Sophorae Flavescentis Radix is one of the commonly used traditional Chinese medicine in China, and a large amount of pharmaceutical residue generated during its processing and production is discarded as waste, which not only wastes resources but also pollutes the environment. Therefore, elucidating the chemical composition of the residue of Sophorae Flavescentis Radix and the differences between the residue and Sophorae Flavescentis Radix itself is of great significance for the comprehensive utilization of the residue. This study, based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) technology combined with multivariate statistical methods, provides a thorough characterization, identification, and differential analysis of the overall components of Sophorae Flavescentis Radix and its residue. Firstly, 61 compounds in Sophorae Flavescentis Radix were rapidly identified based on their precise molecular weight, fragment ions, and compound abundance, using a self-constructed compound database. Among them, 41 compounds were found in the residue, mainly alkaloids and flavonoids. Secondly, through principal component analysis(PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA), 15 key compounds differentiating Sophorae Flavescentis Radix from its residue were identified. These included highly polar alkaloids, such as oxymatrine and oxysophocarpine, which showed significantly reduced content in the residue, and less polar flavonoids, such as kurarinone and kuraridin, which were more abundant in the residue. In summary, this paper clarifies the overall composition, structure, and content differences between Sophorae Flavescentis Radix and its residue, suggesting that the residue of Sophorae Flavescentis Radix can be used as a raw material for the extraction of its high-activity components, with promising potential for development and application in cosmetics and daily care. This research provides a scientific basis for the future comprehensive utilization of Sophorae Flavescentis Radix and its residue.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry* ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods* ; Mass Spectrometry/methods* ; Sophora/chemistry* ; Flavonoids/chemistry* ; Alkaloids/chemistry*

Debates persist regarding the efficacy and safety of azvudine, particularly its real-world outcomes. This study involved patients aged ≥60 years who were admitted to 25 hospitals in mainland China with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection between December 1, 2022, and February 28, 2023. Efficacy outcomes were all-cause mortality during hospitalization, the proportion of patients discharged with recovery, time to nucleic acid-negative conversion (T _NANC), time to symptom improvement (T _SI), and time of hospital stay (T _HS). Safety was also assessed. Among the 5884 participants identified, 1999 received azvudine, and 1999 matched controls were included after exclusion and propensity score matching. Azvudine recipients exhibited lower all-cause mortality compared with controls in the overall population (13.3% vs. 17.1%, RR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.67-0.90; P = 0.001) and in the severe subgroup (25.7% vs. 33.7%; RR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.66-0.88; P < 0.001). A higher proportion of patients discharged with recovery, and a shorter T _NANC were associated with azvudine recipients, especially in the severe subgroup. The incidence of adverse events in azvudine recipients was comparable to that in the control group (2.3% vs. 1.7%, P = 0.170). In conclusion, azvudine showed efficacy and safety in older patients hospitalized with COVID-19 during the SARS-CoV-2 omicron wave in China.

Objective To investigate the infection status and changing trend of hepatitis C virus(HCV)infection in hospitalized patients in medical institutions,and provide reference for formulating HCV infection prevention and control strategies.Methods HCV infection surveillance results from cross-sectional survey data reported to China Healthcare-associated Infection(HAI)Surveillance System in 2020 were summarized and analyzed,HCV positive was serum anti-HCV positive or HCV RNA positive,survey result was compared with the survey results from 2003.Results In 2020,1 071 368 inpatients in 1 573 hospitals were surveyed,738 535 of whom underwent HCV test,4 014 patients were infected with HCV,with a detection rate of 68.93％and a HCV positive rate of 0.54％.The positive rate of HCV in male and female patients were 0.60％and 0.48％,respectively,with a statistically sig-nificant difference(x2=47.18,P＜0.001).The HCV positive rate in the 50-＜60 age group was the highest(0.76％),followed by the 40-＜50 age group(0.71％).Difference among all age groups was statistically signifi-cant(x2=696.74,P＜0.001).In 2003,91 113 inpatients were surveyed.35 145 of whom underwent HCV test,resulting in a detection rate of 38.57％;775 patients were infected with HCV,with a positive rate of 2.21％.In 2020,HCV positive rates in hospitals of different scales were 0.46％-0.63％,with the highest in hospital with bed numbers ranging 600-899.Patients'HCV positive rates in hospitals of different scales was statistically signifi-cant(X2=35.34,P＜0.001).In 2020,12 provinces/municipalities had over 10 000 patients underwent HCV-rela-ted test,and HCV positive rates ranged 0.19％-0.81％,with the highest rate from Hainan Province.HCV posi-tive rates in different departments were 0.06％-0.82％,with the lowest positive rate in the department of pedia-trics and the highest in the department of internal medicine.In 2003 and 2020,HCV positive rates in the depart-ment of infectious diseases were the highest,being 7.95％and 3.48％,respectively.Followed by departments of orthopedics(7.72％),gastroenterology(3.77％),nephrology(3.57％)and general intensive care unit(ICU,3.10％)in 2003,as well as departments of gastroenterology(1.35％),nephrology(1.18％),endocrinology(0.91％),and general intensive care unit(ICU,0.79％)in 2020.Conclusion Compared with 2003,HCV positive rate decreased significantly in 2020.HCV infected patients were mainly from the department of infectious diseases,followed by departments of gastroenterology,nephrology and general ICU.HCV infection positive rate varies with gender,age,and region.

