OBJECTIVES: To investigate the therapeutic efficacy and mechanism of pentosan polysulfate (PPS) for cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) in mice. METHODS: Female C57BL/6 mice (6-8 weeks old) were randomized into control group, PPS treatment (25 mg/kg via gavage for 3 weeks) group, CYP treatment (3 separate intraperitoneal injections at 50 mg/kg in week 4), and CYP+PPS treatment group. Gut microbiota alterations of the mice were analyzed using 16S rDNA sequencing and non-targeted metabolomics. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was performed in CYP-treated recipient mice and those treated with both CYP and PPS. In the in vitro experiment, LPS-stimulated human bladder epithelial cells (SV-HUC-1) were used to assess the effects of deoxycholic acid (DCA) and TGR5 signaling inhibitor SBI-115 on barrier functions of bladder epithelial cells. RESULTS: PPS treatment significantly improved the mechanical pain thresholds, restored the urodynamic parameters, and attenuated bladder inflammation and barrier dysfunction in CYP-treated mice. Mechanistically, PPS enriched the abundance of Eubacterium xylanophilum and increased DCA levels in the intestines of CYP-treated mice. FMT experiments confirmed microbiota-dependent therapeutic effects of PPS, shown by reduced bladder pathology in the recipient mice treated with both CYP and PPS. In SV-HUC-1 cells, DCA obviously alleviated LPS-induced inflammation and barrier disruption, and treatment with SBI-115 abolished these protective effects of DCA. CONCLUSIONS PPS ameliorates IC/BPS in mice by remodeling gut microbiota to enhance DCA production and activate TGR5 signaling, suggesting a novel microbiota-bile acid-TGR5 axis that mediates the therapeutic effect of PPS and a therapeutic strategy for IC/BPS by targeting gut-bladder crosstalk.
Animals ; Cystitis, Interstitial/drug therapy* ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects* ; Pentosan Sulfuric Polyester/therapeutic use* ; Cyclophosphamide/adverse effects* ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Female ; Mice ; Bile Acids and Salts/metabolism* ; Urinary Bladder ; Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ; Humans

The microbiome plays a role in the development of lower urinary tract diseases, but the impact of viruses on these conditions remains unclear. In recent years, research has emerged demonstrating a potential link between viruses and lower urinary tract diseases, including bladder cancer, prostate cancer, and overactive bladder. In this paper, the research of the correlation between viruses and lower urinary tract diseases and the related mechanisms were reviewed.

Objective To translate English version of sensory-motor profile awake ( SMP-a) into Chinese version (the Chinese Version of SMP-a),and analyze the reliability and validity of the scale before and after craniotomy under awakening anesthesia. Methods Eighty-one patients whose tumors were located near or already in sensory-motor functional area were included in this study. Before and after awake cranioto-my,the Chinese version of SMP-a was used to accurately assess the sensory-motor function of each patient. Finally, the reliability and validity of the scale were analyzed by SPSS statistical software. Results Cronbach's α coefficient in the Chinese version of SMP-a was 0. 971,and Cronbach's α coefficient in the four subscales of face,hand,leg and sensation was 0. 965,0. 989,0. 981 and 0. 970,respectively. The test-retest reliability of the Chinese version of sensorimotor assessment scale was 0. 910,0. 904,0. 884,0. 898 and 0. 695 (total,face,hands,legs and sensory score respectively). The raters' consistency reliability was above 0. 949,0. 960,0. 934,0. 887 and 0. 660,respectively. The Pearson correlation coefficients of sensorimotor function score with SF-36 physiological function factors and KPS score were 0. 868 and 0. 790,respectively. Conclusion Before or after operation,the Chinese version of SMP-a has preferable reliability,internal con-sistency reliability and structural validity. It is feasible in awakening anesthesia craniotomy,and the degree of damage can be determined by repeated measurement of the sensorimotor sites that may be impaired by the patient.