Childhood obesity has become a global public health issue. Current research indicates that early life obesogen exposure has emerged as a significant risk factor for childhood obesity. While obesogens have been confirmed to influence the development and progression of childhood obesity through mechanisms such as endocrine disruption and epigenetic programming, controversies remain regarding the establishment of causal relationships, assessment of combined exposures, and validation of transgenerational effects in humans. In recent years, novel approaches including multi-omics technologies, exposome-based analysis, and multigenerational cohort studies have integrated dynamic biomarker monitoring with analyses of social-environmental interactions, offering new perspectives and methodologies for constructing a systematic "exposure-mechanism-outcome" research framework. This article reviews literature from PubMed and Web of Science up to August 2025 on the association between early life obesogen exposure and childhood obesity, summarizing evidence on the health effects of early life obesogen exposure, major exposure pathways and internal exposure assessment, interactions and amplifying effects of social and environmental factors, as well as the biological mechanisms underlying obesogen action. It further examines current research frontiers and challenges, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for early prevention and precision intervention of childhood obesity.

Objective:To investigate the iodine nutrition level and the prevalence of thyroid nodules in pregnant women in Hubei Province, and to provide a basis for prevention and treatment of iodine deficiency disorders.Methods:According to the requirements of the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Monitoring Program (2016 Edition), a cross-sectional survey of iodine nutrition status of pregnant women ( n = 321) was conducted from July to October 2020 in two mountainous counties (Tongcheng County and Xingshan County) and two plain counties (Liangzihu District and Xinzhou District) in Hubei Province. Among them, there were 43, 114, and 164 pregnant women in the early, middle, and late stages of pregnancy, respectively. Edible salt samples and once random urine samples were collected to detect salt iodine and urinary iodine, and thyroid ultrasound was performed to calculate the detection rate of thyroid nodules. Results:The coverage rate of iodized salt, qualified rate of iodized salt, and consumption rate of qualified iodized salt in Hubei Province were 99.69% (320/321), 95.94% (307/320) and 95.64% (307/321), respectively. The median urinary iodine level for pregnant women was 164.80 μg/L. Among them, the median urinary iodine levels in Liangzihu District, Tongcheng County, Xinzhou District, and Xingshan County were 175.90, 178.25, 155.80 and 143.00 μg/L, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in urinary iodine levels among different regions ( H = 8.51, P = 0.037). The median urinary iodine levels of pregnant women in the early, middle, and late stages of pregnancy were 187.20, 144.45, and 172.05 μg/L, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in urinary iodine levels among pregnant women in different stages of pregnancy ( H = 2.94, P = 0.230). Urinary iodine < 150, 150 - < 250, 250 - < 500, ≥500 μg/L accounted for 45.48% (146/321), 33.33% (107/321), 19.63% (63/321), 1.56% (5/321), respectively. The detection rate of thyroid nodules was 16.82% (54/321), and the goiter rate was 0.93% (3/321). Conclusions:In 2020, Hubei Province is in an appropriate state of iodine, and there are still a considerable proportion of pregnant women in a state of iodine deficiency. The detection rate of thyroid nodules is relatively low. It is necessary to continuously monitor the iodine nutrition of pregnant women, strengthen health promotion on the hazards of iodine deficiency during pregnancy, and minimize maternal and infant health damage caused by iodine deficiency.

