Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a central neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive decline and memory impairment in clinical. Currently, there are no effective treatments for AD. In recent years, a variety of therapeutic approaches from different perspectives have been explored to treat AD. Although the drug therapies targeted at the clearance of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) had made a breakthrough in clinical trials, there were associated with adverse events. Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the onset and progression of AD. Continuous neuroinflammatory was considered to be the third major pathological feature of AD, which could promote the formation of extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. At the same time, these toxic substances could accelerate the development of neuroinflammation, form a vicious cycle, and exacerbate disease progression. Reducing neuroinflammation could break the feedback loop pattern between neuroinflammation, Aβ plaque deposition and Tau tangles, which might be an effective therapeutic strategy for treating AD. Traditional Chinese herbs such as Polygonum multiflorum and Curcuma were utilized in the treatment of AD due to their ability to mitigate neuroinflammation. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen and indomethacin had been shown to reduce the level of inflammasomes in the body, and taking these drugs was associated with a low incidence of AD. Biosynthetic nanomaterials loaded with oxytocin were demonstrated to have the capability to anti-inflammatory and penetrate the blood-brain barrier effectively, and they played an anti-inflammatory role via sustained-releasing oxytocin in the brain. Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells could reduce neuroinflammation and inhibit the activation of microglia. The secretion of mesenchymal stem cells could not only improve neuroinflammation, but also exert a multi-target comprehensive therapeutic effect, making it potentially more suitable for the treatment of AD. Enhancing the level of TREM2 in microglial cells using gene editing technologies, or application of TREM2 antibodies such as Ab-T1, hT2AB could improve microglial cell function and reduce the level of neuroinflammation, which might be a potential treatment for AD. Probiotic therapy, fecal flora transplantation, antibiotic therapy, and dietary intervention could reshape the composition of the gut microbiota and alleviate neuroinflammation through the gut-brain axis. However, the drugs of sodium oligomannose remain controversial. Both exercise intervention and electromagnetic intervention had the potential to attenuate neuroinflammation, thereby delaying AD process. This article focuses on the role of drug therapy, gene therapy, stem cell therapy, gut microbiota therapy, exercise intervention, and brain stimulation in improving neuroinflammation in recent years, aiming to provide a novel insight for the treatment of AD by intervening neuroinflammation in the future.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and infection sources of cholera in China from 2005 to 2024.Methods:A total of 2 066 cholera cases were included in the study, which were obtained from the China Disease Control and Prevention Information System (CDPCIS) of China CDC. The information on cholera clusters was downloaded from the National Public Health Emergency Event Surveillance System (PHEESS) of China CDC. A total of 128 cholera clusters were included and analyzed in this study. The epidemiological characteristics and infection sources of cholera were analyzed. The Jointpoint model was applied to analyze the incidence trend, and annual percentage change (APC) was also quantified.Results:From 2005 to 2024, a total of 2 066 cholera cases were reported, with an average of 103 cases reported annually. Specifically, the incidence showed a marked downward trend from 2004 to 2015 ( APC=-26.78%, P=0.006). During 2015-2024, the disease remained at low endemic levels, with an average of 18 reported cases annually ( APC=-2.68%, P=0.807). Cholera peak season was from May to October. A total of 24 provinces reported cholera cases, which were mainly distributed in Zhejiang, Fujian, Beijing, Jiangsu, Anhui, Guangdong, and Hainan provinces, accounting for 78.03% of the total cases. Pathogen surveillance indicated an alternating prevalence of Vibrio cholerae serogroups O1 and O139 among laboratory-confirmed cases between 2005 and 2024. There was a disparity in the dominant serogroup of Vibrio cholerae by region. The results from 128 cholera clusters indicated that cholera outbreaks frequently occurred in rural banquets (64.84%), followed by regular restaurants (13.28%). Among these, 63 clusters (49.22%) with identified infection sources indicated that foodborne transmission (95.24%) was the primary mode of cholera transmission, which mainly through seafood and aquatic products, such as soft-shelled turtles, shrimp and shellfish. The characteristics of cholera clusters caused by Vibrio cholerae serogroups O1 and O139 showed statistically significant differences in scale, attack rate, place of residence, setting, and infection source ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Cholera incidence has remained consistently low since 2015 in China, mainly in sporadic cases. Rural gatherings (e.g., wedding banquets) are the main settings for cholera clusters. The main infection sources are predominantly caused by cross-contamination due to improper processing practices of aquatic products, such as soft-shelled turtles.

