As a critical component of global agriculture,the dairy industry is essential for the food security and economic development.In China,the dairy sector in plateau regions plays an important role in addressing the nutritional needs of residents,boosting farmers' incomes,and fostering re-gional economic growth.However,the harsh high-altitude conditions,such as low oxygen,low at-mospheric pressure,and severe climate,pose significant challenges to the health and survival of dairy cows.This article summarizes the changes in physiological characteristics,metabolic perform-ance,production performance,and health status of dairy under high altitude areas,providing in-sights for the identification of adaptive traits in dairy to plateau.Also,the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms behind these phenotypic adaptations are discussed,and future directions and strategies for enhancing adaptability of dairy of dairy n plateau regions are outlined,thereby guiding re-searchers in adaptation evolution and breeding of dairy cattle.

As a critical component of global agriculture,the dairy industry is essential for the food security and economic development.In China,the dairy sector in plateau regions plays an important role in addressing the nutritional needs of residents,boosting farmers' incomes,and fostering re-gional economic growth.However,the harsh high-altitude conditions,such as low oxygen,low at-mospheric pressure,and severe climate,pose significant challenges to the health and survival of dairy cows.This article summarizes the changes in physiological characteristics,metabolic perform-ance,production performance,and health status of dairy under high altitude areas,providing in-sights for the identification of adaptive traits in dairy to plateau.Also,the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms behind these phenotypic adaptations are discussed,and future directions and strategies for enhancing adaptability of dairy of dairy n plateau regions are outlined,thereby guiding re-searchers in adaptation evolution and breeding of dairy cattle.

Objective:To investigate the value of atropine administration before tracheal intubation under general anesthesia in the elderly patients undergoing endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration(EBUS-TBNA)biopsy.Methods:This was a case-control study.A total of 87 elderly hospitalized patients receiving chest enhanced CT test suggesting the risk of lung cancer with enlargement of mediastinal lymph nodes in 7 regions were scheduled to undergo endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration(EBUS-TBNA)biopsy under general anesthesia.The patients were randomly divided into two groups by flipping a coin: the atropine group(n=40)and the control group(n=47). The indicators for evaluating the application values of atropine included preoperative, intra-operative and postoperative systolic blood pressure(SBP), diastolic blood pressure(DBP), heart rate, oropharyngeal and airway secretion volume, oxygen saturation, operation time, positive diagnosis rate and postoperative adverse reactions.Results:SBP and DBP were lower in the atropine group than in the control group before endotracheal intubation(131.7±15.3 mmHg vs.140.7±13.7 mmHg, 79.1±7.6 mmHg vs.85.6±7.4 mmHg, t=2.885 and 4.061, P<0.05). There was no significant difference in SBP and DBP 10 min after endoscopic operation and 10 min after tracheal extubation between the atropine group versus the control group(SBP: 109.1±11.2 mmHg vs.105.0±12.2 mmHg, 136.9±23.0 mmHg vs.129.9±11.2 mmHg, DBP: 66.9±7.5 mmHg vs.68.0±8.3 mmHg, 77.6±10.9 mmHg vs.78.5±6.4 mmHg, t=-1.617, 0.687, -1.751 and 0.448, P>0.05). There was no significant difference in HR between the two groups before endotracheal intubation( t=1.416, P>0.05), while HR was higher in the atropine group than in the control group 10 min after endoscopic operation and 10 min after tracheal extubation( t=-3.323 and -2.181, P<0.01 and P<0.05). The change rates of SBP and DBP were lower in the atropine group than in the control group 10 min after endoscopic operation and 10 min after tracheal extubation( t=7.947, -6.962, -3.187 and -3.232, P<0.01). The change rate of HR was lower in the atropine group 10 min after endoscopic operation and was higher 10 min after tracheal extubation than in the control group( t=-6.467 and -4.131, P<0.01). There were significant differences in the volume of oropharyngeal and airway secretions and fingertip oxygen saturation between the two groups before endotracheal intubation and 10 min after tracheal extubation( t=-2.334, 2.759, -3.314 and -2.767, P<0.01). The endoscopic operation time was less in the atropine group than in the control group with no statistically significant difference[(25.9±5.7)min vs.(26.4±4.7)min, t=0.391, P>0.05]. There was no significant difference in postoperative adverse reactions between the atropine group versus the control group(34 patients or 85.0% vs.43 patients or 91.5%, χ2=1.247, P>0.05). Conclusions:The application of atropine before tracheal intubation under general anesthesia is beneficial to stabilizing the intraoperative blood pressure and heart rate, and can reduce the production of postoperative oropharyngeal and airway secretions in elderly patients undergoing endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration biopsy.

