Objective To analyze the urban drinking water quality and its influencing factors in Anhui Province from 2014 to 2022, and to provide a scientific basis for water quality improvement and protection. Methods The data were collected, saved and monitored according to the Standard Test Method for Drinking Water (GB/T5750-2006) and evaluated according to the Hygienic Standard for Drinking Water (GB 5749-2006). Results A total of 20 941 samples were collected, and the overall qualified rate was 84.26%. The qualified rate of urban drinking water increased from 76.9% in 2014 to 93.3% in 2022, and the qualified rate of water quality was on the rise (χ²=544.43, P＜0.01). From 2014 to 2022, the qualified rate of water quality in dry season was higher than that in wet season (χ²=35.98, P<0.001), the qualified rate of surface water was higher than that of ground water (χ²=4440.8, P<0.001), and the qualified rate of peripheral tap water was higher than that of factory water (χ²=145.1, P<0.001). Among all kinds of disinfection methods, chlorination disinfection had the highest qualified rate (χ²=1483.8, P<0.001). The qualified rate of water quality increased with the increase of the scale of water plant. Among the inspected indicators, the main unqualified indicators were chlorine dioxide (7.72%), fluoride (7.41%), free residual chlorine (3.90%), and total bacterial count (2.13%). Conclusion The passing rate of urban drinking water quality in Anhui Province is on an upward trend, and the quality of urban drinking water has improved. However, it is still important to pay attention to the problem of excessive microorganism and fluoride in water, and the quality of drinking water varies from place to place.

ObjectiveThis study leverages structural data from antigen-antibody complexes of the influenza A virus neuraminidase (NA) protein to investigate the spatial recognition relationship between the antigenic epitopes and antibody paratopes. MethodsStructural data on NA protein antigen-antibody complexes were comprehensively collected from the SAbDab database, and processed to obtain the amino acid sequences and spatial distribution information on antigenic epitopes and corresponding antibody paratopes. Statistical analysis was conducted on the antibody sequences, frequency of use of genes, amino acid preferences, and the lengths of complementarity determining regions (CDR). Epitope hotspots for antibody binding were analyzed, and the spatial structural similarity of antibody paratopes was calculated and subjected to clustering, which allowed for a comprehensively exploration of the spatial recognition relationship between antigenic epitopes and antibodies. The specificity of antibodies targeting different antigenic epitope clusters was further validated through bio-layer interferometry (BLI) experiments. ResultsThe collected data revealed that the antigen-antibody complex structure data of influenza A virus NA protein in SAbDab database were mainly from H3N2, H7N9 and H1N1 subtypes. The hotspot regions of antigen epitopes were primarily located around the catalytic active site. The antibodies used for structural analysis were primarily derived from human and murine sources. Among murine antibodies, the most frequently used V-J gene combination was IGHV1-12*01/IGHJ2*01, while for human antibodies, the most common combination was IGHV1-69*01/IGHJ6*01. There were significant differences in the lengths and usage preferences of heavy chain CDR amino acids between antibodies that bind within the catalytic active site and those that bind to regions outside the catalytic active site. The results revealed that structurally similar antibodies could recognize the same epitopes, indicating a specific spatial recognition between antibody and antigen epitopes. Structural overlap in the binding regions was observed for antibodies with similar paratope structures, and the competitive binding of these antibodies to the epitope was confirmed through BLI experiments. ConclusionThe antigen epitopes of NA protein mainly ditributed around the catalytic active site and its surrounding loops. Spatial complementarity and electrostatic interactions play crucial roles in the recognition and binding of antibodies to antigenic epitopes in the catalytic region. There existed a spatial recognition relationship between antigens and antibodies that was independent of the uniqueness of antibody sequences, which means that antibodies with different sequences could potentially form similar local spatial structures and recognize the same epitopes.

The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement aims to enhance the quality of reporting for randomized controlled trial (RCT) by providing a minimum item checklist. It was first published in 1996, and updated in 2001 and 2010, respectively. The latest version was released in April 2025, continuously reflecting new evidence, methodological advancements, and user feedback. CONSORT 2025 includes 30 essential checklist items and a template for a participant flow diagram. The main changes to the checklist include the addition of 7 items, revision of 3 items, and deletion of 1 item, as well as the integration of multiple key extensions. This article provides a comprehensive interpretation of the statement, aiming to help clinical trial staff, journal editors, and reviewers fully understand the essence of CONSORT 2025, correctly apply it in writing RCT reports and evaluating RCT quality, and provide guidance for conducting high-level RCT research in China.

