Rheumatoid arthritis(RA)is a chronic autoimmune disease with a high risk of disability.Macrophages,as important immune cells,participate in the regulation of inflammatory response and bone homeostasis in RA by polarization to different phenotypes.This article reviewed the etiology and pathogenesis of RA in TCM.It was found that imbalance in macrophage polarization is a key factor contributing to inflammation and imbalance in bone homeostasis in RA.During the development of RA,M1 and M2 macrophages have different characteristics of yin and yang attributes and play different roles,which are similar to the connotation of mutual opposition,mutual restriction and mutual transformation of yin and yang theory of TCM.Based on yin-yang theory of TCM,it is proposed to regulate the balance of yin and yang and restore the homeostasis of macrophage to delay the progression of RA,hoping to provide ideas for clinical treatment of RA.

Bacteriophages possess the ability to infect and kill bacteria and have now been applied in various oral diseases,providing new insights for the prevention and treatment of oral diseases.They are expected to become a novel biological antibacterial agent for treating oral diseases.This paper comprehensively discusses the application of bacteriophages in oral medicine from six aspects:the concept and application prospects of bacteriophages,four common infectious diseases of the oral cavity and their pathogenic bacteria,existing treatment methods,and the application and outlook of bacteriophages in these diseases.Lay a theoretical basis for the clinical implementation of phage therapy.

BACKGROUND:Currently,the main purpose of surgical treatment for lumbar compression fractures is to improve symptoms,reduce pain,improve quality of life,minimize surgical risks,and reduce surgical exposure time.OBJECTIVE:To explore the safety and clinical efficacy of percutaneous vertebroplasty via Kambin's triangle in the treatment of senile spinal deformity accompanied by osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures.METHODS:A retrospective analysis was conducted on 31 patients with spinal deformity and osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures who were admitted to Tianjin Union Medical Center from January 2019 to December 2022.There were 21 males and 10 females,aged between 60 and 84(70.0±10.3)years old.The duration of illness ranged from 1 to 6(3.5±1.7)weeks.A total of 35 vertebral segments were affected.The distribution of vertebral compression fractures included:10 cases of L1 fracture,12 cases of L2 fracture,2 cases of L1+L2 fracture,5 cases of L3 fracture,and 2 cases of L1+L3 fracture.Based on the surgical approach,patients were divided into two groups:group A(via Kambin's triangle approach)with 15 cases,and group B(via traditional pedicle puncture)with 16 cases.Unilateral approach vertebroplasty was performed on both groups.The surgical duration,number of radiation exposures,presence of bone cement leakage,occurrence of complications such as nerve and vascular injuries were recorded in both groups.Postoperative CT scans were used to observe the dispersion and hardening of bone cement.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)In the group A,the surgical duration was 21-30 minutes per vertebra,with an average of(25.0±5.7)minutes.In the group B,the surgical duration was 25-43 minutes per vertebra,with an average of(33.0±7.2)minutes.The surgical duration for puncturing a single vertebra was significantly longer in the group B compared to the group A,with a statistically significant difference(P＜0.05).(2)The average number of radiation exposures per vertebra during surgery was(6.2±1.6)in the group A and(9.3±1.8)in the group B,with a statistically significant difference between the two groups(P＜0.05).(3)In the group A,no bone cement leakage was found.In group B,2 cases had bone cement leakage,and 1 case had bone cement entering the spinal canal,but no obvious neurological symptoms were observed.The leakage rate was 13％.Both groups had 1 case of subcutaneous hematoma.(4)Postoperative CT scans for observing the distribution of bone cement in the vertebral body showed that the rates of uniform dispersion of bone cement within the vertebrae were 71％and 33％in the groups A and B,respectively,with a statistically significant difference between the two groups(P＜0.05).(5)It is suggested that percutaneous vertebroplasty via Kambin's triangle approach offers advantages such as shorter surgical duration,better dispersion and filling of bone cement within the vertebrae,lower risk of complications,reduced radiation exposure,and satisfactory results with unilateral puncture.