Objective:To study the clinical effect of omalizumab for asthmatic children,and to analyze its effect on immune re-sponse,inflammatory transmitters and airway remodeling.Methods:Eighty-two children with bronchial asthma in Nanyang Second People's Hospital from May 2018 to May 2022 were selected,and classified into Control group(n=36)and experimental group(n=46)according to the admission time.Control group received budesonide and formoterol fumarate powder for inhalation,based on this,experimental group received subcutaneous injections of omalizumab therapy.Palmaer method was applied to assess the clinical out-come of children.Forced vital capacity(FVC),forced expiratory volume in the first second(FEV1)and FEV1/FVC were measured using a spirometer.The percentage of Th1,Th2 and Treg cells were detected by flow cytometry.Levels of IL-4,IL-5,IFN-γ,TGF-β1,IL-10 and IL-35 were detected by ELISA.The lumen area(LA),wall area(WA)and percentage(WA%),and wall thickness(WT)of RB1(apical segment of the right upper lobe),RB10(posterobasal segment of the right lower lobe),LB1+2(apicoposterior seg-ment of the left upper lobe)and LB10(posterobasal segment of the left lower lobe)were obtained via CT scan,meantime,the quanti-tative assessment of the percentage of voxels below-950 hounsfield unit(HU)in inspiratory(IN-950),the volume at the end of deep inspiration(Vin)and the mean lung density(MLD)were also performed.Then comparison was conducted between two groups.Results:The clinical efficacy rate was 93.48%in experimental group,which was higher than 75.00%in control group,with statistical difference(P<0.05).No statistical difference was found in the lung function,immune response,inflammatory transmitters and airway remodeling between two groups before intervention(all P>0.05).After treatment,an increase in the lung function parameters FVC and FEV1,the immune response parameters Th1 cell ratio and Th1/Th2 levels,the expression level of the inflammatory transmitter IFN-γ,IL-10,IL-35,and the airway remodeling parameters LA normalized to body surface area(LA/BSA),WA/BSA and WT/√BSA,along with a decrease in Th2 and Treg cell percentage,IL-4,IL-5 and TGF-β1 expression and IN-950 were observed in experi-mental group compared with control group,with statistical difference(all P<0.05),while FEV1/FVC,WA%,Vin and MLDin no statis-tical difference between two groups(P>0.05).Conclusion:Omalizumab improves the clinical outcome of children with asthma by up-regulating the level of immune response,attenuating body inflammatory response and reducing airway remodeling caused by inflamma-tory stimuli,thus promoting the recovery of bronchial lumen of the children.

Objective To explore the advantages of high-frequency ultrasound-guided"cross-shaped"positioning method in accurate positioning and surgical effect in open reduction and internal fixation of rib fractures.Methods Retrospective analysis of 97 cases of multiple rib fractures treated surgically in our department from october 2019 to october 2024.Patients were divided into three groups based on different localization methods.The control group designed the surgical incision according to the results of chest three-dimensional reconstruction,the ultrasound group determined the incision based on the control group combined with high-frequency ultrasound,and Based on the method used in the ultrasound group,the"cross-localization"technique was combined to determine the incision in the cross-shaped group.The comparison of surgical-related data included fracture positioning accuracy,incision length of per singer rib,postoperative drainage volume,duration of drainage tube retention,postoperative pain score,operative time,intraoperative blood loss,length of hospital stay and incision infection rate.Additionally,commonly used inflammatory markers(white blood cell count,neutrophil percentage,CRP,IL-6,NF-κB)and pain-related biomarkers(PGE2,5-HT)were also included in the comparative analysis.Results In the control group,ultrasound group,and crossover group,aside from wound infections,the respective accuracies of fracture localization were 68.97％vs 87.50％vs 97.22％,the length of single rib incision was(3.50±1.23)cm vs(2.70±0.62)cm vs(2.45±0.58)cm,the