Objective:To observe the effect of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) at different frequencies on cognitive impairment due to high-altitude hypoxia.Methods:Sixty officers and soldiers displaying cognitive impairment in a hypoxic high-altitude environment were randomly divided into 15Hz, 20Hz and 25Hz groups, each of 20. They were given rTMS at those frequencies for 30 days. Before the stimulation and after 15 and 30 days, event-related potentials, latencies of mismatched negativity (MMN) and P300 signals were recorded. The participants′ cognition was also evaluated using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA). Correlation between the electrophysiological indexes and the MoCA scores was computed.Results:After 15 days, all had shorter MMN latencies, higher total MoCA scores and better memory scores. The only significant difference among the three groups was in the average memory scores. After 15 days, MMN latency was significantly negatively correlated with the memory scores in all three groups ( r=0.44 to -0.54). Conclusions:rTMS at frequencies above 15Hz can effectively relieve cognitive impairment, especially memory dysfunction, resulting from high-altitude hypoxia.

Objective:To observe the effect of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) at different frequencies on cognitive impairment due to high-altitude hypoxia.Methods:Sixty officers and soldiers displaying cognitive impairment in a hypoxic high-altitude environment were randomly divided into 15Hz, 20Hz and 25Hz groups, each of 20. They were given rTMS at those frequencies for 30 days. Before the stimulation and after 15 and 30 days, event-related potentials, latencies of mismatched negativity (MMN) and P300 signals were recorded. The participants′ cognition was also evaluated using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA). Correlation between the electrophysiological indexes and the MoCA scores was computed.Results:After 15 days, all had shorter MMN latencies, higher total MoCA scores and better memory scores. The only significant difference among the three groups was in the average memory scores. After 15 days, MMN latency was significantly negatively correlated with the memory scores in all three groups ( r=0.44 to -0.54). Conclusions:rTMS at frequencies above 15Hz can effectively relieve cognitive impairment, especially memory dysfunction, resulting from high-altitude hypoxia.

A 79-year-old male patient was given an IV infusion of piperacillin sodium and tazobactam sodium 4.5 g once every 8 hours for head injury complicated by Escherichia coli pneumonia. Before the treatment, his white blood cell count (WBC) was 10.20×10 9/L, red blood cell count (RBC) was 3.58×10 12/L, hemoglobin (HB) was 101 g/L, and platelet count (PLT) was 202×10 9/L. On day 2 of medication, his blood cell count began to decrease, with the lowest values of WBC 2.96×10 9/L, RBC 2.40×10 12/L, Hb 66 g/L, and PLT 128×10 9/L, respectively. It was misdiagnosed as gastrointestinal bleeding because of positive occult blood in gastric juice of the patient at the same time. However, the patient had no obvious melena, his gastric fluid occult blood did not match the development of anemia, and there was no evidence of hemolysis or hemorrhage at other sites. The relationship between the blood cell count decrease and piperacillin sodium and tazobactam sodium was considered. The drug was discontinued and the patient′s blood cell count returned to levels before treatment 3 days later.

A 79-year-old male patient was given an IV infusion of piperacillin sodium and tazobactam sodium 4.5 g once every 8 hours for head injury complicated by Escherichia coli pneumonia. Before the treatment, his white blood cell count (WBC) was 10.20×10 9/L, red blood cell count (RBC) was 3.58×10 12/L, hemoglobin (HB) was 101 g/L, and platelet count (PLT) was 202×10 9/L. On day 2 of medication, his blood cell count began to decrease, with the lowest values of WBC 2.96×10 9/L, RBC 2.40×10 12/L, Hb 66 g/L, and PLT 128×10 9/L, respectively. It was misdiagnosed as gastrointestinal bleeding because of positive occult blood in gastric juice of the patient at the same time. However, the patient had no obvious melena, his gastric fluid occult blood did not match the development of anemia, and there was no evidence of hemolysis or hemorrhage at other sites. The relationship between the blood cell count decrease and piperacillin sodium and tazobactam sodium was considered. The drug was discontinued and the patient′s blood cell count returned to levels before treatment 3 days later.

Objective To obtain imaging information of the cervical arteries and vertebral structure of rhesus ma -caques and provide useful reference data for medical research works using macaques as animal models .Methods Six a-dult macaques (3 males and 3 females) in age of 3-5 years, body weight from 3.5 to 5 kg, were used to examine the neck by 320 row spiral CT imaging under general anesthesia , and three-dimensional reconstruction was performed to observe the vertebral artery morphology , and to measure the diameter of vertebral artery and the size of transverse foramen of the ma -caques .Color Doppler ultrasound was combined with 320-CT imaging to assess the blood flow velocity in carotid arteries . After CT scan to make sure that the vertebral artery and cervical vertebra of macaques had no deformity , the size of trans-verse foramen and diameter of vertebral artery were measured in the cross-sectional images .Color Doppler ultrasound was used to analyze the peak systolic velocity ( PSV) , diastolic peak flow velocity ( EDV) and the diameter ( D) of common ca-rotid artery (CCA), internal carotid artery (ICA), external carotid artery (ECA), and vertebral artery (VA) of the ma-caques .Results The 320-CT scan showed that in the monkeys , the vertebral artery enters the cervical spine through the intervertebral foramina at C6, and leaves the cervical spine at C 2 level, and the cervical spine has Luschka joint , which is similar to the anatomic structure in humans .The diameter of left and right vertebral arteries was 1.89 ±0.44 mm and 1.72 ±0.39 mm, respectively , with no significant difference between them in the same segment ( P>0.05 ) , and the size of transverse foramen also had no significant difference in the same segment ( P>0.05 ) .Color Doppler ultrasound showed that the left and right side systolic peak velocity (PSV) and diastolic peak velocity (EDV) of CCA and ICA, the left and right side systolic peak velocity (PSV) of ECA and VA had statistically significant difference (P<0.05), and the left ar-teries were predominant in the macaques .Conclusions In this study we obtained some imaging information of vertebral artery morphology and artery blood flow of macaques and these information may provide some useful basic data for further studies using rhesus macaques as animal models .