Background Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important pathogen for both human bloodstream infections and mastitis in cows. However, little attention has been paid to the cross-host transmission of MRSA from cows to high-risk groups in China. Objective To determine the MRSA colonization rates among dairy cows and dairy farm workers in Xinjiang, identify the antibiotic resistance profiles and molecular characteristics of the isolates, and provide scientific evidence for the formulation of targeted infection control strategies. Method A cross-sectional survey combined with laboratory pathogen analysis was conducted. From June to August 2024, large-scale dairy farms in Xinjiang region were selected as study sites. Nasal swabs (n=96) and skin swabs (n=39) were collected from workers, and bovine nasal swab samples (n=109) were collected simultaneously. All samples were subjected to MRSA isolation, cultivation, and identification, followed by antibiotic susceptibility testing to characterize resistance phenotypes. Staphylococcus aureus protein A (Spa) typing was performed to determine strain genotypes and elucidate MRSA colonization rates and molecular epidemiological patterns. Results A total of 35 MRSA strains was successfully isolated from 244 samples. The MRSA colonization rates among dairy farm workers and dairy cows were 20.83% (20/96) and 12.84% (14/109), respectively, with an overall isolation rate of 14.34% (35/244). Among the workers, the nasal colonization rate was 16.67% (16/96), and the skin colonization rate was 12.82% (5/39). One worker exhibited MRSA colonization at multiple body sites. All MRSA strains were resistant to cefoxitin (100%, 35/35). The resistance rates to erythromycin and clindamycin were 42.86% (15/35) and 34.29% (12/35), respectively. Thirteen strains showed a multidrug-resistant phenotype, whereas all strains were susceptible to vancomycin. The MRSA isolates exhibited high genetic diversity, with 13 Spa types identified, among which t441 was the most prevalent (8 strains). Both t441 and t034 types were detected in samples from both the dairy cows and their handlers. These two Spa types also carried and stably inherited specific resistance combinations, including erythromycin–clindamycin–cefoxitin and ciprofloxacin–erythromycin–clindamycin–gentamicin–cefoxitin–tetracycline, and a statistically significant association was also observed between the two resistance profiles and the bacterial types (P < 0.001). In addition, one novel Spa type strain was identified. Conclusion MRSA colonization rates among dairy cows and dairy farm workers in Xinjiang are relatively high, with evidence of multi-site colonization. The isolates exhibit high levels of multidrug resistance and genetic diversity, indicating a potential risk of cross-host transmission.