Objective To observe the pathological change of visceral pleura in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and to discuss the relationship between the changes and COPD airflow limitation. Methods A total of 70 patients received the pulmonary lobectomy or partial resection because of lung tumor in Tianjin Chest Hospital from May 2014 to August 2015 were selected in this study. According to the results of pulmonary function test, the patients were divided into COPD group [forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)/ forced vital capacity (FVC) <70%,n=40] and control group (FEV1/FVC≥70%,n=30). The lung tissues, which was not the lesion areas, were used to make tissue sections. The Elastica Van Gieson (EVG) method was used to stain the sections. The thickness of visceral pleural and the proportion of elastic fibers in visceral pleural were observed and calculated under a microscope in the two groups. Results The specimens were derived from upper and middle lobes in 22 cases of COPD group, and from lower lobe in 18 cases. Specimens were derived from upper and middle lobes in 17 cases of control group, and from lower lobe in 13 cases. There were no statistical differences in sampling sites between two groups (χ2=0.019,P>0.05). The visceral pleural thickness and the proportion of elastic fibers in visceral pleural were significantly thinner in COPD group than those of control group ( P<0.01). In both COPD group and control group, visceral pleural thickness was significantly thinner in upper and middle lobes than that of lower lobe (P<0.05), but the proportion of elastic fibers in visceral pleural of upper, middle lobes showed no statistical difference compared with that of the lower lobe (P>0.05). Conclusion The thinner visceral pleural and the reduction of elastic fibers in visceral pleural are one of the causes of expiratory airflow limitation in COPD patients.

Objective To analyze rick factors for postoperative recurrence of spontaneous pneumothorax surgery. Methods The clinic characteristics of 1128 patients who received spontaneous pneumothorax surgery in Tianjin Chest Hospital were collected from January 2009 to March 2015. The relationship between clinic characteristics and the pulmonary bullae was analyzed. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess factors affecting the postoperative relapse of spontaneous pneumothorax. Results The pulmonary bullae were found in 877 patients of 1128 during the operation. The incidence of pulmonary bullae was significantly high in patients with age below 25 years compared with patients over 25 years (P<0.05). The duration of surgery was significantly longer in patients with pulmonary bullae compared with that of patients without pulmonary bullae (P<0.05). Postoperative recurrence occurred in 21 cases, with a recurrence rate of 1.86%. Logistic regression analysis showed that pulmonary bullae, pleurodesis without pleura friction, delayed drainage duration (> 3 d) were independent risk factors of postoperative recurrence for spontaneous pneumothorax (P<0.05). Conclusion Pulmonary bullae, pleurodesis without pleura friction and delayed drainage duration are risk factors of postoperative recurrence for spontaneous pneumothorax, which should be paid more attention in clinic.

Objective To observe the hemostatic efficacy and safety of argon plasma coagulation (APC) through bron?choscope after biopsy. Methods The APC was given to patients suffered from coronary heart disease combined hyperten?sion or paroxysmal auricular fibrillation and accepted bronchoscopy biopsy with much bleeding. The hemostatic effect and changes of heart rate, blood pressure and SPO2 were observed before and after treatment. Results Sixty-two patients were treated with endoscopic hemostasis by APC. The hemostasis was successful in 60 cases. The hemostasis was performed with APC successfully in 2 patients after intubation and mechanical ventilation because of the biopsy hemorrhage. Sixty-two cas?es included 42 cases of airway tumor (26 cases in lobe bronchus and 16 in segmental bronchus), 16 cases of broadening of the trachea ridge and mucosal rough, and 4 cases of granulation tissue of lobe bronchus. There were no significant differenc?es in mean arterial pressure and heart rate before and after treatment in 60 patients (P>0.05). The oxygen saturation was sig?nificantly lower after treatment than that before treatment (0.939±0.027 vs. 0.956±0.017, P<0.05). Conclusion Hemosta?sis treatment by APC through bronchoscope has the characteristics of rapid, thorough and safe, especially for patients com?bined with cardiovascular disease. It can avoid the occurrence of cardiovascular system complications caused by convention?al hemostatic treatment.

Objective To evaluate the positive rate, reliability and safety of thoracoscope pleural brushing for diagnosing malignant pleural effusion. Methods Seventy patients with unexplained pleural effusion were performed with medical thoracoscopy:(1) Observe the visceral and parietal pleura then use disposable cell brush to obtain specimens from suspect areas and take cytological examination. (2) Observe the parietal pleura then use biopsy forceps to forceps specimens from suspect areas and take histological examination. (3) Compare the positive rate of diagnosis, coincidence rate of pathological type and complication between two methods individual and combination in diagnosis. Results In 51 patients diagnosed as malignant pleural effusion, the diagnosis-positive rate of biopsy was 88.24%(45/51) and the diagnosis-positive rate of pleural brushing cytology was 90.20%(46/51). The diagnosis-positive rate of pleural brushing combined with biopsy was 96.08%(49/51), but there was no significant difference in diagnosis-positive rate between two methods individual and combination for malignant pleural effusion (P>0.05). In 51 patients, pathological type determination rate was 76.47%(39/51) evaluated by pleural brushing, 88.24% (45/51) by biopsy, and there was no significant difference in pathological type determination rate between two methods (P>0.05). Biopsy was performed for 168 times, more bleeding was found in 5 cases (2.98%), feeling pain in 134 cases (79.76%). Pleural brushing examination was performed for 198 times, no significant bleeding and pain were found. Conclusion Medical thoracoscopic pleural brushing under direct vision is a safe and reliable method, which can be use as an effective diagnostic method for malignant pleural effusion.

