Objective To construct and validate a risk prediction model for malnutrition in non-di-alysis patients with stages 3 to 5 chronic kidney disease(CKD)based on Logistic regression(LR)and XGBoost algorithms,and to compare the predictive performance between the two models.Methods A total of 506 CKD patients were enrolled as study subjects.According to chronological order,they were divided into training set(n=404)and test set(n=102)at the ratio of 8 to 2.The training set was divided into case group and control group based on whether they were malnourished,with 202 cases in each group.The LR and XGBoost models were established,and the model efficacy was evaluated through the area under the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve(AUC),sensitivity,speci-ficity,GiViTI calibration curve band and clinical decision curve.Results The LR model identified age ≥60 years,disease of stage 5,reduced appetite,hypoalbuminemia,low prealbumin,low mid-arm muscle circumference and high perceived stress as independent risk factors for malnutrition among non-dialysis CKD patients,while physical activity was identified as a protective factor(P＜0.05).In the XGBoost model,the top five influential variables were serum albumin,appetite,physical activity,prealbumin and mid-arm muscle circumference.The AUC of the LR and XGBoost models in the train-ing set were 0.930 and 0.947 respectively,and those in the test set were 0.925 and 0.933.The pre-dictive ability of the latter was slightly higher(P＞0.05).The GiViTI calibration curve bands all showed good calibration capability.Conclusion The XGBoost model combined with shapley additive explanation performs better in identifying malnourished patients and guiding precise care.

Hearing loss is a disease with complex pathogenic factors and unclear pathogenesis,which can seriously affect patient health and quality of life.There is thus a need for an animal model that can simulate human hearing loss,to allow research into the pathogenesis of hearing loss and provide a basis for its treatment.Existing classical modeling method involve drug injection,including intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin,gentamicin,mitochondrial toxin,D-galactose,furosemide and kanamycin,and neomycin,and congenital cytomegalovirus infection.Physical modeling method include noise,cervical spinal injection of sclerosing agent,ischemia reperfusion,and vasopressin injection.Other novel modeling method also exist,such as genetic modification.In this article,we review the advantages and disadvantages of the above modeling method,with the aim of providing a basis for further research on the modeling method of hearing loss.

Hearing loss is a disease with complex pathogenic factors and unclear pathogenesis,which can seriously affect patient health and quality of life.There is thus a need for an animal model that can simulate human hearing loss,to allow research into the pathogenesis of hearing loss and provide a basis for its treatment.Existing classical modeling method involve drug injection,including intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin,gentamicin,mitochondrial toxin,D-galactose,furosemide and kanamycin,and neomycin,and congenital cytomegalovirus infection.Physical modeling method include noise,cervical spinal injection of sclerosing agent,ischemia reperfusion,and vasopressin injection.Other novel modeling method also exist,such as genetic modification.In this article,we review the advantages and disadvantages of the above modeling method,with the aim of providing a basis for further research on the modeling method of hearing loss.