Objective: To understand the microclimate in primary and secondary school classrooms for the study period during the winter heating season, so as to provide a reference for the revision and improvement of relevant health standards. Methods: In December 2024, stratified random sampling was used to select 30 primary and secondary schools and 180 classrooms from the northern regions with centralized heating (Liaoning Province, Tianjin City) and the southern regions without centralized heating (Shanghai City, Anhui Province, and Jiangxi Province). Indoor temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, CO 2 and other indicators were measured on site. Variance analysis, t-test, Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis H test were used to analyze the differences in the microclimate of classrooms among regions and urban and rural differences. Results: The average temperature in the middle of the classrooms tested on site was (16.47±4.72)℃, and the variance analysis showed that the difference between the regions was statistically significant ( F=27.80, P <0.01). Among them, Tianjin had the highest average temperature of (20.43± 2.12 )℃, followed by Liaoning (19.03±2.23)℃, Shanghai (15.33±5.32)℃, Anhui (12.79±1.74)℃, and Jiangxi (11.69± 1.68 )℃. Horizontal temperature difference was 0.90 (0.50, 1.60)℃, the vertical temperature difference was 0.20 (0.10,0.60)℃, the average relative humidity was (44.39±16.16)%, the wind speed was 0.03(0.01,0.11)m/s, and the differences among different provinces and cities were statistically significant ( H/F =40.62, 82.69, 95.06, 55.28, all P <0.01). The average CO 2 volume concentration in urban areas of Tianjin, Liaoning, and Shanghai was 0.21(0.16,0.30)%, and there was no statistically significant difference ( H=4.65, P =0.10). There were grade differences in relative humidity ( F =3.71, 6.21) and CO 2 ( H =14.72, 12.92) in the north and the south (all P <0.05). In addition, the temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and CO 2 in the middle of the classroom were 42.8%, 67.8%, 100.0% and 22.2% respectively. Conclusions The temperature in the middle of the classroom in the non centralized heating area is lower than the standard, the relative humidity of classroom in the centralized heating area is lower than the standard，and the CO 2 in the classroom in winter is lower than the standard. It is recommended to install heating facilities in schools with low temperatures to increase the temperature and increase the frequency of ventilation in classrooms or adopt mechanical ventilation strategies to reduce CO 2 volume concentration.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of Mycoplasma pneumoniae ( Mp) infection among hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) in a single center in Beijing and provide reference for the prevention and treatment of Mp infection. Methods:Nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) samples of hospitalized children with ARTIs were collected from Beijing Friendship Hospital during two periods: from April 2018 to March 2019 and from September 2020 to August 2022. qPCR was used to detect Mp nucleic acids, and for Mp-positive samples, the mixed infections with 15 common respiratory viruses were detected. Statistical analysis was conducted using Chi-square test, Fisher′s exact test, and independent samples t-test. Results:From April 2018 to March 2019, 1 572 NPA samples were collected, with 104 positive for Mp (6.62%). From September 2020 to August 2022, 622 samples were collected, with 22 Mp-positive samples (3.54%). There was statistically significant difference in the positive rates between the two time periods ( P<0.05). From April 2018 to March 2019, the positive rate of Mp was higher in children aged ≥5 years than in those <5 years [13.03% (46/353) vs 4.76% (58/1 219), P<0.05]; the positive rates in summer (9.54%, 35/367) and autumn (7.93%, 33/416) were higher than those in spring (3.03%, 11/363) and winter (5.87%, 25/426), with statistically significant differences ( P<0.05); co-infections with other respiratory viruses were detected in 42 out of the 104 Mp-positive cases (40.38%), primarily with human rhinovirus (35.71%, 15/42) or human coronavirus NL63 (19.05%, 8/42). From September 2020 to August 2022, Mp infections mainly occurred in children aged ≥5 years [72.73% (16/22)], and co-infections with other respiratory viruses were detected in four cases (18.18%, 4/22). The Mp-infected children were mainly diagnosed with pneumonia, and there was no significant difference in clinical symptoms between Mp-infected patients with or without viral coinfection. Conclusions:The positive rate of Mp among hospitalized children with ARTIs in Beijing from September 2020 to August 2022 is significantly lower than that observed from April 2018 to March 2019. Mp is an important cause of ARTIs in children, especially in patients aged ≥5 years. Mp infection is often accompanied by viral co-infections, with high incidence in summer and autumn.

