Climate change is altering the Earth's water cycle system. The resulting three extreme weather events—heatwaves, droughts, and extreme precipitation—impacts urban and rural water security through multi-layered mechanisms. A primary structural disparity exists between urban and rural systems: while urban areas benefit from comprehensive and standardized pipe networks that ensure terminal water quality, rural areas often suffer from "last mile" vulnerability due to inadequate infrastructure and outdated purification facilities. Extreme weather can directly alter the microbial community structure, concentrations of chemical pollutants and physicochemical properties of source water. These alterations interfere with the efficiency of water treatment processes and ultimately compromise the integrity of distribution systems. Because distribution networks often lack real-time monitoring and adaptive response capabilities, they have emerged as the most vulnerable link in the "water source-water treatment-distribution system" chain. Based on a systematic analysis of these chain-wide impacts, this paper proposed a series of control strategies, including security frameworks based on multi-model coupling and water source protection measures, improvement of water treatment technologies, optimization of distribution systems, and development of new water quality monitoring methods. These strategies aim to enhance the climate adaptability of urban and rural drinking water systems through multi-dimensional intervention, providing a theoretical basis for constructing climate-resilient water infrastructure.

Objective:To explore the protective effect and mechanism of irisin on liver injury and mitochondrial dysfunction of hepatocytes in mice with acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP).Methods:24 mice were randomly divided into the control group, the ANP group, the irisin group and the cilengitide group, with 6 mice in each group. The ANP group was prepared by intraperitoneal injection of 20% L-arginine. The irisin group was injected with 250 μg/kg of irisin intraperitoneally on the basis of the induction of ANP. The cilengitide group was injected with the integrin receptor αVβ3/5 inhibitor cilengitide at 20 mg/kg on the basis of the treatment of the irisin group. The control group was injected with 0.9% normal saline instead of L-arginine. Routine liver histopathological examination and scoring were performed; immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the level of neutrophil infiltration in liver tissue; the ultrastructure changes of mitochondria were observed under transmission electron microscopy; biochemistry was used to detect the ATP content in liver tissue to reflect the changes in mitochondrial function; the total antioxidant capacity of liver tissue was detected by the ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) method; the DHE fluorescence probe labeling method was used to detect the accumulation degree of oxygen free radicals in liver tissue.Results:The livers of the control group showed no obvious abnormalities. However, the ANP group, the irisin group and the cilengitide group all had liver tissue damage and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the mice. Compared with the ANP group, the liver pathological score, the number of neutrophil infiltration, and the DHE fluorescence staining density in the irisin group were significantly lower [(3.40±0.72) vs (7.26±1.01) points, (14.67±2.51) vs (33.33±3.51) cells, (16.33±5.03) vs (50.33±10.69) cells], while the above indicators in the cilengitide group were all increased [(7.06±1.55) points, (40.33±5.03) cells, (51.00±12.8) cells]; the ATP content [(296.04±64.6), (54.77±18.05), (109.50±56.61), (40.29±11.68) μmol/gprot], and the antioxidant capacity [(0.19±0.01), (0.10±0.01), (0.17±0.02), (0.11±0.01) mmol/g] in the control group, ANP group, irisin group and cilengitide group changed accordingly. The above differences were statistically significant (all P value <0.05). Transmission electron microscopy observation revealed that the abnormal mitophagy of liver cells in the irisin group restored to normal, while the mitophagy abnormality in the cilengitide group was exacerbated. Conclusions:Irisin could improve the disordered mitochondrial function and oxidative stress in liver cells by acting on integrin receptors αVβ3/5, thereby alleviating liver damage and inflammatory responses in ANP mice.

