The prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is higher among individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) than in the general population. Emerging evidence indicates that the development of MASLD in patients with IBD may occur independently of traditional metabolic risk factors, suggesting a unique pathophysiological mechanism distinct from conventional MASLD pathways. Bile acids (BAs), which act as critical signaling molecules in enterohepatic circulation, play an essential role in maintaining gastrointestinal homeostasis through bidirectional gut–liver axis communication. These molecules are increasingly recognized as pivotal regulators in the progression of both MASLD and IBD. While previous studies have characterized the dynamics of BA in blood or fecal samples under both conditions, a comprehensive understanding of their metabolic profiles and the associated interactions within the gut–liver axis is still lacking. This review synthesizes current evidence from studies employing BA metabolomics to investigate IBD and MASLD. By focusing on BA signatures, we summarize conserved alterations between these two conditions and their potential mechanisms of disease progression. Our review advances understanding of BA-mediated pathways in IBD and MASLD, providing a foundation for assessing their roles in contributing to the pathogenesis of MASLD in patients with IBD.

To compare and analyze the clinical manifestations,laboratory characteristics,imaging findings,and treatment outcomes of patients with acute and chronic brucellosis,a retrospective analysis was conducted on 258 patients with brucellosis(202 in the acute group and 56 in the chronic group)hospitalized in Xinkang Hospital in Dalad Banner,Ordos City,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,from November 2023 to November 2024.General data,epidemiological characteristics,clinical presentations,laboratory test results,imaging findings,treatment outcomes,and prognosis were collected.The incidences of fever(51.5%vs 7.1%),fatigue(30.2%vs 12.5%),joint pain(42.9%vs 16.1%),and muscle pain(9.9%vs.1.8%)were significantly higher in the acute phase group(all P<0.05).The incidence of osteoarthritis complications was higher in the chronic brucellosis group(51.8%vs 8.9%,χ2=75.697,P<0.01).Univariate ANOVA analysisshowed that the Serum Agglutination Tests(SAT),alanine aminotransferase(ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),total bilirubin(TBIL),creatinine(CRE),C-reactive protein(CRP),erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR),and bone destructionexhibited statistically significant differences between the acute and chronic phases of brucellosis(all P<0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that abnormal ALT(OR=14.18,95%CI:1.11-181.72;P=0.041)and bone destruction(OR=0.16,95%CI:0.04-0.63;P=0.009)were associated with chronic brucellosis.After treatment,all patients experienced have symptom relief in varying degrees,with 157 patients(60.9%)cured and 101 patients(39.1%)symptomatic improved(P<0.01).In conclusion,the incidences of fever,fatigue,and joint pain in patients during the acute phase is significantly higher than that those in patients during the chronic phase,while the incidence of osteoarthritis complications is higher in chronic phase patients.The incidences of abnormal SAT,ALT,AST,TBIL,CRE,CRP,and ESR,and bone destruction varies at different stages of brucellosis.Of those,abnormal ALT and bone destruction show a stronger association with,which can assist the clinical staging of brucellosis.

Objective To analyze and compare the efficacy of DNA barcode,i.e.,Cytochrome b(Cytb)and 12S ribosomal RNA(12S rRNA)gene sequences,in the species identification of wildlife.Methods DNA extraction,quantification,PCR amplification of Cytb and 12S rRNA gene fragments,Sanger sequencing,and sequence alignment analysis were performed on ten wildlife samples.Results Both gene fragments were successfully amplified in six samples,while Cytb alone was successfully amplified in 1 sample,and 12S rRNA alone in 3 samples.Sequence analysis indicated that Cytb enabled species-level identification for 6 samples(Gallinula chloropus,Streptopelia orientalis,Phasianus colchicus,Falco naumanni,Myiopsitta monachus and Lynx lynx)and genus-level identification for 1 sample(Lepus).In contrast,12S rRNA achieved species-level identificaggion for 8 samples(Gallinula chloropus,Lepus sinensis,Phasianus colchicus,Myiopsitta monachus,Muntiacus reevesi,Macaca mulatta and Lynx lynx),representing seven species,and genus-level identification for 1 sample(Falco).However,by combining Cytb and 12S rRNA,all samples could be identified to the species level.Conclusion When applying DNA barcodes to wildlife identification,the Cytb and 12S rRNA gene regions analyzed here can effectively identify common species such as Gallinula chloropus and Streptopelia orientalis,but face difficulties in distinguishing closely related species within the same genus.Therefore,when conducting wildlife species identification,it is recommended to use two or more DNA barcode markers.

