Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major global public health problem, affecting more than 10% of the world’s population, over 850 million people worldwide. Protein-energy wasting (PEW), which is observed in 28–54% of patients undergoing hemodialysis, is closely associated with reduced muscle mass and has been shown to double the risk of mortality within 5 years. Chronic inflammation and hemodynamic instability during hemodialysis are considered key mechanisms contributing to muscle mass loss in CKD. Aim: To determine muscle mass and the intensity of inflammatory response in hemodialysis patients, and evaluate their association Materials and Methods: Skeletal muscle mass (SMM) was assessed after hemodialysis using bioelectrical impedance analysis (InBody 770, USA). The skeletal muscle mass index (SMMI) was calculated as muscle mass (kg) divided by height squared (m²). Blood samples were obtained from the participants prior to hemodialysis, and the intensity of the inflammatory response was assessed using the level of C-reactive protein (CRP) and the CRP-to-albumin ratio (CRP/Alb). In addition, based on complete blood count parameters, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), as well as the systemic immune–inflammation index (SII), systemic inflammation response index (SIRI), and aggregate index of systemic inflammation (AISI) were calculated and evaluated. Results: A total of 128 hemodialysis patients were enrolled, including 50.8% males and 49.2% females, with a mean age of 55.37±14.87 years. No statistically significant differences in SMM (F=2.22, p=0.113) or SMMI (F=7.47, p=0.48) were observed across age groups. However, when stratified by duration of hemodialysis (≤3 years vs >3 years), independent samples t-test demonstrated significant differences in both SMM (26.2±5.2 vs 22.8±4.4; t=2.645, p=0.009) and SMMI (24.9±10.2 vs 22.9±9.7; t=3.020, p=0.003). Pearson correlation analysis showed that SMMI was significantly inversely correlated with CRP (r=−0.368, p<0.0001), MLR (r=−0.321, p<0.0001), SIRI (r=−0.210, p=0.02), AISI (r=−0.252, p=0.004), and CRP/Alb (r=−0.260, p=0.003). Conclusion In hemodialysis patients, increased inflammatory response intensity was associated with reduced skeletal muscle mass and may represent one of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms (SMMI vs. CRP, r=−0.368, p<0.0001; SMMI vs. MLR, r=−0.321, p<0.0001; SMMI vs. SIRI, r =−0.210, p=0.02; SMMI vs. AISI, r=−0.252, p=0.004; SMMI vs. CRP/Alb, r=−0.260, p=0.003).

Atherogenic dyslipidemia comprises a triad of increased blood concentrations of small, dense low density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles, and increased triglycerides. A typical feature of obesity, the metabolic syndrome, atherogenic dyslipidemia has emerged as an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. We have determined levels of serum lipid profiles in 1861 older people who lives 5 regions in Mongolia. The concentrations of total cholesterol, triglycerides and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured using a biochemical reagents by biochemical fully automated analyzer. The levels of LDL-C were calculated by the Friedewald equation. Overall prevalence of dyslipidemia was 4.3% in men and 3.0% in women. Logistic regression showed that Odds ratio of the atherogenic dyslipidemia was OR=1.3, p=0.001 (CI 95% 0.93-2.47) for body mass index, OR=1.6, p=0.02 (CI 95% 1.0-2.88) for waist circumference, OR=1.76, p=0.03 (CI 95% 1.12-3.54) for waist hip ratio. Odds ratio of the atherogenic dyslipidemia was OR=0.98, p=0.001 (CI 95% 0.34-1.05) for gender and OR=1.0 p=0.001 (CI 95% 0.65-1.03) for age. Overall, 3.3% of older people had atherogenic dyslipidemia and 4.3% of men and 3.0% of women had atherogenic dyslipidemia. An increase of physical parameters are getting a risk factor of atherogenic dyslipidemia.

As the proportion of aged population has been increasing worldwide by the rapid development of socio-economy, health science, and educational level that affect the policy against health service and social welfare, one of the urgent issues of Mongolian society and medical science facing is to develop healthy aging process and prevention of pathological aging. As we know, healthy aging process depends upon several factors such as heritage, biological and physiological internal factors, living condition, climate, geography, socio-economy, nutrition, drinking water, lifestyle etc,. Thus, the development of healthy aging and its influential factors is an immediate issue of Mongolian medicine and society.A cross-sectional regression analysis has been used to measure socioeconomic and physiological factors for longevity. Total of 1897 participants aged less than 80 are randomly collected from Ulaanbaatar city and Mongolian 4 regions.Total of 1897 participants, less than 80 years old are involved in this study. People in an urban area are higher than those in countryside. About housing condition, 63.5% of total participants are in apartment at UB and 37.8% is in House and 44.3% in Mongolian Ger. Estimating participant’s income, 25% of relatively healthy population is below than the minimum of subsistence. However 50% of elderly people aged between 75-80 is below than minimum of subsistence. Comparing income level by age and gender income is decreased while age is increased, males are relatively higher than females. Middle income people are by 20.9%, high income people are by 57.7% less the risky than low income people. Unhealthy status is increased by 1.0% while a year of smoking, LDL by 96.5%, HDL by 94.7%, Triglycerid by 71.2%, CAVI by 91% increase risks respectively.Below indicators are more influential for the healthy aging of Mongolian elderly people as follows, education level (ρ-0.001), household income (OR=0.423, ρ<0.0001), living conditions (OR=0.326, ρ<0.05), LDL (OR=0.035, ρ<0.0001), HDL (OR=0.053, ρ<0.0001), glucose (OR=0.014, ρ<0.0001), CAVI (OR=0.090, ρ<0.0001). Higher density of healthy aged populations is found in the central region of Mongolia where altitude is 1000-1500 meters above than sea level (MASL) and temperature is between 0-6 Celsius.

The increasing proportions of aged persons have been accompanied in the world. NCDs are often associated with older age groups. High blood glucose levels and unhealthy diet increase the risk of or cause most NCDs. In this study we aimed to determine correlation between the older people (60<) blood glucose level and food consumption. 1563 healthy elder people participated in this research. We measured blood glucose level in all subjects at the Nursing school’s Training and Research Center of health science university of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar city, Orkhon aimag, Khovd aimag, Khentii aimag, Bulgan aimag, Dornogovi aimag, Tov aimags represented urban areas, while the rest of aimags and soums represented rural areas. The questionnaire was used to collect data on respondent’s social-economic status, fruit and vegetable consumption, physical activity, and their causes. In order to assess the diet pattern of the surveyed population, the respondents were asked about frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption, type of oil used in food, and amount of salt consumed daily. Simple regression analysis was performed to shown that significantly positive correlations between blood glucose and salt intake (р<0.001), The other composition are no significantly changes.