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of selective expansive open-door laminoplasty(SEOLP)with preservation of C7 spinous process in the treatment of multisegmental cervical spondylotic myelopathy and its impact on changes in sagittal parameters of cervical spine.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data and radiological information of 73 patients who underwent expansive open-door laminoplasty(EOLP)for cervical spondylotic myelopathy in our department between March 2018 and June 2022.Patients were divided into the SEOLP group(n=35)and the EOLP group(n=38)based on the surgical method.Follow-up was conducted for one year.The operation time,blood loss,axial symptom scores,JOA scores,VAS scores and neck disability index(NDI)were recorded in two groups of patients.Radiological data were also recorded for both groups during the perioperative period,and the C2-7 Cobb angle,C2-7 SVA and T1 slope were measured.The cervical curvature index(CCI)and cervical range of motion(ROM)were calculated.The perioperative clinical outcomes and changes in cervical sagittal parameters were observed,and their correlations were analyzed.Results There were no significant differences in blood loss,operation time,JOA scores at various follow-up time points between the two groups(P＞0.05).During postoperative follow-up,axial symptoms were observed in 5 patients in SEOLP group and 14 patients in EOLP group.There were statistically significant differences in axial symptom scores,incidence and severity of axial symptoms between the two groups(P＜0.05).The NDI indices at one year after operation were 21.1±2.3 for SEOLP group and 24.8±3.5 for EOLP group respectively(P＜0.01).There were no statistically significant differences in T1 slope and C2-7 Cobb angle at various follow-up time points after surgery between the two groups(P＞0.05).One year after operation,CCI indices for two groups were(13.4±2.7)and(12.1±2.4),respectively,with a statistically significant difference(t=2.178,P＜0.05).The C2-C7 SVA values for two groups at one year after operation were(22.4+3.8)mm and(26.7±5.9)mm,respectively(t=3.667,P＜0.01).The results of the correlation analysis showed that there was a significant negative correlation between clinical functional improvement(NDI)and changes of the radiological parameter C2-C7 SVA in both groups of patients.Conclusion After SEOLP,the recovery of C2-C7 SVA is faster and has less impact on cervical spine function,and the occurrence degree and incidence of axial symptoms are lower.

lumbar fusion surgery is one of the commonly used surgical interventions and treatments for lumbar degenerative diseases.A small proportion of patients still experience complications such as low back pain after lumbar fusion surgery.Spinal-pelvic parameters are closely related to the occurrence of complications in patients after lumbar fusion surgery.This article reviews the commonly used lumbar fixation and fusion surgical techniques and mainstream sagittal spinal-pelvic parameters.Additionally,it summarizes the research progress and current status regarding the relationship between sagittal spinal-pelvic parameters and various postoperative complications,including low back pain.

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of selective expansive open-door laminoplasty(SEOLP)with preservation of C7 spinous process in the treatment of multisegmental cervical spondylotic myelopathy and its impact on changes in sagittal parameters of cervical spine.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data and radiological information of 73 patients who underwent expansive open-door laminoplasty(EOLP)for cervical spondylotic myelopathy in our department between March 2018 and June 2022.Patients were divided into the SEOLP group(n=35)and the EOLP group(n=38)based on the surgical method.Follow-up was conducted for one year.The operation time,blood loss,axial symptom scores,JOA scores,VAS scores and neck disability index(NDI)were recorded in two groups of patients.Radiological data were also recorded for both groups during the perioperative period,and the C2-7 Cobb angle,C2-7 SVA and T1 slope were measured.The cervical curvature index(CCI)and cervical range of motion(ROM)were calculated.The perioperative clinical outcomes and changes in cervical sagittal parameters were observed,and their correlations were analyzed.Results There were no significant differences in blood loss,operation time,JOA scores at various follow-up time points between the two groups(P＞0.05).During postoperative follow-up,axial symptoms were observed in 5 patients in SEOLP group and 14 patients in EOLP group.There were statistically significant differences in axial symptom scores,incidence and severity of axial symptoms between the two groups(P＜0.05).The NDI indices at one year after operation were 21.1±2.3 for SEOLP group and 24.8±3.5 for EOLP group respectively(P＜0.01).There were no statistically significant differences in T1 slope and C2-7 Cobb angle at various follow-up time points after surgery between the two groups(P＞0.05).One year after operation,CCI indices for two groups were(13.4±2.7)and(12.1±2.4),respectively,with a statistically significant difference(t=2.178,P＜0.05).The C2-C7 SVA values for two groups at one year after operation were(22.4+3.8)mm and(26.7±5.9)mm,respectively(t=3.667,P＜0.01).The results of the correlation analysis showed that there was a significant negative correlation between clinical functional improvement(NDI)and changes of the radiological parameter C2-C7 SVA in both groups of patients.Conclusion After SEOLP,the recovery of C2-C7 SVA is faster and has less impact on cervical spine function,and the occurrence degree and incidence of axial symptoms are lower.

Rheumatoid arthritis(RA)is a chronic autoimmune disease with a high risk of disability.Macrophages,as important immune cells,participate in the regulation of inflammatory response and bone homeostasis in RA by polarization to different phenotypes.This article reviewed the etiology and pathogenesis of RA in TCM.It was found that imbalance in macrophage polarization is a key factor contributing to inflammation and imbalance in bone homeostasis in RA.During the development of RA,M1 and M2 macrophages have different characteristics of yin and yang attributes and play different roles,which are similar to the connotation of mutual opposition,mutual restriction and mutual transformation of yin and yang theory of TCM.Based on yin-yang theory of TCM,it is proposed to regulate the balance of yin and yang and restore the homeostasis of macrophage to delay the progression of RA,hoping to provide ideas for clinical treatment of RA.