Objective To explore the longitudinal associations of body roundness index (BRI), visceral adiposity index (VAI), and metabolic score for visceral fat (METS-VF) with the risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods This study included participants from the UK Biobank who were free of AF or pregnancy at baseline and completed the first and second assessments of BRI, VAI, and METS-VF. The changes in BRI, VAI, and METS-VF were classified using K-means clustering analyses, and the cumulative adiposity indices were also calculated. The primary outcome was new-onset AF. Three Cox regression models were employed to investigate the longitudinal associations of the BRI, VAI, and METS-VF changes with the risk of incident new-onset AF. The results were presented as hazard ratios (HRs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Restricted cubic spline analyses were performed to explore potential non-linear associations between baseline or cumulative adiposity indices and the risk of new-onset AF. C-index analyses were conducted to evaluate the predictive value of BRI, VAI, and METS-VF for new-onset AF. Subgroup analyses were performed according to age, gender, race, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and physical activity. Polygenic risk scores were applied to account for genetic susceptibility and investigate potential interactions between adiposity indices and genetic risk. Univariate linear regression analyses were performed to evaluate the relationships of cumulative adiposity indices and magnetic resonance imaging and dual X-ray absorptiometry parameters, including visceral adipose tissue (VAT) volume, VAT mass, trunk fat volume, and trunk fat mass. We further applied the eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) algorithm, with the feature importance being measured to evaluate the predictive value of each adiposity index for imaging parameters. Mendelian randomization analysis was further conducted to investigate the potential causal relationship between trunk fat mass and AF. Results A total of 12 776 participants were included. Over a median follow-up of 9.60 years, 761 (5.96%) new-onset AF events were recorded. Participants were divided into four classes based on the changes in adiposity indices. In the fully adjusted model, compared to participants in Class 1 of BRI, those in Class 3 (HR＝1.30, 95%CI 1.04-1.63, P＝0.023) and Class 4 (HR＝2.17, 95%CI 1.61-2.93, P＜0.001) were associated with significantly higher risks of new-onset AF. Regarding METS-VF, participants in Class 4 of METS-VF also demonstrated a significantly higher risk of new-onset AF compared to those in Class 1 (HR＝1.66, 95%CI 1.15-2.39, P＝0.007). However, no significant association was observed between different classes of VAI and the risk of new-onset AF. For every 1 standard deviation increase in cumulative BRI, VAI, and METS-VF, the fully adjusted HRs of new-onset AF were 1.23 (95%CI 1.13-1.35), 1.02 (95%CI 0.94-1.10), and 1.23 (95%CI 1.12-1.35), respectively. Cumulative adiposity indices (BRI, VAI, and METS-VF) were divided into quartiles. Using the first quartile as reference, participants in the highest quartiles of BRI (HR＝1.40, 95%CI 1.10-1.79, P＝0.007) and METS-VF (HR＝1.44, 95%CI 1.13-1.83, P＝0.003) both exerted a significantly higher risk of new-onset AF. Regarding VAI, no significant association was observed (HR＝1.00, 95%CI 0.81-1.23, P＝0.988). Restricted cubic spline analyses revealed non-linear relationships between cumulative BRI, baseline/cumulative VAI, and baseline/cumulative METS-VF with new-onset AF risk (all P_overall＜0.05, P_non-linear＜0.05). In the C-index analysis, BRI demonstrated the highest predictive performance for new-onset AF, followed by METS-VF and VAI. Subgroup analysis indicated a stronger association between METS-VF and the risk of new-onset AF amongst participants younger than 60 years (P_interaction＝0.008). Polygenic risk score analysis stratified by genetic risk demonstrated a synergistic effect between BRI and genetic risk with new-onset AF, with the overall risk of new-onset AF increasing as both BRI and genetic risk increased. Linear regression analysis revealed a positive correlation between cumulative BRI with VAT volume, VAT mass, trunk fat volume, and trunk fat mass. The feature importance plot derived from the XGBoost algorithm indicated that cumulative BRI had the greatest predictive value on VAT volume, VAT mass, trunk fat volume, and trunk fat mass. Mendelian randomization analysis confirmed a significant causal relationship between trunk fat mass and AF. Conclusions There are significant non-linear associations between BRI, METS-VF, and VAI with new-onset AF. Higher BRI and METS-VF are significantly associated with a higher risk of new-onset AF, whereas no significant association is observed for the VAI. BRI exhibits a positive correlation with VAT and trunk fat, and demonstrates superior performance in predicting new-onset AF compared to VAI and METS-VF. Monitoring and managing BRI may be important in the early detection and intervention of AF.

AIM:To evaluate the effectiveness of EYESI binocular indirect ophthalmoscope simulation system as a training platform for fundus examination skills of general practitioner.METHODS:Prospective randomized study. A total of 40 general practitioners who received clinical ophthalmology training at Shenzhen Eye Hospital from January 2021 to December 2024 were selected and randomly divided into two groups by random number table method, with 20 cases in the study group and 20 cases in the control group. The study group was trained by EYESI binocular indirect ophthalmoscope simulation system and the control group was trained by conventional teaching. Training effects of the two groups were analyzed.RESULTS: The general information of the two groups was comparable. Through training with the EYESI binocular indirect ophthalmoscope simulator, the study group showed significant improvements in total examination and drawing scores compared to pre-training results(all P<0.001). Additionally, examination duration, retinal light exposure time, and drawing time were all significantly shorter than those before training(all P<0.001).The study group achieved significantly higher total examination and drawing scores than the control group during the EYESI binocular indirect ophthalmoscope simulator assessment(all P<0.001). Furthermore, examination duration, retinal light exposure time, and drawing time were all significantly shorter in the study group compared to the control group(all P<0.001). Moreover, ratings for the novelty of the training method and overall satisfaction with the training were significantly higher in the study group than in the control group(all P<0.001); while the perceived psychological stress during training was significantly lower in the study group(P<0.001).CONCLUSION:The EYESI binocular indirect ophthalmoscope simulaton system effectively enhances both the proficiency in fundus examination skills and overall training satisfaction among general practitioners.

