Autism spectrum disorder(ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, and social impairment was one of the core symptoms of ASD, which can seriously affects the social life of patients.The pathogenesis of social impairment in ASD is unclear and it may involves many brain abnormalities.The related theories and hypotheses are numerous and there is no unified conclusion. Studies have shown that the cerebellum has extensive connections with brain networks and is involved in the regulation of social cognition, but its role in ASD has not been fully emphasized.The structural and functional abnormalities of the cerebellar-cortex (CC) loop in ASD patients can lead to language communication disorders, empathy disorders, difficulties in interpreting social cues, abnormal social reward processing and emotional regulation disorders, which are closely related to ASD social impairment. Noninvasive brain stimulation of the superficial cerebellum can improve the abnormal CC circuit in ASD patients, and the cerebellum can be considered as a target for the treatment of social disorders in ASD in the future.Based on the clinical and basic researches on social impairment in ASD in recent years, this article reviews the relevant manifestations of disorders which cerebellar and CC circuit involved, aiming to promote the development of related research in the future.

Autism spectrum disorder(ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, and social impairment was one of the core symptoms of ASD, which can seriously affects the social life of patients.The pathogenesis of social impairment in ASD is unclear and it may involves many brain abnormalities.The related theories and hypotheses are numerous and there is no unified conclusion. Studies have shown that the cerebellum has extensive connections with brain networks and is involved in the regulation of social cognition, but its role in ASD has not been fully emphasized.The structural and functional abnormalities of the cerebellar-cortex (CC) loop in ASD patients can lead to language communication disorders, empathy disorders, difficulties in interpreting social cues, abnormal social reward processing and emotional regulation disorders, which are closely related to ASD social impairment. Noninvasive brain stimulation of the superficial cerebellum can improve the abnormal CC circuit in ASD patients, and the cerebellum can be considered as a target for the treatment of social disorders in ASD in the future.Based on the clinical and basic researches on social impairment in ASD in recent years, this article reviews the relevant manifestations of disorders which cerebellar and CC circuit involved, aiming to promote the development of related research in the future.

As the incidence of autism rises annually,its unknown pathogenesis makes it challenging to treat the varied repetitive and stereotyped behaviors that characterize its core symptoms.The striatum is an important brain region for the control of locomotor behaviors,featuring a unique mosaic structure,complex neural origin,and finely regulated developmental process that is highly susceptible to genetic and environmental influences.Both clinical and basic studies have indicated that abnormal development of the striatal nuclei may contribute to the pathogenesis of these repetitive stereotyped behaviors in autism.Clinical imaging data have primarily identified gross anatomical variations in the stratum(e.g.,its general outline),but lack the resolution necessary to detect the cellular and subcellular alterations within the region.By introducing the abnormalities in the spatiotemporal development of the striatum and their links to the characteristic behaviors of autism,this review aims to advance our understanding of the role of the striatum in autism pathogenesis and to inform future animal studies and clinical research.

As the incidence of autism rises annually,its unknown pathogenesis makes it challenging to treat the varied repetitive and stereotyped behaviors that characterize its core symptoms.The striatum is an important brain region for the control of locomotor behaviors,featuring a unique mosaic structure,complex neural origin,and finely regulated developmental process that is highly susceptible to genetic and environmental influences.Both clinical and basic studies have indicated that abnormal development of the striatal nuclei may contribute to the pathogenesis of these repetitive stereotyped behaviors in autism.Clinical imaging data have primarily identified gross anatomical variations in the stratum(e.g.,its general outline),but lack the resolution necessary to detect the cellular and subcellular alterations within the region.By introducing the abnormalities in the spatiotemporal development of the striatum and their links to the characteristic behaviors of autism,this review aims to advance our understanding of the role of the striatum in autism pathogenesis and to inform future animal studies and clinical research.

