Objective:To investigate the feasibility and clinical effect of arthroscopic limited excision of flexor hallucis longus(FHL) tendon sheath combined with open technique of posterior ankle joint capsule for hallucal ganglion cyst(HGC) deriving from the ankle joint.Methods:This is a retrospective case series study. From September 2021 to September 2023, the clinical data of 18 patients (18 feet) with HGC deriving from ankle joint treated by arthroscopic limited excision of FHL tendon sheath combined with posterior ankle capsule opening technique at Department of Orthopedic, Xuzhou Central Hospital were analyzed retrospectively. There were 12 males and 6 females. The age was (49.5±10.7) years (range:32 to 66 years). There were 10 cases on the right side and 8 cases on the left side; 11 cases in fibular, 3 cases in plantar, 2 cases in tibial and 2 cases in tip. There were 8 cases of primary operation and 12 cases of recurrence after resection in other hospital. There were 10 cases with complete skin and soft tissue and 8 cases with ulcer.All patients underwent arthroscopic limited excision of FHL tendon sheath combined with open technique of posterior ankle joint capsule.Clinical evaluations included the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot score(AOFAS-AH), visual analog scale (VAS). The data were compared by paired sample t test and Wilcoxon rank sum test. Results:All cases successfully completed the operation. The operation time was (46.3±8.1) minutes (range:35 to 65 minutes), and the intraoperative blood loss was (6.8±3.1)ml (range:2 to 15 ml). All patients primarily healing without any complications such as infection and skin necrosis. All 18 patients were followed up for (16.3±2.9) months (range:12 to 20 months),and no recurrence. One patient complained of numbness of tibial nerve innervation, and the symptoms disappeared after 3 months of symptomatic treatment with oral mecobalamin. At the last follow-up, the AOFAS-AH significantly improved from 78.9±7.1 (range:65 to 90) preoperatively to 95.8±3.3 (range:89 to 100) postoperatively ( t=9.62, P<0.01). The VAS ( M(IQR)) was reduced from 3(4) preoperatively to 0(1) postoperatively ( Z=-3.75, P<0.01). Conclusions:Arthroscopic limited excision of FHL tendon sheath combined with open technique of posterior ankle joint capsule is an effective and feasible surgery, which realizes accurate and minimally invasive treatment process and good short-term clinical effect.

Objective:To investigate the feasibility and clinical effect of arthroscopic limited excision of flexor hallucis longus(FHL) tendon sheath combined with open technique of posterior ankle joint capsule for hallucal ganglion cyst(HGC) deriving from the ankle joint.Methods:This is a retrospective case series study. From September 2021 to September 2023, the clinical data of 18 patients (18 feet) with HGC deriving from ankle joint treated by arthroscopic limited excision of FHL tendon sheath combined with posterior ankle capsule opening technique at Department of Orthopedic, Xuzhou Central Hospital were analyzed retrospectively. There were 12 males and 6 females. The age was (49.5±10.7) years (range:32 to 66 years). There were 10 cases on the right side and 8 cases on the left side; 11 cases in fibular, 3 cases in plantar, 2 cases in tibial and 2 cases in tip. There were 8 cases of primary operation and 12 cases of recurrence after resection in other hospital. There were 10 cases with complete skin and soft tissue and 8 cases with ulcer.All patients underwent arthroscopic limited excision of FHL tendon sheath combined with open technique of posterior ankle joint capsule.Clinical evaluations included the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot score(AOFAS-AH), visual analog scale (VAS). The data were compared by paired sample t test and Wilcoxon rank sum test. Results:All cases successfully completed the operation. The operation time was (46.3±8.1) minutes (range:35 to 65 minutes), and the intraoperative blood loss was (6.8±3.1)ml (range:2 to 15 ml). All patients primarily healing without any complications such as infection and skin necrosis. All 18 patients were followed up for (16.3±2.9) months (range:12 to 20 months),and no recurrence. One patient complained of numbness of tibial nerve innervation, and the symptoms disappeared after 3 months of symptomatic treatment with oral mecobalamin. At the last follow-up, the AOFAS-AH significantly improved from 78.9±7.1 (range:65 to 90) preoperatively to 95.8±3.3 (range:89 to 100) postoperatively ( t=9.62, P<0.01). The VAS ( M(IQR)) was reduced from 3(4) preoperatively to 0(1) postoperatively ( Z=-3.75, P<0.01). Conclusions:Arthroscopic limited excision of FHL tendon sheath combined with open technique of posterior ankle joint capsule is an effective and feasible surgery, which realizes accurate and minimally invasive treatment process and good short-term clinical effect.

