Objective:To investigate the relationship between plasma fluoride content, daily calcium intake and blood cell parameters in children and adolescents.Methods:This study was based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database of the United States from 2013 to 2016, with 3 684 children and adolescents aged 6 - 19 as the research subjects. Information on plasma fluoride content, daily calcium intake and blood cell parameters from the database were collected. Non-linear relationships between plasma fluoride content, daily calcium intake and blood cell parameters were analyzed using restricted cubic splines. If there was a non-linear relationship, the optimal inflection point was calculated using threshold/saturation effect analysis method. Subsequently, multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the associations among the three, and the modification effect of daily calcium intake (binary classification, stratified by median daily calcium intake) on the association between plasma fluoride content and blood cell parameters was analyzed.Results:There was no non-linear relationship between plasma fluoride content and white blood cell count, hemoglobin content and platelet count ( Pnon-linear > 0.05), but there was a non-linear relationship between plasma fluoride content and erythrocyte count and hematocrit ( Pnon-linear < 0.001). After adjusting for confounding factors, the optimal inflection points of the effects of plasma fluoride content on erythrocyte count and hematocrit were 0.54 and 0.31 μmol/L, respectively. There was no non-linear relationship between daily calcium intake and blood cell parameters ( Pnon-linear > 0.05). After adjusting for confounding factors, for every 1 μmol/L increase in plasma fluoride content, the white blood cell count increased by 0.49 × 10 9/L ( P = 0.009). There was a saturation effect in the association between plasma fluoride content, erythrocyte count and hematocrit: when plasma fluoride content was < 0.54 μmol/L, the erythrocyte count decreased by 0.46 × 10 12/L for every 1 μmol/L increase ( P < 0.001). When plasma fluoride content was < 0.31 μmol/L, the hematocrit decreased by 6.29% for every 1 μmol/L increase ( P = 0.006). The above associations were not statistically significant when plasma fluoride content was higher than the optimal inflection points ( P > 0.05). After stratification according to the median daily calcium intake, in the low-calcium group (daily calcium intake < 0.87 g), for every 1 μmol/L increase in plasma fluoride content, the white blood cell count increased by 0.77 × 10 9/L ( P = 0.001). When plasma fluoride content was < 0.54 μmol/L, the erythrocyte count decreased by 0.41 × 10 12/L for every 1 μmol/L increase ( P = 0.002). When plasma fluoride content was ≥0.54 μmol/L, erythrocyte count decreased by 0.47 × 10 12/L for every 1 μmol/L increase ( P < 0.001). When the plasma fluoride content was < 0.31 μmol/L, the hematocrit decreased by 8.29% for every 1 μmol/L increase ( P = 0.011). The above associations were not statistically significant in the high-calcium group (daily calcium intake ≥0.87 g, P > 0.05). There was an interaction of daily calcium intake and plasma fluoride content on platelet count ( Pinteraction = 0.070), as demonstrated by an increase in platelet count of 12.68 × 10 9/L ( P = 0.013) in the low-calcium group and a decrease in platelet count of 9.05 × 10 9/L ( P = 0.035) in the high-calcium group for every 1 μmol/L increase in plasma fluoride content. Conclusions:The blood cell parameters of children and adolescents are closely related to plasma fluoride content, but not directly related to daily calcium intake. However, the correlation between plasma fluoride content and blood cell parameters varies among different calcium intake populations, and daily calcium intake can modify the association between plasma fluoride content and platelet count.

Objective: To ensure the quality of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. and improve the associated benefits for stakeholders, this study analyzed the influences of different circulation channels and stakeholders on the quality, price, and other factors of P. frutescens with consideration to P. frutescens distribution. Method: We interviewed the local stakeholders and e-commerce platforms in Oroqen Autonomous Banner and Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner regarding the origin, circulation, distribution, and prices of different medicinal parts of P. frutescens. In addition, the maximum entropy model was used to predict the potential distribution of P. frutescens in the study area. According to the Chinese Pharmacopeia (2020 edition), we measured the content of index components in the collected Perillae Folium, Perillae Caulis, and Perillae Fructus samples and evaluated the quality of the samples by quantitative and cluster analyses. Remote sensing was employed to distinguish and calculate the P. frutescens area in highly suitable regions. The autoregressive integrated moving average model was adopted to analyze the Perillae Fructus price in the study area. Result: The results showed 8 value chains for P. frutescens. The cooperation chain between farmers and enterprises in the study area could maximize the benefits for all stakeholders and guarantee the quality of the medicinal materials. The results of the regionalization analysis showed that themost suitable area for planting P. frutescens was the junction between Oroqen Autonomous Banner and Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner. Chemical results showed that Perillae Fructus and Perillae Caulis samples were unqualified andmostly purchased from e-commerce platforms. We identified 5 land types, among which the cultivated land area was 3247.7501 km . The price of Perillae Fructus in the study area showed a rising trend, although this trend slowed down. Conclusion: This study involved various links in the production and circulation of medicinal materials from planting to consumption by consumers, which can help to facilitate the future research on any link. The findings help to guarantee the quality of medicinal materials and benefits of all stakeholders and promote the development of the P. frutescens industry in the study area.