Background Personal protection is crucial for reducing the risk of zoonotic pathogen infection among livestock workers. Investigating the current status of its implementation and associated influencing factors can provide empirical evidence for developing more effective intervention measures. Objective To investigate the current status of personal protection implementation among livestock workers in Xinjiang, China and its influencing factors, providing a reference for formulating targeted intervention measures. Methods This study was conducted in Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, Kashgar region, and the First and Eighth Divisions of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps. We selected large-scale cattle and sheep farms, cooperatives, individual livestock households, livestock trading markets, slaughterhouses, and retail markets. Using cluster sampling, we recruited all livestock workers (1074 participants) at sampled sites. During the period from April to July 2024, we conducted face-to-face surveys with a self-designed questionnaire among livestock workers, collecting general demographic information, occupational exposure history, and information related to the use of personal protective equipment, resulting in 939 valid questionnaires. EpiData 3.1 was used for data entry and SPSS 26.0 for statistical analysis. We employed logistic regression to compare the implementation of personal protection among workers by selected categories. Results Among the study subjects, there were 300 workers from large-scale farms (31.95%) and 583 self-employed livestock farmers (62.09%). The sample included 600 males (63.90%) and 339 females (36.10%). The majority of the study subjects was farmers, breeders, or aged 18-60 years (87.75%), auxiliary workers (87.97%) and had an education level of junior high school or below (81.36%). The proportion of workers who consistently and correctly implemented all five personal protective measures (washing hands after work, wearing gloves, wearing masks, wearing dedicated work clothes, and using rubber boots) was 35.14% (330/939). The implementation rates for these five protective measures were 93.61% (879/939), 58.68% (551/939), 57.93% (544/939), 46.01% (432/939), and 42.81% (402/939), respectively. There were statistically significant differences in the implementation rates of differen personal protective measures among the workers by occupation and education level (P<0.05). Among them, workers with lower education levels had lower implementation rates for various protective measures. The results of logistic regression indicated that, compared to male workers, female workers (OR=2.26, 95%CI: 1.68, 3.04) showed a higher rate of non-standard implementation of personal protection. Using the age group of 18 to less than 36 years as a reference, those aged 36 to less than 60 years (OR=1.82, 95%CI: 1.33, 2.50) and 60 years or older (OR=4.45, 95%CI: 2.56, 7.73) reported higher rates of non-standard implementation of personal protection. Compared to those with an education level of primary school or below, those with a junior high school education (OR=0.64, 95%CI: 0.47, 0.88) and a high school education or above (OR=0.13, 95%CI: 0.19, 0.29) showed lower rates of non-standard implementation of personal protection. Compared to farmers, veterinarians (OR=0.03, 95%CI: 0.02, 0.07) reported the lowest rate of non-standard implementation of personal protection, followed by auxiliary workers (OR=0.08, 95%CI: 0.05, 0.12), breeders (OR=0.10, 95%CI: 0.07, 0.15), and other occupational groups (OR=0.28, 95%CI: 0.15, 0.52). Using large-scale farms as a reference, self-employed farmers (OR=13.5, 95%CI: 9.65, 18.88) reported a higher rate of non-standard implementation of personal protection, followed by workers from other workplaces (OR=3.63, 95%CI: 2.01, 6.54). Conclusion The implementation of personal protective measures among livestock workers in Xinjiang is generally satisfactory. However, significant disparities in the execution of these measures exist among different types of workers, indicating the need to enhance occupational health promotion to reduce the risk of zoonotic pathogen infection among the workers.

Background Animal farming may affect the structure and diversity of gut microbiota of farm workers, but it needs more studies to provide solid evidence. Objective To analyze the diversity characteristics of gut microbiota in dairy farm workers, dairy cows, and the control population (non-animal contact occupational group), and to assess the impact of dairy farming on the gut microbiota of workers. Methods The 16S rRNA full-length amplicon sequencing technology was used to sequence 60 fecal samples from dairy farm workers, 89 from dairy cows, and 50 from the general population. The gut microbiota structure characteristics, including operational taxonomic units (OTUs), alpha diversity, beta diversity, and the composition of species at the phylum, family, and genus levels were analyzed. The differences in gut microbiota among the three groups of samples were compared to explore the impact of occupational exposure on the gut microbiota structure of dairy farm workers. Results A total of 50478 OTUs were identified in the gut microbiota of farm workers, dairy cows, and the general population, with 23613, 42723, and 16592 OTUs, respectively. The number of shared OTUs between the dairy cows and the general population was 12674 (27.17%), between the general population and the farm workers was 10099 (33.54%), and between the dairy cows and the farm workers was 17690 (36.36%). Compared with the general population, the farm workers and dairy cows showed more shared gut microbiota (P<0.01). The abundance of Firmicutes in the gut of the farm workers was higher than that of the general population (P<0.01), while Actinobacteriota and Proteobacteria were the opposite (P<0.01). The alpha diversity of gut microbiota in the farm workers was different from that of the general population. The ACE index of the farm workers was slightly lower than that of the general population and much lower than that of dairy cows (P<0.05), while their Shannon index was higher than that of the general population but lower than that of dairy cows (P<0.01). The linear discriminant analysis effect size (LefSe) showed that the abundances of Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae in the gut microbiota of the farm workers were significantly higher than those of the general population, while Streptococcaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Bifidobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, and Erysipelatoclostridiaceae were lower than those of the general population. Conclusion The dairy farm workers shares a certain proportion of common bacterial communities with dairy cows. Dairy farming operations can affect the structure and diversity of the gut microbiota of workers by increasing the abundances of Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae, while decreasing the abundances of Streptococcaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Bifidobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, and Erysipelatoclostridiaceae. The study results provide reference data for further exploring the cross-host transmission of pathogens related to occupational exposure in dairy farming.