Objective To study the predictive value of evaluation in oxygen partial pressure[p(O2)] and carbon dioxide partial pressure[p(CO2)] of pleural cavity to the closure of visceral pleura in primary spontaneous pneumothroax (PSP) pa-tients. Methods Seventy-six hospitalized pneumothroax patients were divided into two groups:closed pneumothroax group (n=40) and open pneumothroax group (n=36), according to the radiographic information.To collect the expiratory gas by the device which we designed and produced, to collect the gas in the pleural cavity by thoracentesis. To detect the p(O2)and p(CO2)respectively, and the blood gas analysis of radial artery was done at same time. Results There was significantly low-er value of p(O2)of the gas in the pleural cavity in patients of closed pneumothroax than that of open pneumothroax (P <0.05). The level of p(CO2)was higher in patients of closed pneumothroax than that of open pneumothroax ( P<0.05). There were no significant differences in values of p(O2)and p(CO2)in expiratory gas and the blood gas analysis between two groups (P>0.05). There was significantly higher value of the expiratory gas/the pleural cavity gas p(O2) and a significantly lower value of p(CO2), in closed pneumothroax group than those of open pneumothroax group (P<0.05). Logistic regression analy-sis showed that values of the expiratory gas/the pleural cavity gas p(O2) and p(CO2) were the effective factors for the closure of visceral pleura. ROC curve showed that the areas under ROC curve (AUC) for the expiratory gas/the pleural cavity gas p(O2) and p(CO2) was 0.985 and 0.867, the sensitivities were 92.5% and 77.8%, the specificities were 100%and 85.0%and the reference values were 1.81 and 0.97. Conclusion To utilize the evaluation of gas partial pressure can predict whether the leakage of the visceral pleura is closed.

Objective To evaluate the guiding values of different lung compressed forms in the choice of the treat?ment of spontaneous pneumothorax. Methods Based on lung compressed forms on anterior-posterior chest X-ray , a total of 219 spontaneous pneumothorax patients were divided into the periphery shape group (n=127) and irregular shape group (n=92). We observe the relationship between lung compressed form with the times of previous closed thoracic drainage,the cure rate of closed chest drain at the 7th day,length that closed thoracic drainage cure pneumothorax and the incidences of the surgical pleural adhesion. Results We found that the incidence of irregular lung compression in 0, 1 and 2 times of re?ceiving previous drainage were 11.71%(13/111), 57.89%(22/57) and 90.19%(46/51) respectively. Its incidence increased with the times of previous closed chest drain (χ2=96.339, P<0.01). In total, 94 patients (85 of which were cured until the 7th day) and 30 patients (11 of which were cured until the 7th day) were cured using close chest drain in peripheral shape and ir?regular shape group. And the 7th day cure rate is lower in irregular group than that in the peripheral shape. [36.7%(11/30) vs 90.4%(85/94),χ2=37.596, P<0.01]. What’s more, patients in irregular group need longer time to cure pneumothorax than patients in peripheral shape did [d:10.1±4.87 vs 4.00±2.07, t=9.806, P<0.01]. Among the 95 patients who underwent surgi?cal treatment in both groups, the incidence of pleural adhesion is higher in irregular shape group than that in peripheral shape group [91.9%(57/62)vs18.2%(6/33),χ2=52.445, P<0.01]. Conclusion The 7th day cure rate in patients with pe?ripheral shape lung compressed form is higher than patients in irregular lung compressed form using closed chest drain with fewer incidence of pleural adhesion and shorter cure time. Those with irregular lung compression is more appropriate for sur?gical treatment.

Objective To investigate the clinic value of enhanced CT-guided percutaneously transthoracic lung biopsy. Methods A total of 423 patients who underwent CT-guided percutaneously transthoracic lung biopsy were retrospectively analyzed. The percentage of specimen are satisfactory,the rate of sample with pathological findings,the number of cases with complications,the average goes of unsuccessful biopsy and the times of changing puncture point were compared between the enhanced CT group and the plain CT group. Results Compare parameters in patients whose procedure were guided with the enhanced CT group and with plain CT group, the average goes of unsuccessful biopsy, the times of changing puncture point in patients, the percentage of specimen that were satisfactory, the rate of sample with positive pathological findings and the rate that complicated with pneumothorax or hemorrhage show statistical significance.(3.08±1.05 vs 3.75±1.34, 8.52%vs 18.54%,90.13%vs 73.60%, 76.62%vs 63.36%, 15.51%vs 27.53%, 7.76%vs 14.04%, P<0.05). Conclusion In patient whose biopsys were guided by enhanced CT, the percentage of samples that are satisfactory is higher, the incidence of complication is fewer and the sample with pathological finding is higher compared to those in patients whose biopsys were guided by plain CT. Therefore, enhanced CT-guided percutaneous transthoracic biopsy is more valuable than plane CT.