At present, the incidence and mortality of cancers are increasing year by year, which has become a major global public health problem and the main cause of death of global population. In recent years, studies have shown that branched-chain amino acids levels play an important part in the incidence and prognosis of some malignant tumors, such as colorectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, liver cancer, breast cancer and so on. Therefore, this article summarizes the studies on the relationship between the level of branched-chain amino acids and cancers, providing clues for further exploration of the correlation between the two.

The incidence rate of ovarian cancer ranks the third among female malignant tumors, the mortality rate ranks the first and the prognosis is poor. Ovarian cancer poses a serious threat to the health of women's lives. The incidence of ovarian cancer is related to heredity, endocrine disorders and adverse lifestyle factors. In recent years, some scholars have carried out the impact of lifestyle, especially shift work, on the occurrence and development of ovarian cancer. Shift work can lead to circadian disruption, which affects hormonal balance in the body and may be a risk factor for ovarian cancer. This review summarizes four cohort studies and two case-control studies on the relation between shift work and ovarian cancer. The conclusion of the studies is inconsistent, suggesting that further researches are needed.

The incidence of cervical cancer remains high globally, especially in developing countries, which poses a serious threat to women's life and health. How to reduce the risk of cervical cancer has become the focus of the efforts of researchers in this field. Dietary patterns are analyzed based on the overall dietary status, and at the same time the interaction between nutrients and food is taken into consideration. Accumulating evidence suggests that dietary patterns play an important role in the prevention of cervical cancer. This review summarizes the relationship between different dietary patterns and the incidence of cervical cancer, and aims to provide a basis for more in-depth research in the future.

Ovarian cancer is one of the most serious gynecological tumors in the world, and its mortality ranks first in gynecological malignancies. The study found that metformin is not only used as a first-line oral hypoglycemic agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, but also has a certain inhibitory effect on the occurrence and development of ovarian cancer. In recent years, domestic and foreign scholars have carried out experimental and epidemiological studies on the relationship between metformin and ovarian cancer. This review included 7 cohorts and 2 case-control studies on the incidence and prognosis of metformin and ovarian cancer. The results suggest that the use of metformin may improve the prognosis of ovarian cancer, however, due to the limited epidemiological studies of the disease, its relationship with ovarian cancer still needs further exploration.

Objective: To analyze the therapeutic effect of endoscopic myringoplasty. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 523 patients with chronic otitis media who underwent endoscopic myringoplasty between June 2016 and June 2017 in eight tertiary hospitals in China. Among all the patients, 256 were male and 267 were female, aged from 18 to 68 years old. The grafts used to repair the tympanic membrane were all tragus cartilage-perichondrium complex. All patients were followed up at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, and 12 months after surgery, at least 3 months. The closure rate of tympanic membrane perforation by different factors, the hearing results, and the incidence of postoperative complications were analyzed. SPSS 21.0 software was used to analyze the data. Results: Three months after operation, the closure rates of anterior, inferior, posterior and subtotal perforation were 92.4% (109/118), 94.9% (93/98), 95.6% (129/135), and 89.0% (153/172) respectively, the difference was not statistically significant (χ²=5.779, P=0.123). The closure rates of small, medium and large perforations were 100.0% (82/82), 93.7% (178/190) and 89.2% (224/251) respectively. The difference was statistically significant (χ²=10.927, P=0.004). The closure rates of dry ear and wet ear tympanic membrane perforation were 93.1% (392/421), 90.2% (92/102), the difference was not statistically significant (χ²=1.011, P=0.915). The preoperative pure tone audiometry(PTA) was (38.4±5.3) dBHL, while, the 3-month postoperative PTA was (25.1±5.7) dBHL. The difference was statistically significant (t=39.079, P<0.001). The preoperative air bone gap (ABG) was (22.4±4.3) dB, while 3 months postoperative ABG was (9.1±3.8) dB. The difference was statistically significant (t=53.004, P<0.001). Of all 523 patients, 14 (2.7%) had middle ear infection, 8 (1.5%) had dislocated tympanic membrane, 12 (2.3%) had parageusia, 35 (6.7%) had tinnitus, 28 (5.4%) had hearing loss, 26 (5.0%) had vertigo,33 (6.3%) had reperforation, 2 (0.4%) had secondary cholesteatoma, and none had facioplegia. Conclusions Endoscopic myringoplasty is a safe and effective surgical method with good postoperative outcome.

