Objective:To help flying personnel prevent flight fatigue risk and ensure flight safety by investigating the fatigue and countermeasures of flying personnel during long-haul flight.Methods:Air Force flying personnel were randomly selected from a cluster. They were divided into 21-30, 31-40 and 41-50 years group according to age. According to the post, they were divided into fighter pilots, bomber pilots, air navigation commander/air communication controller/aerial machinist and other groups. The self-made "questionnaire of aeromedical support to long-haul flight safety" was used to collect the fatigue condition and countermeasures of flying personnel in long-haul flight for the comparison among age and post groups.Results:Out of 156 questionnaires, 150 were valid, with a response rate of 96.2%. For the comparisons among age groups, the significant differences were observed in 3 fatigue symptoms such as drowsiness/sleepiness, discomfort on neck, waist, and shoulders, and degraded reaction ( χ2=12.62, 11.77, 12.23, P=0.002, 0.003, 0.002), 2 fatigue countermeasures such as talking with teammates and engaging in physical activity ( χ2=6.37, 16.70, P=0.041,<0.001), and 4 measures of maintaining flight ability such as sleep management, comprehensive physical training, functional food intake and simulation training ( χ2=8.81, 11.48, 9.59, 7.32, P=0.012, 0.003, 0.008, 0.026). For the comparisons among post groups, the significant differences were observed in 3 fatigue symptoms as visual fatigue, drowsiness/sleepiness, and discomfort on neck, waist, and shoulders ( χ2=10.39, 17.89, 8.42, P=0.016, 0.001, 0.038), as well as in fatigue countermeasures chosen like taking in water or food ( χ2=19.06, P<0.001) and in improving flight ability chosen like relieving eye fatigue ( χ2=12.09, P=0.007). Conclusions:The age and post factors influence the fatigue conditions and countermeasures chosen in the flying personnel during long-haul flight. The targeted and comprehensive interventions are suggested.

Objective:To help flying personnel prevent flight fatigue risk and ensure flight safety by investigating the fatigue and countermeasures of flying personnel during long-haul flight.Methods:Air Force flying personnel were randomly selected from a cluster. They were divided into 21-30, 31-40 and 41-50 years group according to age. According to the post, they were divided into fighter pilots, bomber pilots, air navigation commander/air communication controller/aerial machinist and other groups. The self-made "questionnaire of aeromedical support to long-haul flight safety" was used to collect the fatigue condition and countermeasures of flying personnel in long-haul flight for the comparison among age and post groups.Results:Out of 156 questionnaires, 150 were valid, with a response rate of 96.2%. For the comparisons among age groups, the significant differences were observed in 3 fatigue symptoms such as drowsiness/sleepiness, discomfort on neck, waist, and shoulders, and degraded reaction ( χ2=12.62, 11.77, 12.23, P=0.002, 0.003, 0.002), 2 fatigue countermeasures such as talking with teammates and engaging in physical activity ( χ2=6.37, 16.70, P=0.041,<0.001), and 4 measures of maintaining flight ability such as sleep management, comprehensive physical training, functional food intake and simulation training ( χ2=8.81, 11.48, 9.59, 7.32, P=0.012, 0.003, 0.008, 0.026). For the comparisons among post groups, the significant differences were observed in 3 fatigue symptoms as visual fatigue, drowsiness/sleepiness, and discomfort on neck, waist, and shoulders ( χ2=10.39, 17.89, 8.42, P=0.016, 0.001, 0.038), as well as in fatigue countermeasures chosen like taking in water or food ( χ2=19.06, P<0.001) and in improving flight ability chosen like relieving eye fatigue ( χ2=12.09, P=0.007). Conclusions:The age and post factors influence the fatigue conditions and countermeasures chosen in the flying personnel during long-haul flight. The targeted and comprehensive interventions are suggested.

Objective:To provide references for improving the psychological support to fighter pilots by the investigation on their emotional states and typical negative emotions in different task stages and common causes during major tasks.Methods:The Chinese version of Brunel Mood Scale was used to evaluate the emotional states of 141 high performance fighter pilots in the stages of assignment, pre-task, in-task and post-task. The scores of the scale and the positive rate of the evaluation were analyzed by descriptive statistics. Combined with the on-the-spot interview of pilots′ actual experience, the causes of negative emotions were discussed.Results:The negative emotions with the score greater than 1 were "exhausted" "worried" "uncertain" "extreme fatigue" "anxious" "tired" "nervous". The positive rate of pilots′ self-evaluation of 7 emotions was more than 80%. There were 2-5 typical negative emotions in each stage of the task, which were mainly caused by 3 factors: task adaptation, interpersonal communication and family. The scores of 3 positive emotions were more than 2.8, and the positive rate of pilots′ self-assessment was 100%. Positive emotions were higher in the first 2 stages, decreased significantly in the task stage and increased slightly after the task.Conclusions:The apparent negative emotions exist among the high performance fighter pilots in major tasks. The corresponding regulations and protections should be applied in time in the form of psychological intervention, especially on the maintenance of task adaptation, interpersonal communication and family harmony.