Objective:Nailfold video capillaroscopy (NVC) was used to evaluate the microvascular changes in patients with connective tissue diseases (CTD)-related Raynaud′s phenomenon and explore its potential application value in understanding the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of CTD.Methods:The literature on NVC of connective tissue disease related patients published by CNKI, China biomedical literature database, Weipu Database,Wanfang Database, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane were searched, and the publication cases of time was up until May 2024. Quality assessment of the included studies was performed using the National Institutes of Health observational cohort and cross-sectional study quality assessment tools. Begg′s test and Egger′s test were analyzed with random effects meta-analysis.Results:A total of 12 studies were included, including 495 cases of Raynaud′s phenomenon of Connective tissue diseases, and 716 no-Raynaud′s phenomenon of Connective tissue diseases. The abnormal rate of nail microcirculation in CTDs-RP group was higher than that in CTDs-nonRP group [ OR value(95% CI)=2.20 (1.55, 3.12), P<0.001], Subgroup analysis showed that the proportion of scleroderma pattern in the CTDs-RP group was higher than that in the control group [ OR value (95% CI)=10.88 (2.34, 50.52), P=0.002], Telangiectasia rate in the CTDs-RP group was higher than that in the control group [ OR value (95% CI)=5.12 (3.40, 7.70), P<0.001]. The SSc pattern was higher in patients with CTD-RP than in the control group [ OR (95% CI)=2.47 (1.60, 3.79), P<0.001], The rate of capillary malformation in the CTD-RP group was higher than that in the control group [ OR value (95% CI)=2.39 (1.36, 4.19), P=0.002], The capillary density was mild decreased in the CTD-RP group [SMD value (95% CI)=-0.27 (-0.66, 0.13), P=0.185]. Conclusion:The proportion of patients with nail-fold abnormality is higher in CTD-RP group was higher than in the CTD-noRP group, and the microcirculation injury is more severe in CTD-RP group.

Objective:To investigate the impact of Wenyang Ligong Decoction on pregnancy outcomes after transcervical resection of adhesions (TCRA) in patients with intrauterine adhesions (IUA).Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted to collect clinical data from 151 patients with IUA who underwent TCRA in the Reproductive Medicine Department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine between January 2020 and January 2023. Patients were divided into a Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) group (79 patients) and a control group (72 patients) based on whether they received Wenyang Ligong Decoction after TCRA. The TCM group received estrogen and progesterone sequential therapy post-surgery, combined with Wenyang Ligong Decoction for 2-3 menstrual cycles. The control only received sequential treatment with estrogen and progesterone.Pregnancy outcomes one year after surgery were compared between the two groups. After adjusting for confounding factors using multivariate Cox regression analysis, the effect of Wenyang Ligong Decoction on pregnancy outcomes after TCRA in patients with IUA was observed.Results:The live birth rate [54.43%　(43/79)], the ongoing pregnancy rate [56.96% (45/79)], and the clinical pregnancy rate [52.03% (49/79)] were higher in the TCM group than in the control [26.39% (19/72), P<0.001; 30.56% (22/72), P=0.001;37.50% (27/72), P=0.003], with statistically significant differences. There were no statistically significant differences in early abortion rate and late abortion rate between the TCM group and the control (all P>0.05). According to the stratified analysis by preparation methods, in the natural conception group, the live birth rate [60.78% (31/51)], the ongoing pregnancy rate [62.75% (32/51)], and the clinical pregnancy rate [68.63% (35/51)] in the