Objective To investigate the incidence rate,clinical characteristics,and prognosis of neonatal stroke in Shenzhen,China.Methods Led by Shenzhen Children's Hospital,the Shenzhen Neonatal Data Collaboration Network organized 21 institutions to collect 36 cases of neonatal stroke from January 2020 to December 2022.The incidence,clinical characteristics,treatment,and prognosis of neonatal stroke in Shenzhen were analyzed.Results The incidence rate of neonatal stroke in 21 hospitals from 2020 to 2022 was 1/15 137,1/6 060,and 1/7 704,respectively.Ischemic stroke accounted for 75％(27/36);boys accounted for 64％(23/36).Among the 36 neonates,31(86％)had disease onset within 3 days after birth,and 19(53％)had convulsion as the initial presentation.Cerebral MRI showed that 22 neonates(61％)had left cerebral infarction and 13(36％)had basal ganglia infarction.Magnetic resonance angiography was performed for 12 neonates,among whom 9(75％)had involvement of the middle cerebral artery.Electroencephalography was performed for 29 neonates,with sharp waves in 21 neonates(72％)and seizures in 10 neonates(34％).Symptomatic/supportive treatment varied across different hospitals.Neonatal Behavioral Neurological Assessment was performed for 12 neonates(33％,12/36),with a mean score of(32±4)points.The prognosis of 27 neonates was followed up to around 12 months of age,with 44％(12/27)of the neonates having a good prognosis.Conclusions Ischemic stroke is the main type of neonatal stroke,often with convulsions as the initial presentation,involvement of the middle cerebral artery,sharp waves on electroencephalography,and a relatively low neurodevelopment score.Symptomatic/supportive treatment is the main treatment method,and some neonates tend to have a poor prognosis.

The target gene sequences of the novel coronaviruses obtained by sequencing were compared with the reference sequences to analyze the genetic variation of the two cases of the novel coronaviruses from Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in 2022 and to explore the sources of infection. The results showed that the two sequences belonged to different evolutionary branches, Delta (AY.122) and Omicron (BA.1.1), respectively. hCoV-19/Inner Mongolia/IVDC-591/2022 had 48 single nucleotide polymorphisms on the genome sequences, sharing 40 nucleotide mutation sites with a Mongolian strain; hCoV-19/Inner Mongolia/IVDC-592/2022 genome shared 57 nucleotide mutation sites with a UK strain, and the nucleotide mutation site identity was 100% (57/57). Phylogenetic analysis showed that the target gene sequences were not directly related to domestic novel coronavirus sequences during the same period, but were related to isolates from Europe and Mongolia.
Humans ; COVID-19 ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics* ; Phylogeny ; Genome, Viral ; Nucleotides ; Sequence Analysis

The target gene sequences of the novel coronaviruses obtained by sequencing were compared with the reference sequences to analyze the genetic variation of the two cases of the novel coronaviruses from Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in 2022 and to explore the sources of infection. The results showed that the two sequences belonged to different evolutionary branches, Delta (AY.122) and Omicron (BA.1.1), respectively. hCoV-19/Inner Mongolia/IVDC-591/2022 had 48 single nucleotide polymorphisms on the genome sequences, sharing 40 nucleotide mutation sites with a Mongolian strain; hCoV-19/Inner Mongolia/IVDC-592/2022 genome shared 57 nucleotide mutation sites with a UK strain, and the nucleotide mutation site identity was 100% (57/57). Phylogenetic analysis showed that the target gene sequences were not directly related to domestic novel coronavirus sequences during the same period, but were related to isolates from Europe and Mongolia.
Humans ; COVID-19 ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics* ; Phylogeny ; Genome, Viral ; Nucleotides ; Sequence Analysis