Objective:To explore the protective effect and mechanism of irisin on liver injury and mitochondrial dysfunction of hepatocytes in mice with acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP).Methods:24 mice were randomly divided into the control group, the ANP group, the irisin group and the cilengitide group, with 6 mice in each group. The ANP group was prepared by intraperitoneal injection of 20% L-arginine. The irisin group was injected with 250 μg/kg of irisin intraperitoneally on the basis of the induction of ANP. The cilengitide group was injected with the integrin receptor αVβ3/5 inhibitor cilengitide at 20 mg/kg on the basis of the treatment of the irisin group. The control group was injected with 0.9% normal saline instead of L-arginine. Routine liver histopathological examination and scoring were performed; immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the level of neutrophil infiltration in liver tissue; the ultrastructure changes of mitochondria were observed under transmission electron microscopy; biochemistry was used to detect the ATP content in liver tissue to reflect the changes in mitochondrial function; the total antioxidant capacity of liver tissue was detected by the ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) method; the DHE fluorescence probe labeling method was used to detect the accumulation degree of oxygen free radicals in liver tissue.Results:The livers of the control group showed no obvious abnormalities. However, the ANP group, the irisin group and the cilengitide group all had liver tissue damage and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the mice. Compared with the ANP group, the liver pathological score, the number of neutrophil infiltration, and the DHE fluorescence staining density in the irisin group were significantly lower [(3.40±0.72) vs (7.26±1.01) points, (14.67±2.51) vs (33.33±3.51) cells, (16.33±5.03) vs (50.33±10.69) cells], while the above indicators in the cilengitide group were all increased [(7.06±1.55) points, (40.33±5.03) cells, (51.00±12.8) cells]; the ATP content [(296.04±64.6), (54.77±18.05), (109.50±56.61), (40.29±11.68) μmol/gprot], and the antioxidant capacity [(0.19±0.01), (0.10±0.01), (0.17±0.02), (0.11±0.01) mmol/g] in the control group, ANP group, irisin group and cilengitide group changed accordingly. The above differences were statistically significant (all P value <0.05). Transmission electron microscopy observation revealed that the abnormal mitophagy of liver cells in the irisin group restored to normal, while the mitophagy abnormality in the cilengitide group was exacerbated. Conclusions:Irisin could improve the disordered mitochondrial function and oxidative stress in liver cells by acting on integrin receptors αVβ3/5, thereby alleviating liver damage and inflammatory responses in ANP mice.

Objective To investigate the difference of facial soft tissue changes in patients with different vertical bone facial types after orthodontic treatment.Methods A total of 137 female patients with class Ⅱ malocclusion aged 18 to 30 years old were selected for retrospective analysis using facial soft tissue 3D model data.According to the mandibular plane angle(FH-MP)angle,they were divided into high angle group,average angle group and low angle group.The EinScan Pro 2X 2020 handheld high-precision 3D scanner was used to capture facial soft tissue images of patients before treatment(T0)and at 6 months during treatment(T1)and after treatment(T2).The patients'facial images were overlapped using reverse engineering software Geomagic Wrap 2021,and the differ-ences within and between groups were statistically analyzed using SPSS 26.0 statistical software.Results Before and after orthodontic treatment,the average overall facial changes in the high angle group were(-3.25±0.22)mm,in the average angle group was(-3.28±0.30)mm,and in the average low angle group was(-3.69±0.36)mm.Compared with the other two groups,the changes in the low angle group decreased more,and the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05).The mandibular angle area and temporal area decreased the most in the low angle group,which were(-2.78±0.18)mm and(-2.27±0.35)mm,respectively,and the differ-ence was statistically significant compared with the other two groups(P＜0.05),while there was no statistically significant difference among the other groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion The whole face and all facial regions of the three groups had some negative changes,but the collapse in the mandibular angle area and the temporal muscle ar-ea of the low angle group was more obvious than that of the other two groups.

Objective:To evaluate the accuracy of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) assessed from the renal dynamic imaging method (Gates method) with 99Tc m-diethylene triamine pentoacetic acid (DTPA) in the heart transplant population. Methods:From September 2017 to June 2018, 34 patients with advanced heart failure who were prepared for surgery (30 males, 4 females; age: (45±14) years; heart transplant group) and 41 patients with normal heart function (19 males, 22 females; age: (50±17) years; control group) in Fuwai Hospital were respectively enrolled. GFRs of all patients were measured using Gates method (gGFR) and dual plasma sample method (DPSM; dGFR) with 99Tc m-DTPA. The accuracy of Gates method for detecting GRF was verified by using DPSM as the reference. Seventeen patients in heart transplant group underwent 99Tc m-DTPA renal dynamic imaging for Gates and DPSM results repeatedly after the surgery. The single kidney (left and right) functions (dGFRL and dGFRR) of DPSM were obtained according to the results of Gates method. Pearson correlation analysis and paired t test were used to analyze the data. Results:The gGFR in heart transplant group was higher than dGFR ((66.49±15.66) vs (49.16±13.24) ml·min -1·1.73 m -2; t=6.728, P<0.01), and there was a moderate correlation between them ( r=0.467, P<0.01). No difference between gGFR and dGFR in control group was observed ((65.35±26.28) vs (62.22±21.37) ml·min -1·1.73 m -2; t=1.268, P=0.212), and there was a good correlation between them ( r=0.799, P<0.01). The difference between 2 correlation coefficients was statistically significant ( z=-2.44, P<0.05). Serum creatinine decreased, while dGFR, dGFRL and dGFRR increased after the surgery, suggesting the improved renal function. Conclusions:The renal dynamic imaging method (Gates method) with 99Tc m-DTPA has less accuracy in the heart transplant patients. Combination of DPSM and Gates method can provide the precise total GFR and assess single kidney GFR, and may serve as a tool to monitor the renal function for the heart transplant patients in clinic.