Deep brain stimulation(DBS),including optical stimulation and electrical stimulation,has been demonstrated considerable value in exploring pathological brain activity and developing treatments for neural disorders.Advances in DBS microsystems based on implantable microelectrode array(MEA)probes have opened up new opportunities for closed-loop DBS(CL-DBS)in situ.This technology can be used to detect damaged brain circuits and test the therapeutic potential for modulating the output of these circuits in a variety of diseases simultaneously.Despite the success and rapid utilization of MEA probe-based CL-DBS microsystems,key challenges,including excessive wired communication,need to be urgently resolved.In this review,we considered recent advances in MEA probe-based wireless CL-DBS microsystems and outlined the major issues and promising prospects in this field.This technology has the potential to offer novel therapeutic options for psychiatric disorders in the future.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the genetic basis for a child with clinically suspected 3-methylcrotonyl-coenzyme A carboxylase deficiency (MCCD). METHODS: Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples of the proband and her parents. Whole exome sequencing was used to screen pathogenic variant in the proband. Suspected variant was verified by Sanger sequencing. Impact of the variant on the structure and function of protein product was analyzed by using bioinformatic software. RESULTS: Sanger sequencing showed that the proband has carried homozygous missense c.1342G>A (p.Gly448Ala) variant of the MCCC2 gene, for which her mother was a heterozygous carrier. The same variant was not detected in her father. The variant was predicted to be pathogenic by PolyPhen-2 and Mutation Taster software, and the site was highly conserved among various species. Based on the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics standards and guidelines, the c.1342G>A (p.Gly448Ala) variant of MCCC2 gene was predicted to be likely pathogenic(PM2+PP2-PP5). CONCLUSION The homozygous missense variant of the MCCC2 gene c.1342G>A (p.Gly448Ala) probably underlay the molecular pathogenesis of the proband. Genetic testing has confirmed the clinical diagnosis.
Carbon-Carbon Ligases/genetics* ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mutation, Missense/genetics* ; Pedigree ; Urea Cycle Disorders, Inborn/genetics*

Objective: To learn the prevalence of HPV infection and its genotypes distribution in perianal warts, discuss the association between HPV infection and age and gender, and assess the methodology performance of PCR-reverse dot blot(PCR-RDB) to detect HPV. Methods: HPV genotypes were detected in 316 paraffin specimens of confirmed or suspected perianal condyloma acuminata(CA) patients, including 58 cases for HPV DNA sequencing. Results: The HPV infection rate in 316 patients was 81.6%. The first fifth genotypes of single HPV infection were HPV11, 6, 18, 16 and 33. HPV6+ 11, HPV6+ 11+ 16 and HPV6+ 18 were more common in mixed infection. The highest HPV infection rate was from the males aged below 35 years. Regarding the sequencing result as a gold standard, the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of PCR-RDB in HPV were 92.31%, 89.47% and 91.38% respectively. Conclusions The proportion of HPV crissum infection in young male was quite high, the major pathogenic types were HPV 11, 6, 18, 16 and 33. The PCR-RDB method can meet the needs of clinical diagnosis of HPV.