volume of drainage on the day of surgery was(170.55±27.85)ml vs(150.69±24.67)ml vs(120.34±18.45)ml,the duration of drainage tube retention was(4.17±1.12)days vs(3.67±0.95)days vs(3.12±0.65)days,the postoperative pain scores were(6.86±2.15)vs(5.54±1.15)vs(4.89±1.53),the operation times were(75.84±15.62)minutes vs(67.74±11.85)minutes vs(57.35±9.36)minutes,the intraoperative blood loss was(85.78±11.78)ml vs(72.65±8.92)ml vs(62.23±9.63)ml,and the length of hospital stay was(8.42±1.47)days vs(7.12±1.14)days vs(6.56±1.32)days.The crossover group showed superior results in all metrics compared to the other two groups,with statistically significant differences(P＜0.05).The inflammatory and pain stress indicators for the control,ultrasound,and crossover groups were as follows:white blood cell counts[(16.39±4.15)× 109/Lvs(13.25±2.45)× 109/L vs(12.02±2.77)× 109/L],neutrophil percentages[(80.14±12.21)vs(72.36±10.34)vs(65.73±8.83)],CRP[(31.86±6.87)mg/L vs(27.72±5.65)mg/L vs(24.69±4.11)mg/L],IL-6[(46.35±11.42)pg/L vs(41.42±8.75)pg/L vs(35.53±9.51)pg/L],NF-B[(22.55±4.98)pg/L vs(17.34±3.62)pg/L vs(15.91±3.84)pg/L],PGE2[(240.37±21.65)ng/L vs(209.45±23.24)ng/L vs(180.21±18.72)ng/L],and 5-HT[(290.62±34.37)ng/L vs(270.85±26.98)ng/L vs(210.62±19.64)ng/L].The crossover group demonstrated statistically significant differences compared to both the control and ultrasound groups(P＜0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in incision infection among the three groups(P＞0.05).Conclusion The ultrasound-guided"cross"positioning method for rib fracture open reduction and internal fixation can more accurately locate the incision,shorten the incision length and hospitalization time,reduce postoperative inflammatory response and patient pain,and facilitate rapid recovery after surgery.

Objective:To investigate the protective effects of resveratrol (RSV) on human sperm cryopreservation and explore its underlying protective mechanisms.Methods:A total of 165 normal fresh semen samples were collected from the Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Human Sperm Bank of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University between December 2022 and December 2024. Among them, 65 samples were used to obtain semen parameters before and after conventional freezing. Each sample of the other 104 samples was mixed at a 2∶1 volume ratio with cryoprotectant containing 0, 10 -?, 10 -?, or 10 -? mol/L RSV, followed by cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen for 24 h. Post-thaw assessments included routine sperm parameters, sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI) evaluated by sperm chromatin dispersion assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels measured via flow cytometry, RSV and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) interactions examined by molecular docking and cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), NRF2 protein contents analyzed by immunofluorescence and Western blotting, mRNA levels of NRF2 and downstream antioxidant proteins Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) quantified by qRT-PCR and effects of NRF2 inhibitor ML385 on sperm parameters. Results:Compared with fresh samples, conventional cryopreservation significantly reduced sperm motility (all P<0.001). The addition of 10 -? mol/L RSV significantly improved the percentage of forward motile sperm after freezing (26.98%±8.98% vs. 19.61%±8.03%, P<0.001) while reducing DFI (9.84%±3.81% vs. 15.06%±4.22%, P<0.001) and ROS levels ( P<0.001) compared with the post-freezing group without the addition of RSV. Both molecular docking analysis and CETSA confirmed that RSV interacted with NRF2. Notably, sperm cryopreserved with 10 -? mol/L RSV exhibited significantly higher contents of NRF2 and its downstream effectors HO-1 and NQO1 compared with the post-freezing group without the addition of RSV (all P<0.001). This protective effect was markedly attenuated by co-treatment with the NRF2 inhibitor ML385, as evidenced by a significant decline in sperm motility ( P<0.001). Conclusion:RSV exerts cryoprotective effects likely through NRF2-mediated antioxidant pathways, reducing oxidative stress and enhancing post-thaw sperm quality.

