Objective:To investigate the predictive value of serum uric acid/albumin ratio (sUAR) for acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac valve surgery.Methods:The clinical data of adult patients undergoing cardiac valve surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass from January 2021 to December 2021 from the Heart Center of Henan Provincial People's Hospital were collected retrospectively, and the sUAR was calculated. All patients were divided into AKI group and non-AKI group according to whether AKI occurred within 7 days after cardiac valve surgery, and the differences of clinical data between the two groups were compared. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the independent correlation factors of AKI after cardiac valve surgery. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the performance of relevant indicators.Results:A total of 422 patients were enrolled, including 194 females (46.0%), 141 hypertension patients (33.4%) and 172 atrial fibrillation patients (40.8%). They were 57 (50, 65) years old. Their sUAR was 8.13 (6.57, 9.54) μmol/g, and hemoglobin was 135 (125, 145) g/L. There were 142 cases in AKI group and 280 cases in non-AKI group, and the incidence of AKI after cardiac valve surgery was 33.6%. Age, atrial fibrillation rate, baseline serum creatinine, N terminal pro B type natriuretic peptide, serum urea,serum uric acid, blood glucose and sUAR were higher in the AKI group than those in the non-AKI group (all P<0.05), and estimated glomerular filtration rate, lymphocyte count,hemoglobin and serum albumin were lower in the AKI group than those in the non-AKI group (all P<0.05). The median cardiopulmonary bypass time of patients in the AKI group was slightly longer than that in the non-AKI group, but the difference was not statistically significant [159 (125, 192) min vs. 151 (122, 193) min, Z=-0.797, P=0.426], and there were no statistically significant differences in other indicators between the two groups. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that sUAR ( OR=1.467, 95% CI 1.308-1.645, P<0.001), age ( OR=1.045, 95% CI 1.020-1.072, P<0.001), atrial fibrillation ( OR=2.520, 95% CI 1.580-4.020, P<0.001), hemoglobin ( OR=0.984, 95% CI 0.971-0.997, P=0.015) were the independent correlation factors. ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve ( AUC) of sUAR predicting AKI after cardiac valve surgery was 0.710 (95% CI 0.659-0.760, P<0.001) with a sensitivity of 85.2% and specificity of 45.0% for the sUAR cut-off point of 7.28 μmol/g. The AUC for the diagnosis of AKI after cardiac valve surgery was 0.780 (95% CI 0.734-0.825, P<0.001) with a sensitivity of 72.5% and specificity of 71.8% for the combination of sUAR with age, hemoglobin and atrial fibrillation. Conclusions:For patients undergoing cardiac valve surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass, preoperative high sUAR is an independent risk factor for postoperative AKI, and sUAR has a certain predictive value for postoperative AKI.

Objective:To explore the role of serum cholinesterase (CHE) levels in the prognosis of patients with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF).Methods:Total of 244 consecutive patients with ADHF who were admitted to the emergency department and were successfully discharged were prospectively enrolled from January 2018 to June 2020. Patients were divided into groups according to the first and third quartile of CHE level and the clinical data, laboratory tests and other nutritional indices were recorded after discharge, and then were followed up. The primary end points were the composites of cardiovascular death and hospitalization for worsening HF (composite end points). The secondary end points were all-cause mortality and cardiovascular death. Cox proportional risk analysis, time-dependent Cox regression model or stratified cox regression were used to identify the risk of primary and secondary endpoints. Clinical, biomarker and the compound models of clinical and biomarker were constructed. Kaplan-Meier method was used to plot the survival curves of different groups and compare their differences. Receiver Operating characteristics (ROC) curves were used to compare the area under the curve for CHE levels and other nutritional or prognostic indicators to identify composite end-point events.Results:During a follow-up period of 350(100,683) days, 158 patients reached the composite end points. In the multivariable Cox analysis, cholinesterase level was significantly associated with the composite end points after adjustment for major confounders. Cox proportional risk analysis or time-dependent Cox regression model showed that CHE level was significantly associated with the composite end points, all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in both clinical, biomarker and composite models (all P< 0.05). A Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed that patients with low cholinesterase levels had significantly greater risk of reaching the composite end points than those with middle or high cholinesterase levels (78.1% vs 66.7% vs. 46.7%, P<0.001); Cholinesterase level showed the largest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.736 (95% CI, 0.664-0.888) for prediction of the composite end points among other nutritional indices. The AUROC of the Global Meta-Analysis Group Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC) Risk Score for prediction of the composite end points was increased from 0.704 to 0.762 ( P=0.038), when cholinesterase level was added. Conclusions:Cholinesterase may serve as a simple and effective prognostic marker for predicting adverse outcomes in ADHF patients.