Objective To analyze the risk factors for moderate-to-severe coronary artery stenosis in the population of Tacheng,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,and to construct and verify a nomogram prediction model for the degree of coronary artery ste-nosis.Methods We retrospectively selected 629 patients who were hospitalized in the Cardiovascular Department of Tacheng Peo-ple's Hospital from January 2021 to June 2023.Using R language software,the sociodemographic data,disease-related data,and va-rious laboratory indicators of the 629 patients were included in the initial screening of risk factors for use in the LASSO regression analysis using a random number table method.The 629 patients were divided into a training group(n=440)and a validation group(n=189)in a 7:3 ratio.Data from the training group were used for model construction,with the degree of coronary artery stenosis as the dependent variable,and the variables selected by LASSO regression as independent variables in the logistic regression model.The validation group was used for model validation.Based on the results of the logistic regression analysis,a visual nomogram for predicting the degree of co-ronary artery stenosis was constructed using R language software.The discriminability,calibration,and clinical utility of the model were evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC),a calibration curve,and decision curve analysis(DCA).Results Age,non-Han ethnicity,hypertension,hyperlipidemia,and a history of cerebrovascular disease were risk factors for mode-rate-to-severe coronary artery stenosis and were included in the risk prediction model.The AUC of the training group and the validation group were 0.905(95％CI:0.790-0.863)and 0.864(95％CI:0.744-0.861),respectively.The predicted values of the calibration curve were consistent with the actual values(Brier scores of the training and validation group:0.03 and 0.14,respectively).The predictive per-formance of the model was good,and the DC A results indicated that the model had net clinical benefits.Conclusion The risk prediction model for coronary artery stenosis in the population of the Tacheng area constructed in this study has good predictive performance and can provide a simple,feasible,economical,and easy-to-promote evaluation tool for medical personnel to screen patients with moderate-to-se-vere coronary artery stenosis.

The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of different feeding modes on growth performance,blood biochemical indexes and intestinal flora of lactating Holstein male calves.Twenty-four newborn Holstein male calves with body mass of(40.00±1.01)kg and similar day old were selected and randomly divided into four groups of six calves each.The subgroups were low-milk group(LM),high-milk group(HM),high-milk milk replacer feeding group(HMR),and low-milk switching to high-milk milk replacer feeding group(CMR).The results showed that:At 45 d,the body mass of calves in the HM group was significantly higher than that of calves in the other groups(P＜0.05),and at 60 d,the body mass of calves in the HM group was significantly higher than that of calves in the LM &.CMR groups(P＜0.05).At 90 d,the body mass of calves in the LM group was significantly higher than that of calves in the HM group.Throughout the ex-perimental period,the average daily weight gain and average pellet feed intake of calves in the LM group were significantly higher than that of calves in the HM group(P＜0.05).The calf globulin level in the HMR group was significantly higher than that in the LM and HM groups(P＜0.05);the plasma immunoglobulin A level of calves in the HM group was significantly lower than that of calves in the LM and HMR groups(P＜0.05);and the plasma immunoglobulin M level of calves in the HM group was significantly higher than that of calves in the LM and CMR groups(P＜0.05),and HMR group was also significantly higher than that of LM group(P＜0.05);plasma glutathione peroxidase level of calves in HMR group was significantly higher than that of LM group(P＜0.05);plasma malondialdehyde level of calves in LM group was significantly higher than that of calves in HMR and HM groups(P＜0.05),and CMR group was also significantly higher than that of HM group(P＜0.05).Relative abundance of Thermodesulfovibrio was higher in the HM group(P＜0.05),relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in the LM group was significantly higher than that in the HMR and HM groups(P＜0.05),relative abundance of Blautia in the HM group(P＜0.05),and relative abundance of Corynebacterium in the CMR group was significantly higher than that in the LM and HM groups(P＜0.05).In summary,calves in the LM group had better weaning weights and pellet feed intake;calves in the CMR group could compensate for growth by supplemental feeding of milk replacer to obtain more optimal weaning weights and pel-let feed intake;the HMR group proved that milk-free feeding could ensure stable growth of calves;and calves in the HM group had a better pre-lactation growth performance,lower levels of oxida-tive stress,and a healthier fecal flora.