Objective:To provide references for improving the psychological support to fighter pilots by the investigation on their emotional states and typical negative emotions in different task stages and common causes during major tasks.Methods:The Chinese version of Brunel Mood Scale was used to evaluate the emotional states of 141 high performance fighter pilots in the stages of assignment, pre-task, in-task and post-task. The scores of the scale and the positive rate of the evaluation were analyzed by descriptive statistics. Combined with the on-the-spot interview of pilots′ actual experience, the causes of negative emotions were discussed.Results:The negative emotions with the score greater than 1 were "exhausted" "worried" "uncertain" "extreme fatigue" "anxious" "tired" "nervous". The positive rate of pilots′ self-evaluation of 7 emotions was more than 80%. There were 2-5 typical negative emotions in each stage of the task, which were mainly caused by 3 factors: task adaptation, interpersonal communication and family. The scores of 3 positive emotions were more than 2.8, and the positive rate of pilots′ self-assessment was 100%. Positive emotions were higher in the first 2 stages, decreased significantly in the task stage and increased slightly after the task.Conclusions:The apparent negative emotions exist among the high performance fighter pilots in major tasks. The corresponding regulations and protections should be applied in time in the form of psychological intervention, especially on the maintenance of task adaptation, interpersonal communication and family harmony.

Objective To investigate the new research solutions on special environmental medicine by discussing the etiology of bubble formation mechanism in the basic researches of altitude decompression. Literature resource and selection Research papers and literature reviews published at home and abroad. Literature quotation Fifty-eight published papers and reviews were cited. Literature synthesis The role of air nucleus, the precursors of bubbles, in the etiology of decompression sickness was reviewed and analyzed including the normal existence of air nucleus in vivo,the mechanism of its formation and stable existence.At present,there is no definite conclusion on above three aspects and the researches are still facing the challenge.In addition,the relationship between bubble formation and pathological manifestations of decompression sickness,the effect of movement on bubble formation,the methodology of micro-bubble study in vivo,the role of patent foramen ovale in the pathogenesis of neuropathic decompression sickness,and the relationship and significance between bubble study in vivo and some subjects related to clinical medicine were discussed. The scope of this paper covers the main issues in the basic research of altitude decompression sickness, and has certain reference significance for understanding and planning the future research direction in this field. Conclusions With the help of interdisciplinary integration, the etiological study of decompression sickness is expected to make substantial breakthroughs and the research and development of special environmental medicine will have a new direction of solution.

Objective To investigate the new research solutions on special environmental medicine by discussing the etiology of bubble formation mechanism in the basic researches of altitude decompression. Literature resource and selection Research papers and literature reviews published at home and abroad. Literature quotation Fifty-eight published papers and reviews were cited. Literature synthesis The role of air nucleus, the precursors of bubbles, in the etiology of decompression sickness was reviewed and analyzed including the normal existence of air nucleus in vivo,the mechanism of its formation and stable existence.At present,there is no definite conclusion on above three aspects and the researches are still facing the challenge.In addition,the relationship between bubble formation and pathological manifestations of decompression sickness,the effect of movement on bubble formation,the methodology of micro-bubble study in vivo,the role of patent foramen ovale in the pathogenesis of neuropathic decompression sickness,and the relationship and significance between bubble study in vivo and some subjects related to clinical medicine were discussed. The scope of this paper covers the main issues in the basic research of altitude decompression sickness, and has certain reference significance for understanding and planning the future research direction in this field. Conclusions With the help of interdisciplinary integration, the etiological study of decompression sickness is expected to make substantial breakthroughs and the research and development of special environmental medicine will have a new direction of solution.