BACKGROUND: The burden of breast cancer for older adults has been rising with the increasing population aging. This study aims to describe the burden of breast cancer in older adults worldwide, analyze the temporal trends for older breast cancer incidence, and assess the socioeconomic inequalities of breast cancer incidence and mortality with human development index (HDI) levels, which will provide valuable information in preventing and controlling the increasing breast cancer burden in older women. METHODS: The incidence and mortality rates of specific cancer types in older individuals in 2022 were sourced from the Global Cancer Today database. Trends in breast cancer incidence acquired from the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents (CI5) database. HDI and other risk factors were obtained from the United Nations. We used a generalized linear model to estimate the rate ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI) between HDI levels and breast cancer burden in older people. RESULTS: It was estimated approximately 1,058,466 newly diagnosed breast cancer cases and 383,774 breast cancer deaths in women ≥60 years, accounting for 18.9% and 12.7% of global cancer cases and deaths. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) were 172.9 and 57.7 per 100,000, ranking first and second among all cancer incidence and mortality in older women. The highest ASIR and ASMR were four-fold higher than the lowest, with ASIR ranging from a peak of 399.1 per 100,000 in Australia-New Zealand to a low of 90.6 per 100,000 in South Central Asia, and ASMR varying from a high of 118.6 per 100,000 in Melanesia to a low of 28.8 per 100,000 in East Asia. The largest increases in ASIR from 1998-2002 to 2013-2017 were observed in South Korea, China, and Estonia. The corresponding estimated 5-year average percentage changes (EAPC) were 6.01%, 2.89%, and 1.93%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The global burden of breast cancer in older women is increasing fast and varies greatly across countries. Effective prevention strategies are essential to address the increasing breast cancer burden for older women.
Humans ; Female ; Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology* ; Aged ; Incidence ; Middle Aged ; Registries ; Aged, 80 and over ; Risk Factors

This study identified 8 members including NjBIN2 of the GSK3 family in Nardostachys jatamansi by bioinformatics analysis. Moreover, the phylogenetic tree revealed that the GKS3 family members of N. jatamansi had a close relationship with those of Arabidopsis. RT-qPCR results showed that NjBIN2 presented a tissue-specific expression pattern with the highest expression in roots, suggesting that NjBIN2 played a role in root growth and development. In addition, the application of epibrassinolide or the brassinosteroid(BR) synthesis inhibitor(brassinazole) altered the expression pattern of NjBIN2 and influenced the photomorphogenesis(cotyledon opening) and root development of N. jatamansi, which provided direct evidence about the functions of NjBIN2. In conclusion, this study highlights the roles of BIN2 in regulating the growth and development of N. jatamansi by analyzing the expression pattern and biological function of NjBIN2. It not only enriches the understanding about the regulatory mechanism of the growth and development of N. jatamansi but also provides a theoretical basis and potential gene targets for molecular breeding of N. jatamansi with improved quality in the future.
Brassinosteroids/metabolism* ; Steroids, Heterocyclic/metabolism* ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects* ; Plant Proteins/metabolism* ; Phylogeny ; Nardostachys/metabolism* ; Plant Growth Regulators/pharmacology* ; Plant Roots/drug effects*

Eucommiae Cortex, the dried bark of Eucommia ulmoides( Eucommiaceae), has both medicinal and edible values.Modern research has shown that Eucommiae Cortex contains various components such as flavonoids, lignans, iridoids, phenolic acids,terpenoids, and steroids, which have anti-osteoporosis, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, blood glucose-lowering, and gastrointestinal tract-protecting effects. Eucommiae Cortex has applications in multiple fields such as healthcare, industry, and animal husbandry,demonstrating broad development prospects. This article reviews the chemical constituents, pharmacological effects, and quality control status of Eucommiae Cortex. Furthermore, according to the concept of quality marker(Q-marker), this article predicts the Q-markers of Eucommiae Cortex from traditional medicinal properties, traditional medicinal effects, new medicinal effects, measurability of chemical components, compatibility, harvesting periods, and geographical origins. The components such as pinoresinol diglucoside,chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, quercetin, baicalein, baicalin, olivil, coniferyl ferulate, and kaempferol can be used as Q-markers for Eucommiae Cortex, which provide reference for establishing a systematic quality control system for Eucommiae Cortex.
Eucommiaceae/chemistry* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology* ; Quality Control ; Humans ; Animals