TCM group were significantly higher than those in control group [21.43% (12/56), P<0.001; 26.79% (15/56), P<0.001; 33.93% (19/56), P<0.001]; there were no statistically significant differences in early miscarriage rate and late miscarriage rate between the two groups (both P>0.05). In the assisted reproductive technology group, there were no statistically significant differences in live birth rate, ongoing pregnancy rate, clinical pregnancy rate, early miscarriage rate, and late miscarriage rate between the two groups (all P>0.05). According to the stratified analysis by age, in the <35-year-old patients, the live birth rate [66.00% (33/50)], the ongoing pregnancy rate [70.00% (35/50)], and the clinical pregnancy rate [74.00% (37/50)] in the TCM group were significantly higher than those in control group [41.30% (19/46), P=0.015; 47.83% (22/46), P=0.027; 54.35% (25/46), P=0.044]; there were no statistically significant differences in early miscarriage rate and late miscarriage rate between the two groups (both P>0.05). In the ≥35-year-old patients, the live birth rate [34.48% (10/29)], the ongoing pregnancy rate [34.48% (10/29)], and the clinical pregnancy rate [41.38% (12/29)] in the TCM group were significantly higher than those in control group [0%, P=0.001; 0%, P=0.001; 7.69% (2/26), P=0.004]; there were no statistically significant differences in early miscarriage rate and late miscarriage rate between the two groups (both P>0.05).Univariate Cox regression analysis showed that age, number of previous uterine cavity interventions, IUA score, degree of IUA, and endometrial thickness after TCRA were independent risk factors for live births, and age, IUA score, degree of IUA, intima thickness after TCRA, and treatment group were the influencing factors of persistent pregnancy (all P<0.05). After adjusting for confounding factors, multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that Wenyang Ligong Decoction significantly improved the live birth rate ( HR=3.19, 95% CI: 1.77-8.11, P=0.001) and the rate of continuous pregnancy ( HR=3.66, 95% CI: 1.80-7.48, P<0.001) in patients with IUA. Conclusion:Wenyang Ligong Decoction can significantly improve pregnancy outcomes after TCRA in patients with IUA.

A recombinant adenovirus(rAd)for expression of Mycobacterium tuberculosis(M.tb)c-di-AMP phosphodiesterase CnpB was constructed,and its induced humoral immune response was detected.The codon-optimized gene of M.tb CnpB was cloned into the adenoviral plasmid pcADV.The recombinant plasmid pcADV-CnpB was transfected into HEK293T cells,and expression was detected with Western blot.The recombinant plasmid pcADV-CnpB and the backbone plasmid were co-transfected into HEK293T cells to obtain the recombinant adenovirus rAd-CnpB.rAd-CnpB was amplified in HEK293T cells,and the target protein expression of rAd-CnpB was detected with Western blot and immunofluorescence.Mice were immunized with rAd-CnpB intranasally,and their sera and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)were collected.ELISA was used to detect levels of antigen-specific antibodies.Restriction enzyme digestion and sequencing indicated that the recombinant plasmid pcADV-CnpB was successfully constructed and led to protein expression in eukaryotic cells.rAd-CnpB was packaged and produced in HEK293T cells.After amplification and purification,rAd-CnpB with a titer of 5.53×1010 PFU/mL was obtained.rAd-CnpB led to CnpB expression in HEK293T cells.Intranasal immunization with rAd-CnpB increased levels of IgG and secretory IgA in BALF and led to high levels of IgG in sera.rAd-CnpB,the recombinant adenovirus for expression of c-di-AMP phosphodiesterase CnpB was successfully constructed,and was found to induce antigen-specific humoral and mucosal immune responses through mucosal immunization.Thus,rAd-CnpB may be used in further research on new TB vaccine strategies.