Background and Purpose:Accurate differentiation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC)from mass-forming chronic pancreatitis(MFCP)is clinically significant.The application of dual-layer spectral detector CT(DLCT)in pancreas has been explored.This study aimed to investigate the value of DLCT in distinguishing resectable PDAC from MFCP.Methods:We retrospectively collected data of 33 patients with resectable PDAC and 19 patients with MFCP admitted to Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center from September 1,2021 to May 31,2023.Prior to surgery,patients underwent enhanced DLCT scans,including arterial phase(AP),parenchymal phase(PP)and venous phase(VP).DLCT quantitative parameters,including attenuation enhancement fraction(AEF),lesion-to-parenchyma ratio(LPR)and iodine enhancement fraction(IEF)were calculated.Difference analysis was conducted using independent sample t-test or chi-square test.Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using binary logistic regression.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves were used for performance evaluation.P＜0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results:Statistically significant differences were observed between PDAC and MFCP in AEF_AP/PP,LPR40_VP,IEF_PP/VP,carbohydrate antigen 19-9(CA19-9)and double-duct sign(all P＜0.05).The spectral combined model composed of LPR40_VP and IEF_PP/VP exhibited the best discriminatory efficacy,surpassing CA19-9,double-duct sign and AEF_AP/PP(all P＜0.05).The combined model demonstrated an area under curve(AUC)of 0.841,sensitivity of 90%,specificity of 73%,and accuracy of 79%.Conclusion:DLCT has certain potential in differentiating resectable PDAC from MFCP.Spectral quantitative parameters can complement CA19-9 and outcome shortcomings of conventional CT in distinguishing resectable PDAC from MFCP.

OBJECTIVE To review the current research progress on pharmacoeconomics evaluation related to spinal muscular atrophy （SMA）， in order to provide valuable insights for clinical treatment， screening and medical insurance payment decision- making. METHODS A computerized search was conducted across multiple databases including PubMed， Web of Science， Embase， Scopus， Cochrane Library， EBSCOhost， CNKI， VIP， CBM and Wanfang database as well as other important health technology assessment （HTA） websites， such as National Institute for Health and Care Research，International Society of Technology Assessment in Health Care， Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality， etc. The pharmacoeconomics evaluation studies related to SMA were collected from the inception to December 31st， 2023. The literature/reports were rigorously screened based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria by two researchers， and the essential information from the included literature/ reports was extracted using Excel 2019. The quality of the included literature/reports was evaluated by Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards 2022. RESULTS Finally， 9 articles and 15 HTA reports were included， with overall good quality of literature， but poor quality of HTA reports. There were a total of 24 studies on the pharmacoeconomics evaluation of SMA， including treatment options such as nusinersen sodium， sovaprevir， risperidone， and best supportive therapy.The review results showed that nusinersen sodium was not cost-effective in the treatment of SMA； there was no consensus on the economic viability of treatment options such as risperidone and sovaprevir； newborn/prenatal screening combined withmedication therapy was cost-effective. CONCLUSIONS newborn/prenatal screening combined with SMA medication therapy demonstrates economic advantages. It is suggested to further investigate the cost-effectiveness of new SMA drugs and SMA screening in China， taking localization parameters and medical insurance prices into account， and gradually incorporate SMA screening into the scope of neonatal genetic disease detection， in order to alleviate the financial burden of patients’ families and healthcare systems.

Objective To investigate the efficacy and complications of one-step and two-step ultrasound-guided percutaneous transhepatic hepatic duct drainage(PTHD)in the treatment of advanced low-level biliary obstruction.Methods A total of 112 patients with advanced low-level biliary obstruction who underwent palliative surgery for reducing jaundice in the hospital from January 2019 to July 2023 were selected,and divided into the one-step group and the two-step group according to the principle of complete randomization(grouped by random number table method).The one-step group(n=56)underwent one-step PTHD,while the two-step group(n=56)underwent two-step PTHD.Surgery related indicators,serum total bilirubin(TBIL),alkaline phosphatase(ALP),alanine transaminase(ALT),the incidence of postoperative complications,and satisfaction were compared between the two groups.Results There was no difference in intraoperative blood loss[(2.96±0.50)ml vs.(3.02±0.53)ml],drainage volume in 48 hours after surgery[(555.84±90.51)ml vs.(560.52±104.23)ml]between the two groups(P＞0.05).Operation time and postoperative VAS score of the one-step group were significantly shorter/lower than those of the two-step group[(32.50±4.26)min vs.(36.43±3.58)min,(3.72±1.57)points vs.(4.53±1.34)points],and the success rate of puncture was significantly higher than that in the two-step group(96.43％vs.76.69％),with statistically significant differences(P＜0.05).After treatment,the levels of TBIL,ALP and ALT in the two groups were significantly reduced(P＜0.05),but there was no statistically significant difference between the groups(P＞0.05).There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of complications between the two groups(3.57％vs.7.14％,Fisher's exact probability=0.679).The satisfaction rate in the one-step group was significantly higher than that in the two-step group(94.64％vs.75.00％),with a statistically significant difference(P＜0.05).ConclusionThe operation time of one-step PTHD is shorter and the success rate of puncture is higher.In addition,patients undergoing one-step PTHD have milder pain,and are more satisfied.