This study was aimed at comparing the effects of storage conditions on the Brucella survival number in brain heart infu-sion medium,to provide experimental data support for the selection of storage conditions for Brucella strains.We created bacterial sus-pensions of seven strains of Brucella melitensis,Brucella abortus,and Brucella suis(denoted A,B,C,D,E,F,G)by using 30%glycerol brain heart infusion medium,then conducted stability testing.For accelerated stability tests,the bacterial solution was placed in a 37℃chamber for 1,2,3,or 4 weeks continuously,and the Brucella survival number at each time point was measured.For freeze-thaw stability testing,the bacterial solutions were frozen at-80℃,transferred to room temperature for 4 hours,and melted in one freeze-thaw cycle,and the Brucella survival number was measured for 2,4,6,and 8 freeze-thaw times.For long-term stability testing,the bacterial solutions were stored at-80℃,and the Brucella survival number was measured at various time points during the first,third,sixth,and twelfth months of storage.A line graph was plotted to demonstrate the changes in Brucella survival number at each time point in the three stability tests.IBM SPSS Statistics 22 software was used to assess statistically significant differences in Brucella survival number at each time point and the initial Brucella survival number.Accelerated stability tests showed that the Bru-cella survival number of the seven strains significantly decreased,and a statistically significant difference in Brucella survival number was observed after 1 week.In freeze-thaw stability tests,with increasing freeze-thaw times,the Brucella survival number of the seven strains showed a decreasing trend.Strains C and F showed statistically significant differences with respect to the initial Brucella sur-vival number after two times of freeze-thaw;strains A and D showed statistically significant differences with respect to the initial Bru-cella survival number after four times of freeze-thaw;strain G showed statistically significant differences with respect to the initial Bru-cella survival number after six times of freeze-thaw;and strain E showed statistically significant differences with respect to the initial Brucella survival number after eight times of freeze-thaw.The data for strain B showed abnormalities.In long-term stability testing,the Brucella survival number for strains C and F after storage for 1 month showed a statistically significant difference with respect to the initial bacterial solution.No statistically significant difference in Brucella survival number was observed for strains B and E after stor-age for 1,3,6,or 12 months.The data for strains A,D,and G showed abnormalities.The sterile 30%glycerol brain heart infusion medium maintained the Brucella survival number in an-80℃environment,and freezing and thawing multiple times should be avoided.Compared with the traditional freeze-drying method,this method is not only easy to perform but also avoids potential bio-safety hazards,and provides a reliable Brucella culture preservation scheme for researchers in related fields.

Aim To study the mechanism of adipose mesenchymal stem cell exosomes(ASC-exo)inhibition of fluorescein isothiocyanate(FITC)-induced atopic dermatitis(AD).Methods The mouse age,extrac-tion method,and the concentration of a solution of typeⅠ collagen enzyme and other conditions were compared to study the effects on the morphology and quantity of adipose mesenchymal stem cells(ASCs)after extrac-ted.FITC-induced mouse model in vivo was estab-lished and different doses of ASC-exo were given to measure ear thickness,ear weight and ear scratching times of mice.HE staining was used to observe the pathological changes of ear tissue of mice.The non-toxicity of ASC-exo was detected.IgE,IL-5,IL-13 and other cytokines were detected by ELISA.The gene ex-pressions of TSLP,IL-33,occludin,Claudin-1(CLDN-1)and E-cadherin were detected by RT-qPCR.The protein expression was detected by immunohistochemis-try.Results An efficient method for extracting ASCs was established.Compared with the blank group,mice in the model group showed obvious AD symptoms.Compared with the model group,ASC-exo administra-tion group significantly reduced the number of ear scratches,epidermal thickening,inflammatory cell infil-tration and the secretion of Th2 cytokines IL-5 and IL-13.Meanwhile,ASC-exo administration group signifi-cantly increased the expression of structural proteins CLDN-1 and occludin in epithelial cells and decreased the expression of TSLP and IL-33.Conclusions ASC-exo can significantly improve Th2 skin inflamma-tion in AD mice,and its mechanism may be through in-creasing the expression of tight junction proteins and adhesion link protein in epithelial cells,repairing the skin barrier,and inhibiting the key promoters of allergy TSLP and IL-33.

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of facilitated percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI)with half-dose recombinant staphylokinase(r-SAK)in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction(STEMI)who are expected to undergo PCI within 120 minutes.Methods From October 2021 to August 2022,a total of 200 STEMI patients in eight centers were included and randomly assigned in a 1﹕1 ratio to either r-SAK group or control group.Patients received loading doses of aspirin and ticagrelor and intravenous heparin and were randomized to receive an intravenous bolus of either 5 mg r-SAK or normal saline prior to PCI.The outcomes were set as ST-segment resolution(STR)at 60-90 minutes after PCI,the proportion and transition of pathological Q waves on the 5th day after PCI,and the proportion of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T(hs-cTnT)peaking within 12 hours of onset.The safety outcome was major bleeding events defined as Bleeding Academic Research Consortium(BARC)≥type 3 bleeding during hospitalization.Results Compared with the control group,the r-SAK group had a higher proportion of STR≥70%within 60-90 minutes after PCI(58.3%vs.40.3%,P=0.009);a lower proportion of pathological Q waves(59.1%vs.74.1%,P=0.040);a lower rate of Q wave progression(14.8%vs.43.2%,P＜0.001);a higher rate of Q wave disappearance(12.5%vs.3.7%,P=0.027);and a higher proportion of hs-cTnT peaking within 12 hours of symptom onset[31/40(77.5%)vs.17/33(51.5%),P=0.027].Regarding the safety outcome,no significant difference in BARC≥type 3 bleeding was found between the two groups during hospitalization(P＞0.05).Conclusions For STEMI patients who were expected to undergo primary PCI within 120 minutes of symptom onset,the facilitated PCI with half-dose r-SAK significantly increased the proportion of STR≥70%at 60-90 minutes after PCI,reduced the formation of pathological Q waves,and shortened the time to peak hs-cTnT,without increasing the risk of bleeding,which should be an alternative reperfusion strategy worthy of further study.