Objective To analyze the current state,research hotspots,and development trends of electroencephalography(EEG)applied in the field of autism spectrum disorder(ASD). Methods Relevant literature from the Web of Science core collection database from January,2014 to January,2024 were retrieved and analyzed using CiteSpace 6.2.R4. Results A total of 1 509 articles were included,with an increasing trend in publication volume over the years.The United States ranked highest in both publication volume and node centrality.The primary journals in this field were concentrated in clinical medicine,immunology and psychology.Keyword co-occurrence and clustering indicated that research primarily focused on the correlation between core symptoms of ASD and EEG indicators,differential diagnosis of ASD and its comorbidities,brain functional connectivity,and assessment of rehabilitation efficacy.Keywords bursted in the past three years mainly included artificial intelligence and machine learning. Conclusion The researches in EEG technology in the field of ASD is generally increasing.Future researches may focus on exploring the brain network mechanisms of ASD using EEG combined with multimodal neuroimaging,and machine learning technologies.

Restricted repetitive behaviors (RRBs) are the most characteristic behaviors of autism spectrum disorder. The clinical diagnosis and treatment of RRBs are extremely difficult resulting from its complex and variable etiology, highly heterogeneous clinical manifestations influenced by multiple factors (sleep quality, gastrointestinal health, age and gender), lack of precise diagnostic criteria and low effectiveness of current clinical interventions. This article mainly reviews the recent related studies on RRBs and discusses the challenges and progress in clinical diagnosis and treatment of RRBs so as to provide new ideas for future clinical diagnosis and treatment.

A 24-year female with abdominal pain and fever for 4 days was admitted. The blood culture showed Leuconostoc growth, and sputum culture showed positive Acinetobacterbaumannii. The diagnosis Leuconostoclactis bacteremia following small intestinal perforation was confirmed; surgical treatment was performed and the infection was controlled by piperacillin sodium and tazobactam combined with tegacycline. Wanfang database, CNKI, PubMed and Embase database up to September 2020 were searched with the keywords of " Leuconostoc lactis" "infection" "bacteraemia" for relevant literature. A total of 32 cases were reported in the literature, of whom 13 (39.4%) were infants, 17 (51.5%) had catheter-related bloodstream infection, and one healthy adult male had bacteremia through gastrointestinal perforation. In 20 patients treated with penicillins-based antibiotics, 18 were cured with an effective rate of 90.0%. The results suggest that Leuconostoc infection is likely to occur in the infants, but adults can still get community-acquired Leuconostoc infection. Most β-lactams are susceptible to Leuconostoc, but some exhibit resistance, so it is recommended to select antimicrobial agents based on drug susceptibility.

OBJECTIVE：To systematicall y review the pharmacoeconomics of anticoagulants for the prevention and therapy of venous thromboembolism （VTE）in cancer patients. METHODS ：Retrieved from PubMed ，Embase，Cochrane library ，CNKI， Wanfang database ，VIP，SinoMed，The NHS Economic Evaluation Database ，The Healthy Technology Assessment Database and EconLit，supplemented by manual retrieval ，the economic evaluation studies on the prevention and therapy of VTE in cancer patients with different anticoagulants were collected. The retrieval time was from the inception to Nov. 12th，2020. After screening and extracting ，the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards （CHEERS）was used to evaluate the quality of the included literatures. The basic characteristics of the included literatures were summarized by descriptive methods ，and the economic results were summarized according to medication purpose and different intervention grouping. RESULTS ：A total of 15 literatures were included. Three literatures were of excellent quality ；ten were of good quality ；and the other two were of moderate quality. Included studies were widely conducted in countries of different economic levels ，including China （1 piece），the United States（7 pieces），Canada（3 pieces），France（2 pieces），the Netherlands （1 piece），Brazil（1 piece）and Austria （1 piece）. For preventing VTE in cancer patients ，the economic evaluation results of warfarin and low-molecular-weight heparin （LMWH）needed to be updated. Novel oral anticoagulants （NOACs）for the prevention of VTE were less cost-effective among cancer patients with medium- and high-risk venous thrombosis in China than in the United States ，but the economic advantage increased among the high-risk patients. Compared to enoxaparin ，aspirin was absolutely dominant to preventing VTE in patients with myeloma. For the treatment of VTE in cancer patients ，LMWH was not cost-effective ，compared to warfarin in the United States ；but it was cost-effective in Canada and some countries of Northern Europe. Compared with LMWH ，NOACs could save total cost ，but the incremental utility in the United States and Brazil were opposite. Sensitivity analysis showed that economic results were sensitive to drug prices ，the baseline rate of thrombosis risk ，and the risk of adverse events （thrombosis recurrence ，major bleeding and death ） of different interventions ，the first two of which could reverse the conclusions. CONCLUSIONS ：For the prevention of VTE in cancer patients ，compared with no intervention or placebo ，the economic advantages of NOACs were different in different countries or for patients with different thrombosis risk ；the economics of warfarin and LMWH were not yet clear. Aspirin had obvious economic advantages compared with enoxaparin. For the treatment of VTE in cancer patients ，LMWH had different economic advantages compared with warfarin in different countries ；NOACs could save costs compared with LMWH. Economic strategies are greatly affected by the risk of diseases ，medical systems ，drug price ，patient preferences and values ，economic levels ，cost-utility threshold standards in different countries. Therefore ，the final economic strategies need to be based on the contexts of different countries.