BACKGROUND:Epidural scar after laminectomy is one important reason for the secondary spinal stenosis, and local application ofSanqi sodium hyaluronate gel can prevent epidural scar adhesion after laminectomy. OBJECTIVE: To study the effects ofSanqisodium hyaluronate gel on α-smooth muscle actin expression in the process of rabbit's epidural scar formation. METHODS: In this study, there were ninety-six rabbits which were randomized into four groups and given 0.5 mL normal saline, 0.5 mLSanqi concentrated solution, 0.5 mL sodium hyaluronate and 0.5 mLSanqisodium hyaluronate gel around the dura. At 1, 2, 4, 8 weeks after treatment, immunohistochemistry staining was employed for analysis of α-smooth muscle actin expression. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:At the end of weeks 1 and 2, the expression of α-smooth muscle actin antibody in the normal saline group was significantly higher than that in the other three groups (P < 0.01 orP < 0.05), but there were no significant differences among the Sanqi, sodium hyaluronate andSanqisodium hyaluronate gel groups (P> 0.05). At weeks 4 and 8, the expression of α-smooth muscle actin antibody in theSanqi sodium hyaluronate gel group was significantly lower than that in the other three groups (P < 0.01 orP < 0.05), and there was no significant difference among the latter three groups (P > 0.05). These findings suggest thatSanqi sodium hyaluronate gel can inhibit the expression of α-smooth muscle actin, and thus ease scar contracture.

AIM:Toinvestigatewhetherautophagyisup-regulatedwhenresveratrol(Res)inducesapoptosis in chondrosarcoma , and to study the effects of autophagy inhibitor combined with Res on chondrosarcoma .METHODS:SW1353 cells were divided into 4 groups: control group, Res group, 3-methyladenine (3MA) group, and Res +3MA group.Electron microscopy was used to observe the autophagyosomes in control group and Res group .At the same time, the viability of the cells in the 4 groups was detected by CCK-8 assay.TUNEL staining and Western blotting (for determi-ning the levels of cleaved caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2) were used to reflect levels of apoptosis in all groups .The expression of autophagy-related proteins Beclin 1, LC3-Ⅱ and p62 was detected by Western blotting .RESULTS: Exposure of the cells to Res resulted in a decrease in cell viability and an increase in the level of apoptosis ( P<0.05 ) .Compared with control group, the level of apoptosis was increased but the autophagy was decreased (P <0.05).Compared with Res group, the cell viability and the level of autophagy were decreased and the level of apoptosis was increased ( P<0.05 ) . CONCLUSION:Resveratrol induces apoptosis and autophagy , and inhibition of autophgay enhances resveratrol-induced apoptosis in chondrosarcoma .

24 cases of hypoparathyroidism, 24 cases of normal control were included. The levels of enzymes, concentration of Ca were measured in all cases. The electrocardiogram was carried out in the hypoparathyroidism group carries. The levels of CK, CK-MB, BHDH, LDH and AST were significantly higher in patients with hypoparathyroidism than in normal control cases(P＜0.05), especially the levels of CK and CK-MB (P＜0.01). After the treatment, the electrocardiogram and enzymes basically returned to normal. The changes of enzymes in patients with hypoparathyroidism may play a benchmark about the severity and treatment.

Objective To probe into the value of micro-perfusion examination at the early stage after right lobe living donor liver transplantation by contrast-enhanced ultrasound(CEUS). Methods Twenty-six recipients of right lobe living donor liver transplantation received CEUS examination at 1,7,15 and 30 days respectively after operation using contrast medium SonoVue. Perfusion patterns were observed and analyzed considering operation method. Results Of 26 recipients, 15 cases showed normal perfusion patterns with normal hemodynamics; 11 cases showed abnormal perfusion patterns with abnormal hemodynamics:8 had conduit venous obstruction,4 high portal vein blood flow. The abnormal patterns was in the early arterial phase of enhancement process at the first day examination, showing hyper- and hypo- enhancement area compared with normal liver parenchyma. And the difference gradually disappeared in the subsequent examination. Conclusions Abnormal micro-perfusion patterns are highly related to abnormal inflow and outflow in the early post operation stage. The main reasons are conduit venous obstruction and excessive perfusion of portal vein. CEUS can be used as an effective method in evaluating the graft micro-perfusion.