Poly(lactic-co-glycolide)(PLGA)is a key excipient in long-acting sustained-release preparations,and its degradation properties directly affect the drug release behavior.In this study,PLGA microspheres were prepared by microfluidic techniques,and the morphology changes of the microspheres were observed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM).In alkaline environment,due to the accelerated hydrolysis of ester bonds,the surface of the microspheres was rapidly dissolved and eroded,and the degradation rate was significantly higher than that in acidic environment.High temperature accelerated the degradation of PLGA microspheres.Under neutral and alkaline conditions,the microspheres showed aggregation and adhesion.Under acidic conditions,the microspheres gradually decomposed into irregular fragments.The high ionic strength further promoted the surface corrosion of the microspheres,especially under extreme pH conditions.Simultaneously,PLGA microspheres encapsulating coumarin were prepared to simulate the microsphere formulation.The release rate of coumarin after degradation of the microspheres under different conditions was observed by measuring the absorbance with ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry.The results were consistent with those of the blank microspheres.This study revealed that the degradation of PLGA microspheres was significantly pH-dependent,temperature sensitive and ion strength responsive.These findings not only helped to understand and optimize the long-term stability and controlled release performance of drug-carrying microspheres,but also provided a theoretical basis for further improvement of PLGA-based drug carrier design.

Objective To investigate the predictive value of heparin-binding protein(HBP)in Kawasaki disease complicated with bacterial infection.Methods A total of 148 children with Kawasaki disease in this hospital from April 2021 to June 2022 were selected as Kawasaki disease group.According to the results of pathogen detection during hospitalization,the children were divided into three subgroups:Mycoplasma pneu-moniae group(36 cases),bacteria group(19 cases),and non-infection group(93 cases).In addition,35 chil-dren with fever and upper respiratory tract infection were randomly selected as the case control group.HBP and other inflammatory markers[white blood cell count(WBC),neutrophil percentage(NE％),procalcitonin(PCT),C reactive protein(CRP),interleukin-6(IL-6)]in each group were detected and analyzed.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to analyze the predictive value of HBP and PCT for bacterial infection in children with Kawasaki disease.Results The levels of HBP,WBC,NE％,CRP and IL-6 in the Ka-wasaki disease group were significantly higher than those in the case control group(P＜0.05),while there was no significant difference in PCT level between the two groups(P＞0.05).The levels of HBP,WBC,NE％,PCT,CRP and IL-6 in children with Kawasaki disease after treatment were significantly lower than those at admission(P＜0.05).The levels of HBP and PCT in the bacterial group were higher than those in the Mycoplasma pneumoniae group and the non-infection group,and the differences were statistically signifi-cant(P＜0.05),while there were no statistically significant differences in WBC,NE％,CRP and IL-6 levels a-mong the three groups(P＞0.05).ROC curve results showed that the area under the curve(AUC)and 95％CI of HBP for predicting bacterial infection in children with Kawasaki disease was 0.77(0.68-0.86),when HBP was 499.65 ng/mL,the sensitivity and specificity were 84.2％and 66.7％,respectively.When PCT was 0.85 ng/mL,the AUC(95％CI)for predicting bacterial infection in children with Kawasaki disease was 0.65(0.52-0.78),and the sensitivity and specificity were 63.2％and 65.9％,respectively.Conclusion HBP is associated with Kawasaki disease,and it has certain predictive value for Kawasaki disease complicated with bacterial infection.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of Mycoplasma pneumoniae ( Mp) infection among hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) in a single center in Beijing and provide reference for the prevention and treatment of Mp infection. Methods:Nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) samples of hospitalized children with ARTIs were collected from Beijing Friendship Hospital during two periods: from April 2018 to March 2019 and from September 2020 to August 2022. qPCR was used to detect Mp nucleic acids, and for Mp-positive samples, the mixed infections with 15 common respiratory viruses were detected. Statistical analysis was conducted using Chi-square test, Fisher′s exact test, and independent samples t-test. Results:From