AIM To observe the effects of Yiqi Jiedu Tongluo Formula(YQJDTL)on renal microvascular endothelial function and prevention of renal injury in a rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).METHODS The SD rats were randomly divided into a normal group and a model group.The model group was administered with high-fat diet combined with a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ to establish the T2DM model.The successfully modeled rats were randomly divided into the model group,the canagliflozin group(9 mg/kg),and the low-dose and high-dose YQJDTL groups(4.77,9.45 g/kg).The corresponding doses of the drug were administered by gavage for a total of 12 weeks,during which the rats underwent observation of their general condition and blood glucose changes.After the end of administration,the rats had their levels of renal index,24-hour UP,serum SCr,BUN,TC,TG,HDL-C,LDL-C,ET-1 and NOS measured;their changes in renal microvasculature and the degree of renal fibrosis observed using HE staining,Masson staining,PAS staining,and PASM staining;their ultrastructure of the glomeruli observed using transmission electron microscopy;their renal protein expressions of TGF-β,SMAD2,SMAD3,Col-1,VEGFA and PKC detected by immunohistochemical staining and Western blot;and their renal mRNA expressions of VEGFA,TGF-β,SMAD2 determined by RT-qPCR.RESULTS Compared with the model group,the high-dose YQJDTL group showed decreased levels of renal index,blood glucose,TG,TC,HDL,24 h UP,BUN,SCr and ET-1(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);increased LDL and NOS levels(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);reduced renal inflammatory infiltration and fibrosis degree,inhibited fusion of foot processes and thickening of basement membrane;decreased renal protein expressions of TGF-β,SMAD2,SMAD3,VEGFA,PKC and Col-1(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);and decreased mRNA expressions of VEGFA,TGF-β and SMAD2(P＜0.01).CONCLUSION In the rat models of T2DM,YQJDTL can reduce their levels of blood glucose and lipids by improving the renal indices levels and the renal microvascular endothelial functions to alleviate renal fibrosis and microangiopathy as well,and the mechanism may be associated with the down-regulated expressions of TGF-β/SMAD and VEGF pathway-related proteins.

Aberrant expression of Colgalt1 is closely associated with tumorigenesis and tumor progres-sion;however,the mechanism by which it regulates macrophages to influence tumor development remains poorly understood.This study aimed to establish a macrophage-specific Colgalt1 gene knockout mouse model to delve into the mechanisms through which Colgalt1 modulates macrophage function and subse-quently affects the occurrence and progression of tumor-related diseases.Initially,Colgalt1flox+mice were generated using gene editing techniques,followed by crossing with Lyz2-Cre+mice,which exhibit tissue-specific expression in the myeloid lineage(including monocytes and mature macrophages).Through this strategy,mice with the genotype Colgalt1-/-Lyz2-Cre+were successfully obtained,achieving conditional knockout of the Colgalt1 gene in macrophages.Colgalt1flox/flox Lyz2-Cre-mice were used as control.PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis were employed to identify the Flox and Cre genotypes of the knockout mice.RT-qPCR and Western Blot techniques were utilized to detect the expression levels of Colgalt1 in BMDMs from knockout mice at both the mRNA and protein levels,respectively.Western Blot results re-vealed a significant downregulation of Colgaltl expression in BMDMs from knockout mice compared to controls(P＜0.01).RT-qPCR results demonstrated a significant reduction in Colgalt1 mRNA levels in BMDMs from knockout mice compared to contro1s(P＜0.001),while no significant differences in Col-galt1 mRNA expression were observed in liver,lung,or spleen tissues between the two groups.Addition-ally,immunohistochemistry was employed to detect Colgalt1 expression in liver-specific macrophages,re-vealing an absence of Colgalt l-positive staining in liver macrophages from knockout mice.HE staining was used to observe cellular morphology in liver tissues from both groups of mice,showing no significant differences in cellular morphology or obvious pathological changes in tissues and organs.Moreover,the o-verall survival of the mice was not affected.Finally,RT-qPCR was used to assess the expression of mac-rophage-related inflammatory factors in BMDMs from both groups of mice.The results indicated that com-pared to controls,knockout mice exhibited downregulated expression of TNF-α(P＜0.05)and signifi-cantly upregulated expression of IL-10(P＜0.01),Arginase1(P＜0.001),and CD206(P＜0.001)in BMDMs,suggesting an anti-inflammatory trend and M2 polarization of macrophages following Colgalt 1 knockout.In summary,this study successfully established a macrophage-specific Colgalt1 gene knockout mouse model,providing a more reliable experimental animal model for in-depth exploration of the specific roles of Colgalt1 in macrophage functional regulation and the pathogenesis of tumor-related diseases.This model holds promise for identifying novel therapeutic targets and strategies for tumors and other diseases.