BACKGROUND:Currently,the main purpose of surgical treatment for lumbar compression fractures is to improve symptoms,reduce pain,improve quality of life,minimize surgical risks,and reduce surgical exposure time.OBJECTIVE:To explore the safety and clinical efficacy of percutaneous vertebroplasty via Kambin's triangle in the treatment of senile spinal deformity accompanied by osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures.METHODS:A retrospective analysis was conducted on 31 patients with spinal deformity and osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures who were admitted to Tianjin Union Medical Center from January 2019 to December 2022.There were 21 males and 10 females,aged between 60 and 84(70.0±10.3)years old.The duration of illness ranged from 1 to 6(3.5±1.7)weeks.A total of 35 vertebral segments were affected.The distribution of vertebral compression fractures included:10 cases of L1 fracture,12 cases of L2 fracture,2 cases of L1+L2 fracture,5 cases of L3 fracture,and 2 cases of L1+L3 fracture.Based on the surgical approach,patients were divided into two groups:group A(via Kambin's triangle approach)with 15 cases,and group B(via traditional pedicle puncture)with 16 cases.Unilateral approach vertebroplasty was performed on both groups.The surgical duration,number of radiation exposures,presence of bone cement leakage,occurrence of complications such as nerve and vascular injuries were recorded in both groups.Postoperative CT scans were used to observe the dispersion and hardening of bone cement.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)In the group A,the surgical duration was 21-30 minutes per vertebra,with an average of(25.0±5.7)minutes.In the group B,the surgical duration was 25-43 minutes per vertebra,with an average of(33.0±7.2)minutes.The surgical duration for puncturing a single vertebra was significantly longer in the group B compared to the group A,with a statistically significant difference(P＜0.05).(2)The average number of radiation exposures per vertebra during surgery was(6.2±1.6)in the group A and(9.3±1.8)in the group B,with a statistically significant difference between the two groups(P＜0.05).(3)In the group A,no bone cement leakage was found.In group B,2 cases had bone cement leakage,and 1 case had bone cement entering the spinal canal,but no obvious neurological symptoms were observed.The leakage rate was 13％.Both groups had 1 case of subcutaneous hematoma.(4)Postoperative CT scans for observing the distribution of bone cement in the vertebral body showed that the rates of uniform dispersion of bone cement within the vertebrae were 71％and 33％in the groups A and B,respectively,with a statistically significant difference between the two groups(P＜0.05).(5)It is suggested that percutaneous vertebroplasty via Kambin's triangle approach offers advantages such as shorter surgical duration,better dispersion and filling of bone cement within the vertebrae,lower risk of complications,reduced radiation exposure,and satisfactory results with unilateral puncture.

lumbar fusion surgery is one of the commonly used surgical interventions and treatments for lumbar degenerative diseases.A small proportion of patients still experience complications such as low back pain after lumbar fusion surgery.Spinal-pelvic parameters are closely related to the occurrence of complications in patients after lumbar fusion surgery.This article reviews the commonly used lumbar fixation and fusion surgical techniques and mainstream sagittal spinal-pelvic parameters.Additionally,it summarizes the research progress and current status regarding the relationship between sagittal spinal-pelvic parameters and various postoperative complications,including low back pain.

Objective This study aimed to explore the prognostic value of 18F-FDG PET/CT Metabolic and Heterogeneity Parameters Combined with Clinical Features Before Definitive Chemoradiotherapy(D-CRT)in predicting the prognosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)Patients.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on clinical data from 106 patients with ESCC who received D-CRT at the first affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China between January 2017 and December 2021.All patients underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT examination before the treatment.The primary tumor′s metabolic and heterogeneity parameters were obtained through data processing.All patients were followed up for overall survival.The Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze the association between clinical features,tumor metabo-lism and heterogeneity parameters and patient prognosis.Results The 1-and 1.5-year overall survival rates of all patients were 77.4%and 51.9%.The median survival time was 20 months.Univariate analysis showed that N stage,M stage,metabolic tumor volume,total lesion glycolysis,heterogeneity index-2(HI-2),and coefficient of variation with a threshold of 40%maximum standard uptake value(CV40%)were correlated with the prognosis of ESCC(all P<0.05).Multivariate analysis showed that N stage and CV40%were independent predictors of prognosis in patients with ESCC(P = 0.039 and P<0.001,respectively).Conclusion N stage and tumor metabolic heterogeneity parameter CV40%,which offering a degree of predictive value,are closely related to the prognosis of patients with ESCC treated with D-CRT.