support the diagnosis.The treatment of PHCC is mainly based on surgery.Due to the characteristics of intact capsule,surgical resection is relatively easy and the cure rate is higher than that of ordinary hepatocellular carcinoma,and the postoperative survival rate is relatively ideal.For unresectable PHCC,palliative treatment based on transcatheter arterial chemoembolization can be used.This article reviews the progress on diagnosis and treatment of PHCC in order to provide reference for clinical practice.

Under the background of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, together with 15 national ministries and commissions, has formulated the Implementation Plan on Establishing a Carbon Footprint Management System, and it is urgent for traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) pharmaceutical enterprises to carry out research on carbon footprint accounting methods of related products. Based on the life cycle assessment(LCA) theory, taking mulberry leaf extract produced by a certain enterprise as an example, this study analyzed the carbon footprint of TCM extracts during the life cycle. The results show that for every 1 kg of product produced, the carbon emissions from the stages of raw material acquisition, transportation, and extract production are-20.569, 1.205, and 173.577 kgCO_2eq(CO_2 equivalent), respectively. The carbon footprint of the product is 154.213 kgCO_2eq·kg~(-1). In addition, the carbon emission is the highest in the production stage, in which the consumption of ethanol solvents makes the greatest contribution to the carbon footprint, accounting for 25.71%, more than one-fourth of the total carbon footprint. The second contribution was from the treatment process of TCM residues, accounting for 19.67%, closely followed by wastewater treatment(17.71%), the consumption of hot steam(17.43%), and drinking water(16.90%). The consumption of electric power and packaging materials has a smaller carbon emission of 2.58%. In particular, the carbon emission caused by the consumption of packaging materials is only 0.04%, which is negligible. The results of the study are expected to provide a reference for TCM enterprises to carry out research on the carbon footprint of products, offer ideas for collaborative innovation in reducing pollution and carbon emissions throughout the entire industry chain of TCM, and develop new quality productivity of modern TCM industry based on green and low-carbon manufacturing.
Morus/chemistry* ; Plant Leaves/chemistry* ; Carbon Footprint ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry* ; Plant Extracts/analysis* ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional

This study was aimed at comparing the effects of storage conditions on the Brucella survival number in brain heart infu-sion medium,to provide experimental data support for the selection of storage conditions for Brucella strains.We created bacterial sus-pensions of seven strains of Brucella melitensis,Brucella abortus,and Brucella suis(denoted A,B,C,D,E,F,G)by using 30%glycerol brain heart infusion medium,then conducted stability testing.For accelerated stability tests,the bacterial solution was placed in a 37℃chamber for 1,2,3,or 4 weeks continuously,and the Brucella survival number at each time point was measured.For freeze-thaw stability testing,the bacterial solutions were frozen at-80℃,transferred to room temperature for 4 hours,and melted in one freeze-thaw cycle,and the Brucella survival number was measured for 2,4,6,and 8 freeze-thaw times.For long-term stability testing,the bacterial solutions were stored at-80℃,and the Brucella survival number was measured at various time points during the first,third,sixth,and twelfth months of storage.A line graph was plotted to demonstrate the changes in Brucella survival number at each time point in the three stability tests.IBM SPSS Statistics 22 software was used to assess statistically significant differences in Brucella survival number at each time point and the initial Brucella survival number.Accelerated stability tests showed that the Bru-cella survival number of the seven strains significantly decreased,and a statistically significant difference in Brucella survival number was observed after 1 week.In freeze-thaw stability tests,with increasing freeze-thaw times,the Brucella survival number of the seven strains showed a decreasing trend.Strains C and F showed statistically significant differences with respect to the initial Brucella sur-vival number after two times of freeze-thaw;strains A and D showed statistically significant differences with respect to the initial Bru-cella survival number after four times of freeze-thaw;strain G showed statistically significant differences with respect to the initial Bru-cella survival number after six times of freeze-thaw;and strain E showed statistically significant differences with respect to the initial Brucella survival number after eight times of freeze-thaw.The data for strain B showed abnormalities.In long-term stability testing,the Brucella survival number for strains C and F after storage for 1 month showed a statistically significant difference with respect to the initial bacterial solution.No statistically significant difference in Brucella survival number was observed for strains B and E after stor-age for 1,3,6,or 12 months.The data for strains A,D,and G showed abnormalities.The sterile 30%glycerol brain heart infusion medium maintained the Brucella survival number in an-80℃environment,and freezing and thawing multiple times should be avoided.Compared with the traditional freeze-drying method,this method is not only easy to perform but also avoids potential bio-safety hazards,and provides a reliable Brucella culture preservation scheme for researchers in related fields.