Turner syndrome (TS) is a disease caused by the absence or structural abnormalities of the X chromosome, manifesting as a female phenotype. Main clinical characteristics of TS patients include short stature, primary ovarian insufficiency, and abnormalities in intellectual and neurocognitive functions. Sex hormone therapy, including estrogens and androgens, is primarily used to improve the endocrine and metabolic status of TS patients in clinical practice. Generally, TS patients exhibit an impaired profile in brain structure, cognition, mental health, and quality of life. And sex hormone therapy has an overall positive impact on the brain, cognition and mental health of TS patients, potentially rescuing the impaired phenotypes to a certain extent. Specifically, estrogen therapy can help normalize the brain development trajectory, improving cognitive processing speed, visual-spatial processing abilities and memory, and reducing negative behaviors. Testosterone therapy can improve working memory and severe mathematical learning disabilities, without increasing the risk of mental health masculinization. The above studies provide more evidence for sex hormone replacement therapy in TS patients. The effects of sex hormone therapy on the brain, cognition and mental health of TS patients were reviewed here, to highlight the importance of sex hormone therapy in TS patients.

Turner syndrome (TS) is a disease caused by the absence or structural abnormalities of the X chromosome, manifesting as a female phenotype. Main clinical characteristics of TS patients include short stature, primary ovarian insufficiency, and abnormalities in intellectual and neurocognitive functions. Sex hormone therapy, including estrogens and androgens, is primarily used to improve the endocrine and metabolic status of TS patients in clinical practice. Generally, TS patients exhibit an impaired profile in brain structure, cognition, mental health, and quality of life. And sex hormone therapy has an overall positive impact on the brain, cognition and mental health of TS patients, potentially rescuing the impaired phenotypes to a certain extent. Specifically, estrogen therapy can help normalize the brain development trajectory, improving cognitive processing speed, visual-spatial processing abilities and memory, and reducing negative behaviors. Testosterone therapy can improve working memory and severe mathematical learning disabilities, without increasing the risk of mental health masculinization. The above studies provide more evidence for sex hormone replacement therapy in TS patients. The effects of sex hormone therapy on the brain, cognition and mental health of TS patients were reviewed here, to highlight the importance of sex hormone therapy in TS patients.