April 2018 to March 2019, 1 572 NPA samples were collected, with 104 positive for Mp (6.62%). From September 2020 to August 2022, 622 samples were collected, with 22 Mp-positive samples (3.54%). There was statistically significant difference in the positive rates between the two time periods ( P<0.05). From April 2018 to March 2019, the positive rate of Mp was higher in children aged ≥5 years than in those <5 years [13.03% (46/353) vs 4.76% (58/1 219), P<0.05]; the positive rates in summer (9.54%, 35/367) and autumn (7.93%, 33/416) were higher than those in spring (3.03%, 11/363) and winter (5.87%, 25/426), with statistically significant differences ( P<0.05); co-infections with other respiratory viruses were detected in 42 out of the 104 Mp-positive cases (40.38%), primarily with human rhinovirus (35.71%, 15/42) or human coronavirus NL63 (19.05%, 8/42). From September 2020 to August 2022, Mp infections mainly occurred in children aged ≥5 years [72.73% (16/22)], and co-infections with other respiratory viruses were detected in four cases (18.18%, 4/22). The Mp-infected children were mainly diagnosed with pneumonia, and there was no significant difference in clinical symptoms between Mp-infected patients with or without viral coinfection. Conclusions:The positive rate of Mp among hospitalized children with ARTIs in Beijing from September 2020 to August 2022 is significantly lower than that observed from April 2018 to March 2019. Mp is an important cause of ARTIs in children, especially in patients aged ≥5 years. Mp infection is often accompanied by viral co-infections, with high incidence in summer and autumn.

Objective:Nailfold video capillaroscopy (NVC) was used to evaluate the microvascular changes in patients with connective tissue diseases (CTD)-related Raynaud′s phenomenon and explore its potential application value in understanding the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of CTD.Methods:The literature on NVC of connective tissue disease related patients published by CNKI, China biomedical literature database, Weipu Database,Wanfang Database, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane were searched, and the publication cases of time was up until May 2024. Quality assessment of the included studies was performed using the National Institutes of Health observational cohort and cross-sectional study quality assessment tools. Begg′s test and Egger′s test were analyzed with random effects meta-analysis.Results:A total of 12 studies were included, including 495 cases of Raynaud′s phenomenon of Connective tissue diseases, and 716 no-Raynaud′s phenomenon of Connective tissue diseases. The abnormal rate of nail microcirculation in CTDs-RP group was higher than that in CTDs-nonRP group [ OR value(95% CI)=2.20 (1.55, 3.12), P<0.001], Subgroup analysis showed that the proportion of scleroderma pattern in the CTDs-RP group was higher than that in the control group [ OR value (95% CI)=10.88 (2.34, 50.52), P=0.002], Telangiectasia rate in the CTDs-RP group was higher than that in the control group [ OR value (95% CI)=5.12 (3.40, 7.70), P<0.001]. The SSc pattern was higher in patients with CTD-RP than in the control group [ OR (95% CI)=2.47 (1.60, 3.79), P<0.001], The rate of capillary malformation in the CTD-RP group was higher than that in the control group [ OR value (95% CI)=2.39 (1.36, 4.19), P=0.002], The capillary density was mild decreased in the CTD-RP group [SMD value (95% CI)=-0.27 (-0.66, 0.13), P=0.185]. Conclusion:The proportion of patients with nail-fold abnormality is higher in CTD-RP group was higher than in the CTD-noRP group, and the microcirculation injury is more severe in CTD-RP group.

Drug-induced liver injury(DILI)is a common adverse drug reaction in clinical practice,which can lead to acute liver failure and even death in severe cases.In recent years,with the continuous introduction of new drugs and the expansion of their usage,the incidence and mortality rates of DILI have shown an upward trend,posing significant challenges to public health and clinical treatment.Macrophages,as a crucial component of the innate immune system,exhibit high plasticity and heterogeneity.They can polarize into pro-inflammatory M1 type or anti-inflammatory M2 type in response to microenvironmental signals.Research has demonstrated that macrophage polarization plays a central regulatory role in the occurrence and progression of DILI by influencing various processes such as inflammatory responses,cell apoptosis,and tissue repair.This review focuses on elucidating the regulatory mechanisms and roles of macrophage polarization in DILI,providing a theoretical framework for developing precise immunotherapeutic strategies.