Objective To analyze the risk factors for moderate-to-severe coronary artery stenosis in the population of Tacheng,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,and to construct and verify a nomogram prediction model for the degree of coronary artery ste-nosis.Methods We retrospectively selected 629 patients who were hospitalized in the Cardiovascular Department of Tacheng Peo-ple's Hospital from January 2021 to June 2023.Using R language software,the sociodemographic data,disease-related data,and va-rious laboratory indicators of the 629 patients were included in the initial screening of risk factors for use in the LASSO regression analysis using a random number table method.The 629 patients were divided into a training group(n=440)and a validation group(n=189)in a 7:3 ratio.Data from the training group were used for model construction,with the degree of coronary artery stenosis as the dependent variable,and the variables selected by LASSO regression as independent variables in the logistic regression model.The validation group was used for model validation.Based on the results of the logistic regression analysis,a visual nomogram for predicting the degree of co-ronary artery stenosis was constructed using R language software.The discriminability,calibration,and clinical utility of the model were evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC),a calibration curve,and decision curve analysis(DCA).Results Age,non-Han ethnicity,hypertension,hyperlipidemia,and a history of cerebrovascular disease were risk factors for mode-rate-to-severe coronary artery stenosis and were included in the risk prediction model.The AUC of the training group and the validation group were 0.905(95％CI:0.790-0.863)and 0.864(95％CI:0.744-0.861),respectively.The predicted values of the calibration curve were consistent with the actual values(Brier scores of the training and validation group:0.03 and 0.14,respectively).The predictive per-formance of the model was good,and the DC A results indicated that the model had net clinical benefits.Conclusion The risk prediction model for coronary artery stenosis in the population of the Tacheng area constructed in this study has good predictive performance and can provide a simple,feasible,economical,and easy-to-promote evaluation tool for medical personnel to screen patients with moderate-to-se-vere coronary artery stenosis.

Aberrant expression of Colgalt1 is closely associated with tumorigenesis and tumor progres-sion;however,the mechanism by which it regulates macrophages to influence tumor development remains poorly understood.This study aimed to establish a macrophage-specific Colgalt1 gene knockout mouse model to delve into the mechanisms through which Colgalt1 modulates macrophage function and subse-quently affects the occurrence and progression of tumor-related diseases.Initially,Colgalt1flox+mice were generated using gene editing techniques,followed by crossing with Lyz2-Cre+mice,which exhibit tissue-specific expression in the myeloid lineage(including monocytes and mature macrophages).Through this strategy,mice with the genotype Colgalt1-/-Lyz2-Cre+were successfully obtained,achieving conditional knockout of the Colgalt1 gene in macrophages.Colgalt1flox/flox Lyz2-Cre-mice were used as control.PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis were employed to identify the Flox and Cre genotypes of the knockout mice.RT-qPCR and Western Blot techniques were utilized to detect the expression levels of Colgalt1 in BMDMs from knockout mice at both the mRNA and protein levels,respectively.Western Blot results re-vealed a significant downregulation of Colgaltl expression in BMDMs from knockout mice compared to controls(P＜0.01).RT-qPCR results demonstrated a significant reduction in Colgalt1 mRNA levels in BMDMs from knockout mice compared to contro1s(P＜0.001),while no significant differences in Col-galt1 mRNA expression were observed in liver,lung,or spleen tissues between the two groups.Addition-ally,immunohistochemistry was employed to detect Colgalt1 expression in liver-specific macrophages,re-vealing an absence of Colgalt l-positive staining in liver macrophages from knockout mice.HE staining was used to observe cellular morphology in liver tissues from both groups of mice,showing no significant differences in cellular morphology or obvious pathological changes in tissues and organs.Moreover,the o-verall survival of the mice was not affected.Finally,RT-qPCR was used to assess the expression of mac-rophage-related inflammatory factors in BMDMs from both groups of mice.The results indicated that com-pared to controls,knockout mice exhibited downregulated expression of TNF-α(P＜0.05)and signifi-cantly upregulated expression of IL-10(P＜0.01),Arginase1(P＜0.001),and CD206(P＜0.001)in BMDMs,suggesting an anti-inflammatory trend and M2 polarization of macrophages following Colgalt 1 knockout.In summary,this study successfully established a macrophage-specific Colgalt1 gene knockout mouse model,providing a more reliable experimental animal model for in-depth exploration of the specific roles of Colgalt1 in macrophage functional regulation and the pathogenesis of tumor-related diseases.This model holds promise for identifying novel therapeutic targets and strategies for tumors and other diseases.