This research aims to construct a stable epithelial cell senescence model for screening and e-valuation of senolytics.We explored the optimal conditions for doxorubicin-induced senescence of non-transformed epithelial cells MCF 10A,including the optimal induction concentration,the optimal inter-vention time,and the optimal senescence duration,and confirmed the feasibility of MCF 10A as an epi-thelial senescence model by multiple ways.The optimal condition for Doxorubicin-induced senescence of MCF 10A cells was treatment with 0.6 μmol/L Doxorubicin for 16 h to achieve the best senescence state on the 8th day.Under the optimal induction conditions,the positive rate of senescence-associated β-gal-actosidase(SA-β-gal)staining in the treated group reached 97％.At the same time,biochemical results of detecting the expression of mRNA,proteins,and immunofluorescence demonstrated that the expression levels of senescence-associated secretory phenotype(SASP),p16,p21 and p53 in the treated group were significantly higher than those in the control cells,and Lamin B1 was significantly decreased(P＜0.001),which were consistent with the specific characteristics of senescence.In summary,an epithelial senescence model was successfully induced in MCF 10A cells by Doxorubicin in this study,which will promote the screening of senolytics for senescent epithelial cells.

Objective:To evaluate the association between heatwaves and fall-related mortality.Methods:A total of 61 421 fall-related mortality from 2013 to 2022 in 7 provinces of China were included in a time-stratified case-crossover design, with daily meteorological data derived from the fifth generation European Reanalysis dataset produced by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. Conditional logistic regression chimeric distributed lag nonlinear model was used to analyze the association between heatwaves and fall-related mortality and stratified analysis was conducted according to gender and age.Results:Heatwaves were associated with an increased risk of fall-related morality. The risk of fall-related mortality during heatwaves was higher than during non-heatwave periods ( OR=1.11, 95% CI: 1.05-1.18). The attributable fraction of fall-related motality due to heatwaves was 10.25% (95% CI: 4.49%-15.36%). For each 1 ℃ increase above the heatwave threshold, the risk of fall-related mortality increased by 34% ( OR=1.34, 95% CI: 1.02-1.76). The effect of heatwave duration on fall-related mortality was not statistically significant. Stratified analyses indicated that women experienced a higher risk of fall-related mortality during heatwaves ( OR=1.13, 95% CI: 1.04-1.22) compared to man ( OR=1.10, 95% CI: 1.04-1.17). Conclusions:Heatwave increases the risk of fall-related mortality, and the intensity of heatwaves modify this risk. Women are vulnerable populations.

Objective:The objective of this study was to understand the incidence, spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and trends of bacillary dysentery in China from 2005 to 2024 in order to identify the high-risk groups and reveal the potential risk factors and to provide a scientific basis for optimizing the allocation of preventive and control resources, formulating targeted intervention strategies and assessing the effectiveness of the measures.Methods:The nationally reported incidence data of bacillary dysentery was collected from 2005 to 2024 in the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention National Notifiable Diseases Reporting Information System. Descriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the population characteristics of bacillary dysentery cases. A Joinpoint regression model was constructed to examine long-term trends in reported incidence rates and spatial dynamic window scanning statistics were applied to detect spatial clusters of bacillary dysentery cases.Results:Between 2005 and 2024, 3 520 247 cases of bacillary dysentery were reported across China, with an average incidence rate of 12.88 per 100 000 people, after which the rate of decline decreased. The incidence rate showed a general downward trend, featuring a significant inflection point in 2016. It exhibited marked seasonality, peaking from May to October (summer-autumn), which weakened over time. From 2005 to 2024, the most likely clusters were in Beijing and Tianjin. Males, infants, the elderly, farmers, and children not in daycare showed many cases.Conclusions:The results revealed that the peak incidence of bacillary dysentery in China from 2005 to 2024 was featured in the summer-autumn months. High-incidence areas were mainly Beijing and Tianjin. The key groups, including males, infants, the elderly, farmers and children not in daycare, were identified. Enhancing surveillance, targeted health education, and preventive measures, especially in these key populations and in regions where the disease shows a high incidence should be strengthened.