Objective:To examine the feasibility and clinical effect of all-inside endoscopic procedure through two portals combined with double-hemisection Achilles tendon lengthening for Achilles tendon contracture.Methods:This is a retrospective case series study. From February 2021 to February 2023, the clinical data of 24 patients (30 feet) with Achilles tendon contracture treated with all-inside endoscopic procedure through two portals combined with double-hemisection Achilles tendon lengthening were analyzed retrospectively. There were 10 males and 14 females, aged (32.8±16.1) years (range: 9 to 62 years). There were 8 cases of left side only, 10 cases of right side only and 6 cases of bilateral. There were 14 cases (16 feet) of foot varus, 4 cases (6 feet) of foot valgus, and 6 cases (8 feet) without deformity. All patients underwent all-inside endoscopic procedure through two portals combined with double-hemisection Achilles tendon lengthening. The surgical effects were evaluated using the maximum dorsal extension angle of ankle joint in knee extension position, the visual analogue scale (VAS) of pain, the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot score(AOFAS-AH). Paired sample t test was used to compare the scores before and after operation.Results:All patients successfully completed the operation, and the operation time of Achilles tendon lengthening was (22.0±5.7)minutes (range: 15 to 35 minutes) and the intraoperative blood loss was (6.5±2.7)ml (range: 2 to 15 ml). All patients primarily healing without any complications such as sural nerve injury, Achilles tendon rupture, important blood vessel injury, and obvious decrease of lift heel strength of achilles tendon. All 24 patients were followed up for (17.2±4.5) months (range: 12 to 28 months). One patient suffered from lift heel′s weakness in one foot after operation, and recovered after repeated lift heel functional exercises. The ankle dorsiflexion function of two patients with calf triceps spasm were not improved after operation, and it was obviously improved after botulinum toxin injection. At the last follow-up, the maximum dorsal extension angle of ankle joint in knee extension position increased from -9.2°±7.6°(range:-25° to 5°) preoperatively to 14.5°±7.0°(range:0° to 28°)( t=24.83, P<0.01); the VAS score was reduced from (4.5±1.7) points (range:1 to 8 points) preoperatively to (1.5±0.9) points (range:0 to 3 points) ( t=9.53, P<0.01), the AOFAS-AH was increased from (60.5±11.4)points (range:38 to 85 points) to (90.8±5.4) points (range:80-100 points)( t=14.21, P<0.01). Conclusions:All-inside endoscopic procedure through two portals combined with double-hemisection Achilles tendon lengthening for Achilles tendon contracture not only provides Achilles tendon lengthening, but also avoids complications such as Achilles tendon rupture and sural nerve injury. It is an effective method for the treatment of Achilles tendon contracture.

