in first-line IST can accelerate the acquisition and improve the quality of hematological responses in AA patients. AA with relatively more residual hematopoietic cells may be well treated with eltrombopag and non-ATG IST. Eltrombopag can be used as salvage therapy for CsA±androgen refractory patients. Eltrombopag was generally safe and well tolerated by AA patients in China.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of sequential treatment of newly diagnosed de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with IA and low-dose HA combined with G-CSF regimens as remission induction therapy.Methods Fifty-seven patients with AML were enrolled,which marrow biopsy was hypocellular or active proliferation on the third day from the end of the first course with IA regimen.32 cases of them received the second course with low-dose HA combined with G-CSF regimen,compared with other 25 cases received the second course with another IA regimen.Clinical manifestations,blood count,blood biochemical parameters and bone marrow smears were measured during the courses.Results In study group,21 of 32 cases reached CR,4 PR,and 11 of 20 cases reached CR,2 PR in control group.Overall remission rate (ORR) was higher in study group than that in control group (78.1％ vs 52.0 ％,P =0.038).Both median duration of agranulocytosis and median time for PLT to reach 50×109/L from the lowest were shorter in study group than those in control group (9.5 d vs 28.0 d,U=32.5,P＜ 0.001; 11 d vs 19 d,U=193.0,P=0.001).Component transfusion,not only RBC but PLT,decreased in study group,compared with control group (8 U vs 16 U,U =206.5,P =0.002; 20 U vs 60 U,U =149,P ＜ 0.001).Median durable time of antibiotic intravenous injection was shorter in study group than that in control group (14 d vs 21 d,U=249.5,P=0.015).Visceral hemorrhage rate reduced in study group,compared with control group (x2 =3.90,P =0.048).Conclusion IA and low-dose HA combined with G-CSF regimens sequential treatment as remission induction therapy for newly diagnosed de novo AML patients is effective and well tolerated.