AIM: To explore the roles of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) in the blockage of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) against chemical hypoxia-mimetic agent (cobalt chloride, CoCl_2)-induced oxidative stress injuries in H9c2 cardiac cell. METHODS: H9c2 cells were treated with CoCl_2 to set up the chemical hypoxia-induced the model of cardiomyocyte injury. Sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS, a H2S donor) was added into medium for 30 min before CoCl_2 treatment. ATP content was detected by high performance liquid chromatogram (HPLC). Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was measured by rhodamine123 (Rh123) staining and photofluorography. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was observed using a SOD kit. The expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) was evaluated by Western blotting. RESULTS: CoCl_2 at concentration of 600 μmol/L significantly reduced SOD activity, ATP level and MMP, and enhanced the expression of HO-1 in H9c2 cells. Pretreatment with 400 μmol/L NaHS dramatically inhibited the cytotoxicity induced by CoCl_2, increased SOD activity, ATP level and MMP, decreased HO-1 expression. 17-allylamino-17 demethoxygeldanamycine(17AAG), an inhibitor of HSP90, obviously blocked the inhibitory effect of H2S on the CoCl_2-induced cytotoxicity, reduced the levels of ATP and MMP, increased HO-1 expression. However, no significantly influence on SOD activity was observed. CONCLUSION: HSP90 may mediate the cardioprotection of H2S via inhibiting the oxidative stress induced by chemical hypoxia.

OBJECTIVE:To optimize the extraction technology of Zishen yangyin granules.METHODS:The yield of the extractum and the content of the extraction using 80% alcohol as solvent were used as indexes to optimize the extraction technology of Zishen yangyin granules by orthogonal experiment with the times of extraction,the extraction time and the amount of water added as factors.RESULTS:The optimal extraction conditions were as follows:the extraction was carried out for 3 times by adding water at an amount of 9 times,6 times and 6 times,respectively that of solid substance with decoction time of 3 h,2 h and 1 h,respectively.CONCLUSION:The optimal extraction process was proved to be time-saving and energy-saving and suitable for large production.

OBJECTIVE: To establish a RP-HPLC method for the determination of the content of hesperidin in Yangweishu tablets.METHODS: The samples were separated on octadecyl silane bonded gel silica column(150 mm?4.6 mm,5 ?m) with the mobile phase consisted of methanol-7% acetic acid solution(32∶68) under a detection wavelength of 283nm.RESULTS: The linear range of hesperidin was 49.6～892.8 ng(r=0.999 9) with an average recovery rate of 99.02%(RSD=0.45%,n=9).CONCLUSION:The method is simple,accurate,reproducible and applicable for the quality control of Yangweishu tablets.

Objective To observe the effect of the different bore diameter membranes on technological parameters of Radix Polygoni Multiflori Granula and to optimize the process of membrane filtration.Methods Three different membranes were tested under different parameters of operation to observe the changes in membrane flux and the content of effective components by Radix Polygoni Multiflori Granula.Results The membrane(50 nm)had the great flux,the transfering rate of stilbene glucoside was the highest;The optimum conditions:the operation differential pressure was 0.8-1.2 MPa;The operation temperature was 50-60 ℃;the membrane surface flow rate was 3.0 m/s.When the volume of filtration solution was condensed to 1/10 of former,entering the same volume deionized water into it,and when the effective components transfering rate reached 80%,the filtration was finished.Using the strong acid and strong alkali to wash it in turn,the flux could revive above 90%.Conclusion It can be obtained a good result that adopts the technology of ceramic membranes microfiltration to refine Radix Polygoni Multiflori Granula.This can provide the foundation for the application of ceramic membrane microfiltration in the refinement of water extraction of other Chinese materia medica.

AIM:To observe the influence of the different bore diameter ceramic membranes on the processing parameters of Jinlida Granules(Radix et Rhizoma Salviae miltiorrhizae,Radix Sophorae flavescentis,Rhizoma Polygonati,etc.) and optimize the process of membrane filtration. METHODS: Three different membranes were tested to observe the changes in membrane flux and the content of effective components by Jinlida Granules extract. RESULTS: The 50 nm membrane had the great flux,the transfer rates of matrine and salvianolic acid were the highest;The optimum conditions: the operation differential pressure was 0.08～0.12MPa;the operation temperature was 50～60℃;the membrane surface flow rate was 3.0 m/s.When the volume of filtration solution was condensed to one tenth,adding the same volume aeionized water,and the effective components transfer rate reached 80%.Using the strong acid and strong alkali to wash it in turn,the flux can revivify above 90%. CONCLUSION: Applying the ceramic membrane to ultrafiltrate Jinlida Granule is good and useful to herb purification.