Abstract: Objective To analyze the application value of pathological diagnosis in analyzing the reason of death in a case of Methods ， ， occupationalpneumoconiosis. Theoccupationhistory occupationalexposurehistory clinicaldataandpathological - Results data of a dead patient with occupational pneumoconiosis were retrospectively analyzed. The patient was exposed to ， inorganic dust for more than ten years in a private factory. In January 2019 the computed tomography showed diffuse nodular mass with dense shadows in both lungs and left pneumothorax. He was admitted to a number of hospitals and the clinical diagnosis suspected that he suffers from occupational pneumoconiosis. He eventual died of bilateral pneumothorax in a local hospital in December 2020. The forensic identification of the cause of death confirmed that the lungs of the deceased had ， pathologicalchangesconsistentwithoccupationalpneumoconiosisstage Ⅱ secondarybilateralspontaneouspneumothoraxand （ ）， bilateral pleural effusion significant on the left side and the primary cause of death was severe lung disease. According to GBZ 25-2014 Pathological Diagnosis Criteria of Pneumoconiosis，the medical examiner diagnosed that the deceased had （ ） Conclusion suffered from pneumoconiosis before death pneumoconiosis stage Ⅱ . Pathological diagnosis can provide ， objectiveevidenceforthediagnosis differentialdiagnosisandcauseofdeathduetopneumoconiosis.

Breast Feeding ; Cesarean Section ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Lactation ; Massage ; Postpartum Period ; Pregnancy

AIM: To investigate the absorption of helicid in different segments of intestine based on rat everted intestine sac model. METHODS: To establish a high-performance liquid chromatography method for simultaneous determination of helicid and its metabolite. Krebs-ringer solution containing helicid was added to everted intestine sacs of different segments (duodenum, Jejunum, ileum and colon). Drug concentration in sacs was determined at different time points (5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 min). Adsorptions of helicid in four intestinal segments were compared. RESULTS: This high-performance liquid chromatography was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of helicid and its metabolite. Absorption of helicid was rapid and time-dependent. The absorption and metabolism of helicid in duodenum segment were higher than these in other segments. CONCLUSION: The duodenum segment is the main site of segmental absorption and metabolism of helicid. This is the first report on intestinal segment metabolism of helicid.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the diagnostic accuracy of Xpert^® Mycobacterium tuberculosis/rifampicin (Xpert^® MTB/RIF) for the detection of active tuberculosis (TB) and rifampicin-resistance TB in Chinese patients. METHODS: Four Chinese databases (SinoMed, CNKI, WanFang database, and VIP) and three English databases (PubMed, Embase, and The Cochrane Library) were searched from January 1, 2000 to September 15, 2017, to identify diagnostic tests about the accuracy of Xpert^® MTB/RIF in Chinese patients. Two investigators screened the articles and extracted the information independently, and then the quality of each included study was evaluated by Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS)-2. Bivariate random-effects meta-analysis was conducted to pool the sensitivity and specificity. In addition, subgroup analyses were performed based on patient type (TB patient and TB suspected patient), sample type (sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and others). All statistical analyses were conducted with Stata version 13.0. RESULTS: A total of 47 articles were included in this systematic review. Most of them (38 articles) were in Chinese and only 9 articles were in English. All the articles were published during 2014 to 2017, and the sample size ranged from 31 to 3 151. Forty articles including 42 comparisons about TB were finally included with the pooled sensitivity of 0.94 (95%CI: 0.92, 0.95) and the pooled specificity of 0.87 (95%CI: 0.84, 0.91). Subgroup analysis showed that different patient and specimen types had no significant differences on sensitivity, but the specificity of sputum group was higher than that of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. As for the detection of rifampicin-resistant TB, 33 articles (38 comparisons) were analyzed, the pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.92 (95%CI: 0.89, 0.94) and 0.98 (95%CI: 0.97, 0.99) respectively. There were no significant differences between the patient and specimen in the subgroup analyses. The Deeks funnel plot showed a possible publication bias for detecting active tuberculosis (P=0.08) and no publication bias for rifampicin-resistant TB (P=0.24). The likelihood ratio scatter gram showed that in clinical applications, Xpert^® MTB/RIF had a good diagnostic ability for detecting active tuberculosis, and it had good clinical diagnostic value in detecting rifampicin-resistant TB. CONCLUSION Xpert^® MTB/RIF has good sensitivity and specificity in detecting TB and rifampicin-resistant TB in Chinese people. In particular, it has good clinical value in diagnosing rifampicin-resistance TB.
Antibiotics, Antitubercular/therapeutic use* ; China ; Diagnostic Tests, Routine ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Humans ; Rifampin/pharmacology* ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Tuberculosis/drug therapy* ; Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/drug therapy* ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/drug therapy*