Objective:To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and infection sources of cholera in China from 2005 to 2024.Methods:A total of 2 066 cholera cases were included in the study, which were obtained from the China Disease Control and Prevention Information System (CDPCIS) of China CDC. The information on cholera clusters was downloaded from the National Public Health Emergency Event Surveillance System (PHEESS) of China CDC. A total of 128 cholera clusters were included and analyzed in this study. The epidemiological characteristics and infection sources of cholera were analyzed. The Jointpoint model was applied to analyze the incidence trend, and annual percentage change (APC) was also quantified.Results:From 2005 to 2024, a total of 2 066 cholera cases were reported, with an average of 103 cases reported annually. Specifically, the incidence showed a marked downward trend from 2004 to 2015 ( APC=-26.78%, P=0.006). During 2015-2024, the disease remained at low endemic levels, with an average of 18 reported cases annually ( APC=-2.68%, P=0.807). Cholera peak season was from May to October. A total of 24 provinces reported cholera cases, which were mainly distributed in Zhejiang, Fujian, Beijing, Jiangsu, Anhui, Guangdong, and Hainan provinces, accounting for 78.03% of the total cases. Pathogen surveillance indicated an alternating prevalence of Vibrio cholerae serogroups O1 and O139 among laboratory-confirmed cases between 2005 and 2024. There was a disparity in the dominant serogroup of Vibrio cholerae by region. The results from 128 cholera clusters indicated that cholera outbreaks frequently occurred in rural banquets (64.84%), followed by regular restaurants (13.28%). Among these, 63 clusters (49.22%) with identified infection sources indicated that foodborne transmission (95.24%) was the primary mode of cholera transmission, which mainly through seafood and aquatic products, such as soft-shelled turtles, shrimp and shellfish. The characteristics of cholera clusters caused by Vibrio cholerae serogroups O1 and O139 showed statistically significant differences in scale, attack rate, place of residence, setting, and infection source ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Cholera incidence has remained consistently low since 2015 in China, mainly in sporadic cases. Rural gatherings (e.g., wedding banquets) are the main settings for cholera clusters. The main infection sources are predominantly caused by cross-contamination due to improper processing practices of aquatic products, such as soft-shelled turtles.

Objective:To investigate the protective effects of resveratrol (RSV) on human sperm cryopreservation and explore its underlying protective mechanisms.Methods:A total of 165 normal fresh semen samples were collected from the Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Human Sperm Bank of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University between December 2022 and December 2024. Among them, 65 samples were used to obtain semen parameters before and after conventional freezing. Each sample of the other 104 samples was mixed at a 2∶1 volume ratio with cryoprotectant containing 0, 10 -?, 10 -?, or 10 -? mol/L RSV, followed by cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen for 24 h. Post-thaw assessments included routine sperm parameters, sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI) evaluated by sperm chromatin dispersion assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels measured via flow cytometry, RSV and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) interactions examined by molecular docking and cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA), NRF2 protein contents analyzed by immunofluorescence and Western blotting, mRNA levels of NRF2 and downstream antioxidant proteins Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) quantified by qRT-PCR and effects of NRF2 inhibitor ML385 on sperm parameters. Results:Compared with fresh samples, conventional cryopreservation significantly reduced sperm motility (all P<0.001). The addition of 10 -? mol/L RSV significantly improved the percentage of forward motile sperm after freezing (26.98%±8.98% vs. 19.61%±8.03%, P<0.001) while reducing DFI (9.84%±3.81% vs. 15.06%±4.22%, P<0.001) and ROS levels ( P<0.001) compared with the post-freezing group without the addition of RSV. Both molecular docking analysis and CETSA confirmed that RSV interacted with NRF2. Notably, sperm cryopreserved with 10 -? mol/L RSV exhibited significantly higher contents of NRF2 and its downstream effectors HO-1 and NQO1 compared with the post-freezing group without the addition of RSV (all P<0.001). This protective effect was markedly attenuated by co-treatment with the NRF2 inhibitor ML385, as evidenced by a significant decline in sperm motility ( P<0.001). Conclusion:RSV exerts cryoprotective effects likely through NRF2-mediated antioxidant pathways, reducing oxidative stress and enhancing post-thaw sperm quality.