The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of different feeding modes on growth performance,blood biochemical indexes and intestinal flora of lactating Holstein male calves.Twenty-four newborn Holstein male calves with body mass of(40.00±1.01)kg and similar day old were selected and randomly divided into four groups of six calves each.The subgroups were low-milk group(LM),high-milk group(HM),high-milk milk replacer feeding group(HMR),and low-milk switching to high-milk milk replacer feeding group(CMR).The results showed that:At 45 d,the body mass of calves in the HM group was significantly higher than that of calves in the other groups(P＜0.05),and at 60 d,the body mass of calves in the HM group was significantly higher than that of calves in the LM &.CMR groups(P＜0.05).At 90 d,the body mass of calves in the LM group was significantly higher than that of calves in the HM group.Throughout the ex-perimental period,the average daily weight gain and average pellet feed intake of calves in the LM group were significantly higher than that of calves in the HM group(P＜0.05).The calf globulin level in the HMR group was significantly higher than that in the LM and HM groups(P＜0.05);the plasma immunoglobulin A level of calves in the HM group was significantly lower than that of calves in the LM and HMR groups(P＜0.05);and the plasma immunoglobulin M level of calves in the HM group was significantly higher than that of calves in the LM and CMR groups(P＜0.05),and HMR group was also significantly higher than that of LM group(P＜0.05);plasma glutathione peroxidase level of calves in HMR group was significantly higher than that of LM group(P＜0.05);plasma malondialdehyde level of calves in LM group was significantly higher than that of calves in HMR and HM groups(P＜0.05),and CMR group was also significantly higher than that of HM group(P＜0.05).Relative abundance of Thermodesulfovibrio was higher in the HM group(P＜0.05),relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in the LM group was significantly higher than that in the HMR and HM groups(P＜0.05),relative abundance of Blautia in the HM group(P＜0.05),and relative abundance of Corynebacterium in the CMR group was significantly higher than that in the LM and HM groups(P＜0.05).In summary,calves in the LM group had better weaning weights and pellet feed intake;calves in the CMR group could compensate for growth by supplemental feeding of milk replacer to obtain more optimal weaning weights and pel-let feed intake;the HMR group proved that milk-free feeding could ensure stable growth of calves;and calves in the HM group had a better pre-lactation growth performance,lower levels of oxida-tive stress,and a healthier fecal flora.

AIM To explore the clinical effects of Wenzhong Lidan Decoction combined with conventional treatment on patients with chronic cholecystitis due to Dampness-Heat of Liver and Gallbladder.METHODS One hundred and eighty-six patients were randomly assigned into control group(93 cases)for 4-week administration of conventional treatment,and observation group(93 cases)for 4-week administration of both Wenzhong Lidan Decoction and conventional treatment.The changes in clinical effects,TCM syndrome scores,gallbladder function indices(thickness of gallbladder wall,contraction rate of gallbladder),gastrointestinal hormone(SS,VIP,MTL),immune function indices(IgM,IgA),chemokines(IP-10,MCP-1)and incidence of adverse reactions were detected.RESULTS The observation group demonstrated higher total effective rate than the control group(P＜0.05).After the treatment,the two groups displayed increased contraction rate of gallbladder and MTL(P＜0.05),and decreased TCM syndrome scores,thickness of gallbladder wall,SS,VIP,immune function indices and chemokines(P＜0.05),especially for the observation group(P＜0.05).No serious adverse reactions were observable in the two groups.CONCLUSION For the patients with chronic cholecystitis due to Dampness-Heat of Liver and Gallbladder,Wenzhong Lidan Decoction combined with conventional treatment can safely and effectively improve gallbladder and immune functions,reduce inflammatory response and regulate gastrointestinal hormones.