Objective To investigate the changes of microglia cell phenotypes in the injured brains of rats following repetitive mild traumatic brain injury (rmTBI).Methods Sixty male SD rats were randomly divided into sham-operated group,injury of one-week group,injury of two-week group,injury of four-week group,and injury of six-week group (n=12).Rats in the injury groups were induced rmTBI models by controlled cortical impact (CCI),and rats in the sham-operated group were only performed bone window opening without hitting.Six rats from each group were sacrificed;immunofluorescent staining was used to detect the Iba-1 positive microglial cells in the injured cortex and changes ofmicroglia subsets in the injured brain after rmTBI were analyzed by flow cytometry.Results As compared with the sham-operated group,the injury of one-week group and injury of six-week group had significantly increased percentages of Iba-1 positive microglial cells in the injured cortex (19％ and 12％,P＜0.05).flow cytometry indicated that CD451ow/CD11b+ cells were the microglial cells,accountting for 90％ ofCD11b+ cells;as compared with the sham-operated group,the injury of one-week group,injury of two-week group,injury of four-week group,and injury of six-week group had significantly increased M1 type microglial cells (P＜0.06),with injury of six-week group enjoying the highest level;as compared with the sham-operated group,the injury of one-week group,injury of two-week group and injury of four-week group had significantly increased M2 type microglial cells (P＜0.06),with injury of two-week group enjoying the highest level.Conclusion Dynamic changes ofmicroglia subsets after rmTBI are noted,which reveals that different subsets of microglia phenotypes might play their unique roles in the acute or chronic phases after rmTBI.

Objective To study the cognitive impairment in SD rats after intermittent hypoxia (IH),and explore the relation of miR-26b up-regulated expression and neuron apoptosis in the hippocampus of SD rats after IH.Methods Eight-week-old male SD rats (n=20,each weighing approximately 300±10 g) were randomly divided into normal oxygen control group,IH 1-week group,IH 2-weeks group and IH 4-weeks group (n=5).Rats in the later three groups were given IH for different times,and rats in the normal oxygen control group were given normal oxygen.The spatial learning and memory abilities were detected by Morris Water Maze (MWM) in the normal oxygen control group and IH 4-weeks group.The levels of apoptosis proteins Caspase3 and Bax and anti-apoptosis protein Bcl-2 in the hippocampus of 4 groups were detected by Western blotting.The miR-26b expression level in the 4 groups was detected by real time-PCR.Results (1) The results of MWM revealed that the mean escape latency in the IH 4-weeks group was significantly prolonged as compared with that in the normal oxygen control group (P＜0.05);the time entering into the target quadrant in the IH 4-weeks group ([22.0±6.7] s) was significantly shorter than that in the normal oxygen control group ([39.8±8.8] s,P＜0.05).(2) Western blotting indicated that up-regulated expressions of apoptosis proteins Bax and Casepase3 and down-regulated expression of anti-apoptosis protein Bcl-2 in the IH 1-week group,IH 2-weeks group and IH 4-weeks group were noted as compared with those in the control group,with significant differences (P＜0.05);significantly higher apoptosis protein Bax and Casepase3 expressions in the IH 1-week group were noted as compared with those in the IH 2-weeks group and IH 4-weeks group (P＜0.05),while significantly decreased Bcl-2 expression in the IH 1-week group was noted as compared with that in the IH 2-weeks group and IH 4-weeks group (P＜0.05).(3) The results of real time-PCR revealed that the miR-26b expression level in the hippocampus was up-regulated in the IH 1-week group,IH 2-weeks group and IH 4-weeks group as compared with that in the control group,with significant differences (P＜0.05);miR-26b expression level in the IH 1-week group was significantly higher as compared with that in the IH 2-weeks group and IH 4-weeks group (P＜0.05).Conclusion The miR-26b up-regulated expression in the hippocampus might refer to Bax /Bcl-2-related mitochondrial apoptotic signaling pathway after IH brain injury;miR-26b could be a potential mean ofgene therapy after IH brain injury.

OBJECTIVE:To observe therapeutic efficacy and safety of tripterygium glycosides combined with valsartan in the treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy(IMN). METHODS:A total of 85 patients with IMN were enrolled and randomly divided into observation group(42 cases)and control group(43 cases). Based on routine treatment(reducing lipid,anti-platelet ag-gregation,protein dietary restriction),control group was additionally given oral valsartan,with initial dose of 80 mg/d,and gradu-ally adding the amount to 160 mg/d if there was no obvious ADR;based on control group,observation group was additionally giv-en Tripterygium glycosides tablet 40 mg,tid,and reducing the amount to 20 mg,tid after complete remission. 2 groups were treat-ed for 12 months. RESULTS:Total effective rate of observation group was 92.86%,which was significantly higher than that of con-trol group(74.42%),with statistical significance(P<0.05). Compared with before treatment,the levels of 24 h urine protein,TC and TG of 2 groups were decreased after treatment,and serum albumin(ALB)of observation group increased;24 h urine protein and TG of observation group was lower than control group,while the serum level of ALB was higher than control group,with sta-tistical significance(P<0.05 or P<0.01). No obvious ADR was found in 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS:Tripterygium glycosides com-bined with valsartan can improve the kidney function and blood lipid level of IMN patients with high safety.