Objective:To examine the feasibility and clinical effect of all-inside endoscopic procedure through two portals combined with double-hemisection Achilles tendon lengthening for Achilles tendon contracture.Methods:This is a retrospective case series study. From February 2021 to February 2023, the clinical data of 24 patients (30 feet) with Achilles tendon contracture treated with all-inside endoscopic procedure through two portals combined with double-hemisection Achilles tendon lengthening were analyzed retrospectively. There were 10 males and 14 females, aged (32.8±16.1) years (range: 9 to 62 years). There were 8 cases of left side only, 10 cases of right side only and 6 cases of bilateral. There were 14 cases (16 feet) of foot varus, 4 cases (6 feet) of foot valgus, and 6 cases (8 feet) without deformity. All patients underwent all-inside endoscopic procedure through two portals combined with double-hemisection Achilles tendon lengthening. The surgical effects were evaluated using the maximum dorsal extension angle of ankle joint in knee extension position, the visual analogue scale (VAS) of pain, the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot score(AOFAS-AH). Paired sample t test was used to compare the scores before and after operation.Results:All patients successfully completed the operation, and the operation time of Achilles tendon lengthening was (22.0±5.7)minutes (range: 15 to 35 minutes) and the intraoperative blood loss was (6.5±2.7)ml (range: 2 to 15 ml). All patients primarily healing without any complications such as sural nerve injury, Achilles tendon rupture, important blood vessel injury, and obvious decrease of lift heel strength of achilles tendon. All 24 patients were followed up for (17.2±4.5) months (range: 12 to 28 months). One patient suffered from lift heel′s weakness in one foot after operation, and recovered after repeated lift heel functional exercises. The ankle dorsiflexion function of two patients with calf triceps spasm were not improved after operation, and it was obviously improved after botulinum toxin injection. At the last follow-up, the maximum dorsal extension angle of ankle joint in knee extension position increased from -9.2°±7.6°(range:-25° to 5°) preoperatively to 14.5°±7.0°(range:0° to 28°)( t=24.83, P<0.01); the VAS score was reduced from (4.5±1.7) points (range:1 to 8 points) preoperatively to (1.5±0.9) points (range:0 to 3 points) ( t=9.53, P<0.01), the AOFAS-AH was increased from (60.5±11.4)points (range:38 to 85 points) to (90.8±5.4) points (range:80-100 points)( t=14.21, P<0.01). Conclusions:All-inside endoscopic procedure through two portals combined with double-hemisection Achilles tendon lengthening for Achilles tendon contracture not only provides Achilles tendon lengthening, but also avoids complications such as Achilles tendon rupture and sural nerve injury. It is an effective method for the treatment of Achilles tendon contracture.

Objective:To explore the changes in topological attributes of structural covariance network based on cortical thickness and the brain functional activities in patients with anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis by graph theory and functional connectivity (FC) analyses, and to investigate whether these changes were correlated to cognitive impairment.Methods:A total of 33 patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis from Department of Neurology of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University(patient group) and 35 healthy controls(control group) with matched gender, age, and education were included from July 2018 to November 2021.All subjects received cognitive function assessments, structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging scans.Structural covariance networks were constructed in the two groups based on cortical thickness values and topological characteristics of networks were computed.A non-parametric permutation test which repeated 1 000 times was used to compare the characteristics of the networks between the two groups.Brain regions with abnormal topology were defined as region of interest(ROI), and FC values in global brain level were calculated.SPM 12 and RESTplus were used to identify the brain regions with significant differences in FC values between the two groups.Finally, Spearman correlation analysis between FC values of significant brain regions and cognitive scores were performed by SPSS 24.0.Results:The cognitive score of patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis (27.0(23.5, 28.0)) was lower than that in control group(29.0(27.0, 30.0)) ( Z=-3.029, P=0.002). Graph theory analysis found that the patients showed significantly increased clustering coefficients ( P=0.004) and decreased global efficiency ( P=0.004) compared with healthy controls.Moreover, the nodal efficiency of left ventral posterior cingulate cortex (vPCC) and right dorsal posterior cingulate cortex (dPCC), as well as the nodal degree centrality of left vPCC and left polar planum of superior temporal gyrus (ppSTG) in patient group were significantly decreased ( P<0.05, FDR corrected) compared with control group.FC analysis showed the increased FC values between left vPCC and posterior cerebellum (MNI: x=6, y=-66, z=-21), as well as between left ppSTG and anterior cerebellum (MNI: x=6, y=-54, z=-12) (GRF corrected, voxel level P<0.001, cluster level P<0.05) in patient grooup.The FC values between left vPCC and posterior cerebellum were negatively correlated with the cognitive scores ( r=-0.403, P=0.020). Conclusion:Patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis show abnormal topology of structural covariance network based on cortical thickness and altered FC values, some of which are correlated to cognition and may be the underlying neural mechanism of cognitive impairment in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis.