Objective: To summarize and discuss the characteristics of endoscopic approach to manage the middle ear cholesteatoma, and to evaluate the operative safety and outcomes based on the data from the multicenter study. Methods: The data of 242 cases diagnosed with the middle ear cholesteatoma and received operation through endoscopic approach between June 2016 and June 2017 in six tertiary hospitals in China were analyzed in this work. There were 130 males and 112 females, with the age ranging from 3 to 72 years old. We evaluated the strategy about how to manage the cholesteatoma, discussed the detailed techniques about how to remove the cholesteatoma and to improve the efficiency under endoscopic visualization. Meanwhile, the recurrence rate and residual rate of cholesteatoma as well as the complications in endoscopic approach were summarized. Results: A total of 158 cases were operated in exclusively endoscopic transcanal approach, 72 cases operated in combined approach, and 12 cases operated majorly under microscope and minorly under endoscope. 219 cases were operated in one stage surgery, 23 cases received second look. In the second look, 3 cases were detected with residual cholesteatomas. Among them, 2 cases were found by MRI-DWI examination after the first-stage operation. With endoscopic examination after operation, 17 cases showed retracted pocket recurrence (7%,17/242). With introduction of endoscope in cholesteatoma, 153 cases were achieved canal wall-up operation (63%, 153/242). The complications in endoscopic approach included chord tympani never injury in 27 cases, skin injury of ear canal in 11 cases, tinnitus in 13 cases, vertigo in 7 cases, external ear canal stenosis in 1 case. Conclusions Using otoendoscope in cholesteatoma surgery would help keeping the normal structures of middle ear as much as possible, benefit to remove the hiding pathologies, help reducing residual cholesteatoma and lowering the rate of canal wall-down operation as well. This study showed good safety of otoendoscopic cholesteatoma surgery, however, strict evaluation of indication and quite good surgical techniques and skills are necessary for avoiding unexpected complication.

Disfunction of Eustachian tube will cause negative pressure of middle ear, which may result in tympanic membrane retraction pocket. Severe pocket can consequently cause cholesteatoma. In clinical practice it is not uncommon to find a cholesteatoma limited to epitympanum, with an otherwise normal pars tensa and mesotympanum. This review explains the theory of "selective epitympanic dysventilation syndrome" developed by endoscopic technique. In the majority of the patients, the only ventilation pathway to the epitympanum is through the tympanic isthmus. Even if Eustachian tube function has recovered, an isthmus blockage with selective epitympanic dysventilation may lead to common attic cholesteatoma.

Based on anatomy and clinical operation, this article discussed the anatomical structure of temporal bone and its contiguous relationship under oto-endoscope, through two approaches: the natural external auditory canal and the enlarged external auditory canal. To give an account of the anatomical characteristics of temporal bone under oto-endoscope.

Objective To explore the safety and efficacy of intrathecal administration of adipose stem cells de-rived from bioactive secretome (ASCBS)in treatment of whiter matter injury (WMI)in the preterm infants. Methods Sixty - three cases of WMI were recruited according to the uniform standards from multiple medical centers and they were divided into 3 gestational age (GA)subgroups,which were 21 cases in group A (GA 24 - 28 + 6 ),20 cases in group B (GA 29 - 32 + 6 ),and 22 cases in group C (GA 33 - 36 + 6 ). The patients were randomly divided into treatment groups and control groups by tossing coins. The treatment groups received lumbar puncture followed with ASCBS intra-thecal injection once daily for 3 consecutive days. Follow - up study included Neonatal Behavioral Neurological Assess-ment (NBNA)at term - equivalent age and neurodevelopment at corrected age of 6 - month. Neurodevelopment was assessed by using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and Peabody Developmental Motor Scale. The survival rates, NBNA scores,mental development index (MDI),psychomotor develop index (PDI),total motor development quotient, gross motor development quotient and fine motor development among each subgroup were compared. Results Sixty -three cases were recruited,including 31 in the treatment group and 32 in the control group. Only 1 case in the treatment groups lost in the follow - up. No clinical side effects were found in the treatment groups. There was no significant diffe-rence in the survival rate and complication in the preterms in all subgroups of the treatment group and control group (all P > 0. 05). The gross and total motor development quotient in the treatment group A was higher than that in the control group A(gross motor development quotient:98. 330 ± 6. 282 in treatment group A,90. 330 ± 3. 777 in control group A, P = 0. 040;total motor development quotient:97. 330 ± 4. 803 in treatment group A,91. 000 ± 4. 472 in control group A,P = 0. 023). The rest findings showed no significant difference between groups. Conclusion The treatment of WMI in preterm infants with ASCBS is safe and can promote the motor development of preterm infants with GA in 24 - 28 weeks.