Peripheral pulmonary lesions(PPL),including peripheral pulmonary nodules,are common lung problems.As the increase of patients with lung nodules,the demand for tissue sampling also increases.Safe and accurate biopsy techniques are very important for patients to identify benign and malignant lesions.Electronic bronchoscopy is one of the biopsy techniques for the diagnosis of PPL in recent decades.Various guiding techniques,such as radial probe endobronchial ultrasound and virtual navigation bronchoscope,have been proved to improve the performance of conventional bronchoscopy.This paper aims to provide an review of the available data on advanced bronchoscopic techniques and explore their application in diagnosing PPL.

Objective:To investigate the effects of exposure to oxygen at different partial pressures on the contents of molecules related to adenosine metabolism and the expressions of relevant enzymes in the lungs and brains of mice.Methods:A total of 36 male mice were randomly divided into normal control group，hyperoxia-induced lung injury（HILI）group，and acute oxygen toxicity（ACOT）group，with 12 mice in each group. In the HILI group，the mice were exposed to oxygen at 0.25 MPa（2.5 ATA）for 6 h；in the ACOT group，the mice were exposed to oxygen at 0.40 MPa（4.0 ATA）for 30 min. Immediately after hyperoxia exposure，all the mice were anesthetized intraperitoneally，and the lungs and brains were harvested for further assays. High performance liquid chromatography（HPLC）was employed for the detection of ATP，ADP，AMP，and adenosine contents；western blotting was performed for the detection of CD37，ADA，and ADK protein expressions.Results:Exposure to oxygen at different partial pressures could increase the contents of adenosine in the brains and lungs to different extents，this may be ascribed to the increased expression of enzyme for the adenosine synthesis and the inhibited expression of enzyme for the adenosine catabolism. Moreover，in the ACOT group，the changes in the molecules in the lungs were more significant than those in the brains.Conclusion:Exposure to oxygen at different partial pressures may affect the adenosine metabolism pathway by increasing the adenosine in the lungs and brains，which may serve as a protective response to hyperoxia exposure，thus protecting the cells against hyperoxia-induced injuries.

Objective:To investigate the effects of exposure to oxygen at different partial pressures on the contents of molecules related to adenosine metabolism and the expressions of relevant enzymes in the lungs and brains of mice.Methods:A total of 36 male mice were randomly divided into normal control group，hyperoxia-induced lung injury（HILI）group，and acute oxygen toxicity（ACOT）group，with 12 mice in each group. In the HILI group，the mice were exposed to oxygen at 0.25 MPa（2.5 ATA）for 6 h；in the ACOT group，the mice were exposed to oxygen at 0.40 MPa（4.0 ATA）for 30 min. Immediately after hyperoxia exposure，all the mice were anesthetized intraperitoneally，and the lungs and brains were harvested for further assays. High performance liquid chromatography（HPLC）was employed for the detection of ATP，ADP，AMP，and adenosine contents；western blotting was performed for the detection of CD37，ADA，and ADK protein expressions.Results:Exposure to oxygen at different partial pressures could increase the contents of adenosine in the brains and lungs to different extents，this may be ascribed to the increased expression of enzyme for the adenosine synthesis and the inhibited expression of enzyme for the adenosine catabolism. Moreover，in the ACOT group，the changes in the molecules in the lungs were more significant than those in the brains.Conclusion:Exposure to oxygen at different partial pressures may affect the adenosine metabolism pathway by increasing the adenosine in the lungs and brains，which may serve as a protective response to hyperoxia exposure，thus protecting the cells against hyperoxia-induced injuries.

Background:Recurrent acute pancreatitis(RAP)is a special type of acute pancreatitis(AP). Finding the cause is the key to avoid the recurrence of RAP. Aims:To investigate the risk factors of RAP. Methods:The clinical data of 43 patients with RAP and 130 patients with only one time AP(control group)were retrospectively analyzed. Risk factors of recurrence of RAP were analyzed. Results:Univariate analysis showed that no significant differences in etiology,severity, serum levels of cholesterol,calcium,white blood cell count,amylase,ALT,AST,total bilirubin,direct bilirubin and C-reactive protein were found between RAP group and control group(P > 0. 05). Serum triglyceride level,blood glucose level and CT score in RAP group were significantly higher than those in control group(t = 3. 260,P < 0. 05;t = 2. 720, P < 0. 05;t = 2. 162,P < 0. 05). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that serum triglyceride level,blood glucose level and CT score were risk factors of RAP(oR = 1. 86,95% CI:1. 05-3. 68,P = 0. 03;oR = 1. 23,95% CI:1. 01-1. 50,P = 0. 04;oR = 2. 46,95% CI:1. 00-6. 03,P = 0. 04). Conclusions:The recurrence of RAP is related with serum triglyceride level,blood glucose level and CT score.