Objective:To investigate the functional outcomes of posterior arthroscopic subtalar arthrodesis (PASTA) for adult patients presenting with symptomatic talocalcaneal coalition.Methods:The study was a retrospective case-series research.The data of 17 adult patients (17 feet) with symptomatic talocalcaneal coalitions,treated with PASTA from March 2018 to February 2022 in Xuzhou Central Hospital were collected.This procedure involved 10 males and 7 females,aged (42.4±7.5) years(range:31 to 58 years).There were 9 cases on the right side and 7 cases on the left side.According to the Rozansky classification,there were 4 cases of type Ⅰ,7 cases of type Ⅱ, 3 cases of type Ⅲ,3 cases of type Ⅳ.The following items such as wound healing and bony union of the subtalar joint were observed.Clinical assessment was performed using pain visual analogue scale (VAS),American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot scores and 36-item short form health survey (SF-36) scores.The paired t test was used for data comparison. Results:The follow-up time was (24.8±6.9) months(range:12 to 40 months).There were no complications such as wound infection,deep vein thrombosis,nonunion,or screw breakage.One patient with preoperative spasm,relieved after the second surgical procedure (peroneal brevis tendon lengthening).The union time of the subtalar joint was (8.8±2.2) weeks(range:6 to 12 weeks).At the final follow-up,the VAS decreased from 6.4±1.3 to 1.3±0.9 ( t=14.114, P<0.01), the AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score increased from 49.0±8.1 to 90.0±5.1 ( t=38.782, P<0.01),and the SF-36 score increased from 50.8±9.5 to 91.0±4.9 ( t=20.468, P<0.01). Conclusion:PASTA for adult patients presenting with symptomatic talocalcaneal coalition offers advantages of minimal trauma,fast recovery,and few complications,which is an effective method.

Objective:To investigate the functional outcomes of posterior arthroscopic subtalar arthrodesis (PASTA) for adult patients presenting with symptomatic talocalcaneal coalition.Methods:The study was a retrospective case-series research.The data of 17 adult patients (17 feet) with symptomatic talocalcaneal coalitions,treated with PASTA from March 2018 to February 2022 in Xuzhou Central Hospital were collected.This procedure involved 10 males and 7 females,aged (42.4±7.5) years(range:31 to 58 years).There were 9 cases on the right side and 7 cases on the left side.According to the Rozansky classification,there were 4 cases of type Ⅰ,7 cases of type Ⅱ, 3 cases of type Ⅲ,3 cases of type Ⅳ.The following items such as wound healing and bony union of the subtalar joint were observed.Clinical assessment was performed using pain visual analogue scale (VAS),American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot scores and 36-item short form health survey (SF-36) scores.The paired t test was used for data comparison. Results:The follow-up time was (24.8±6.9) months(range:12 to 40 months).There were no complications such as wound infection,deep vein thrombosis,nonunion,or screw breakage.One patient with preoperative spasm,relieved after the second surgical procedure (peroneal brevis tendon lengthening).The union time of the subtalar joint was (8.8±2.2) weeks(range:6 to 12 weeks).At the final follow-up,the VAS decreased from 6.4±1.3 to 1.3±0.9 ( t=14.114, P<0.01), the AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score increased from 49.0±8.1 to 90.0±5.1 ( t=38.782, P<0.01),and the SF-36 score increased from 50.8±9.5 to 91.0±4.9 ( t=20.468, P<0.01). Conclusion:PASTA for adult patients presenting with symptomatic talocalcaneal coalition offers advantages of minimal trauma,fast recovery,and few complications,which is an effective method.

Objective:To evaluate the outcomes of endoscopic resection of symptomatic talocalcaneal coalitions in adolescents using a posterior approach.Methods:A retrospective case-series study was performed to analyze the data of 15 adolescent patients (16 feet) with symptomatic talocalcaneal coalitions (TCC) who had been treated by posterior arthroscopy from February 2017 to December 2020 at Department of Orthopaedics, Xuzhou Central Hospital. There were 11 boys and 4 girls with an average of 14.3 years (from 11 to 17 years). The left side was affected in 9 and the right side in 5 patients, and both sides were involved in one. Ten patients had a history of ankle sprain. The clinical outcomes were evaluated by visual analogue scale (VAS), American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score and 36-item short form health survey (SF-36) postoperatively.Results:The 15 patients were followed up for a mean time of 19.9 months (from 12 to 36 months). At the final follow-up, the VAS significantly decreased from preoperative 6 (6, 7) points to 1 (1, 3) point, the AOFAS ankle-hindfoot score significantly increased from preoperative (54.1±10.4) points to (90.0±16.6) points, and the SF-36 score significantly improved from preoperative (55.5±12.7) points to (88.7±6.5) points ( P<0.05). Follow-ups found such complications as infection, TCC recurrence or osteoarthritis in none of the patients. Conclusion:Endoscopic TCC resection using a posterior approach is an effective surgery for symptomatic TCC in adolescents, showing advantages of limited invasion, fast recovery, a low rate of postoperative complications and precise resection.