Objective:To explore the correlation between risk factors of microvascular dysfunction and cognitive impairment in Late-life depression (LLD).Methods:From May 2014 to May 2019, a total of 89 healthy elderly people (normal control group) and 113 patients with LLD (LLD group) were recruited. Patients with LLD were divided into normal cognition group ( n=33) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) group ( n=80). The related medical history of microvascular dysfunction (e.g. hypertension, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease and hyperlipidemia), plasma concentration of homocysteine and C-reactive protein, and MRI features of cerebral small vessel disease (e.g. white matter hyperintensities, enlarged perivascular space and lacunar infarction) were collected or detected. All participants completed the comprehensive neuropsychological assessment on global cognition and other cognitive domains. The differences of microvascular function and cognition among the groups were compared. The correlation between microvascular dysfunction related biomarkers and the cognitive scores was further analyzed. Finally, Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the risk factors affecting cognitive impairment in patients with LLD. Results:The proportion of hypertension and the concentration of homocysteine in LLD with MCI group were significantly higher than those in normal control group and LLD with normal cognition group (χ 2=15.67, P<0.01; F=7.05, P=0.001). Enlarged perivascular space in centrum semiovale in LLD with MCI group was more severe than that in normal control group (χ 2=10.64, P=0.005). Both homocysteine ( r=-0.25, P=0.024) and white matter hyperintensities ( r=-0.33, P=0.017) were negatively correlated with executive function in LLD with MCI group. Hypertension (β=2.34, P=0.005), high levels of homocysteine (β=1.74, P=0.039) and increased EPVS in the semi-oval area (β=1.31, P=0.028) were the independent risk factors for cognitive impairment in patients with LLD. Conclusion:The cognitive impairment of LLD patients may be related to microvascular dysfunction.

Objective:To explore the correlation between risk factors of microvascular dysfunction and cognitive impairment in Late-life depression (LLD).Methods:From May 2014 to May 2019, a total of 89 healthy elderly people (normal control group) and 113 patients with LLD (LLD group) were recruited. Patients with LLD were divided into normal cognition group ( n=33) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) group ( n=80). The related medical history of microvascular dysfunction (e.g. hypertension, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease and hyperlipidemia), plasma concentration of homocysteine and C-reactive protein, and MRI features of cerebral small vessel disease (e.g. white matter hyperintensities, enlarged perivascular space and lacunar infarction) were collected or detected. All participants completed the comprehensive neuropsychological assessment on global cognition and other cognitive domains. The differences of microvascular function and cognition among the groups were compared. The correlation between microvascular dysfunction related biomarkers and the cognitive scores was further analyzed. Finally, Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the risk factors affecting cognitive impairment in patients with LLD. Results:The proportion of hypertension and the concentration of homocysteine in LLD with MCI group were significantly higher than those in normal control group and LLD with normal cognition group (χ 2=15.67, P<0.01; F=7.05, P=0.001). Enlarged perivascular space in centrum semiovale in LLD with MCI group was more severe than that in normal control group (χ 2=10.64, P=0.005). Both homocysteine ( r=-0.25, P=0.024) and white matter hyperintensities ( r=-0.33, P=0.017) were negatively correlated with executive function in LLD with MCI group. Hypertension (β=2.34, P=0.005), high levels of homocysteine (β=1.74, P=0.039) and increased EPVS in the semi-oval area (β=1.31, P=0.028) were the independent risk factors for cognitive impairment in patients with LLD. Conclusion:The cognitive impairment of LLD patients may be related to microvascular dysfunction.