Objective:To systematically evaluate the prevalence of norovirus causing sporadic acute gastroenteritis in China.Methods:Relevant articles on acute gastroenteritis caused by norovirus in China published between January 2010 and October 2023 were retrieved from Wanfang, CNKI and PubMed database. The articles met inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled in this study. Excel software and SPSS20.0 software were used for statistical analysis. The epidemiological features of sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis caused by norovirus in China were summarized using descriptive statistical analysis.Results:A total of 500 articles were included in this study, involving 784 486 cases of acute gastroenteritis and 670 292 samples in 32 provinces and regions. Norovirus GⅡ was the predominant genogroup causing acute gastroenteritis in China in recent years, but there were significant differences in the distribution of genotypes and epidemic strains at different times. GⅡ.4 was the predominant genotype in each year, and GⅡ.4/2006b and GⅡ.4 /Sydney_2012 were the main epidemic strains. Norovirus-related diarrhea occurred throughout the year, especially between the months of October and December. The incidence of norovirus infection was high in children under five years old and varied in different regions.Conclusions:Norovirus GⅡ was the predominant genogroup causing norovirus-related sporadic acute gastroenteritis in China, but there was an obvious genetic evolutionary trend in the epidemic strains. Factors such as epidemic strains, season and geographical region should be considered when making strategies for the prevention and control of norovirus-related diarrhea and developing vaccines.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the cost -effectiveness of tislelizumab in the second -line treatment of advanced or metastatic esophageal squamous cell carcinoma （ESCC）in China .METHODS A three -state Markov model was constructed to assess the cost -effectiveness of tislelizumab versus chemotherapy in the second -line treatment of advanced or metastatic ESCC and programmed death receptor 1（PD-L1）positive patients . The cycle length of the model was 1 month，and the time horizon of the model was set as 10 years. The discount rate of cost and utility was 5%. One-way sensitivity analysis ，probability sensitivity analysis and scenario analysis were used to verify the robustness of the base -case analysis results . RESULTS The results of the base-case analysis showed that compared with chemotherapy ，the incremental cost -effectiveness ratio （ICER）of tislelizumab in the second-line treatment of advanced or metastatic ESCC and PD -L1-positive patients were 26 864.01 yuan/QALY and 37 510.07 yuan/QALY，respectively，which was much lower than 1 time per capita gross domestic product （GDP）in 2021（80 976 yuan）. Results of scenario analysis showed that the ICER was less than 1 times per capita GDP ，regardless of the chemotherapy regimens（paclitaxel，docetaxel or irinotecan ）used. With the extension of the simulation time limit ，the ICER of tirelizumab regimen gradually decreased ，and the reduction rate gradually E-mail：lishunping@sdu.edu.cn decreased，but they were all less than 1 time China ’s per capita GDP in 2021. The results of the one -way sensitivity analysis showed that the 3 parameters with the most significant impact on the ICER were progression -free survival of tislelizumab group ，price of tislelizumab ，and the proportion of patients receiving follow-up treatment in the tislelizumab group . The results of the probability sensitivity analysis showed that the probability of tislelizumab with cost -effectiveness in the treatment of advanced or metastatic ESCC patients and PD -L1-positive patients were 99.09% and 99.94%，respectively，when using 3 times per capita GDP as the willingness -to-pay threshold . CONCLUSIONS Tislelizumab has economic advantages over chemotherapy alone in the second -line treatment of advanced or metastatic ESCC patients.

Objective:To determine whether the blood urea nitrogen to serum albumin (B/A) ratio was a useful prognostic factor of mortality in the patients with acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (ANVUGIB).Methods:Totally 1 120 patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (VUGIB) admitted to the Emergency Department from January 2019 to December 2021 were prospectively and continuously collected and 449 eligible patients with acute non-varicose upper gastrointestinal tract were finally enrolled. The clinical data, laboratory tests and endoscopic results of the patients were recorded, and the data from the 30-day survival group and the non-survival group were compared and analyzed.Results:Significant differences were observed in age, mean arterial pressure, pulse rate, albumin levels, total protein levels, blood urea nitrogen levels, glucose, Glasgow-Blatchford score (GBS), Rockall, and AIMS65 scores between the survival and non-survival groups (all P <0.05). The B/A ratio in the non-survival group was significantly higher than that in the survival group [(24.9 ± 16.4) vs. (9.0 ± 8.6) mg/g, P<0.001]. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed that the best cutoff value of B/A ratio for predicting 30-day death was 32.08 mg/g, with a sensitivity of 0.776 and specificity of 0.823. There was a significant difference in the 30-day Kaplan-Meier survival curve between patients with B/A ratio ≥32.08 mg/g and those with B/A ratio <32.08 mg/g (Log Rank 32.229, P<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the B/A ratio (≥32.08 mg/g) was associated with 30-day mortality ( OR=4.87, 95% CI: 1.94-6.85, P<0.001). Area under the ROC curve (AUC) for B/A ratio, GBS, Rockall and AIMS65 scores for predicting 30-day mortality were 0.855 (95% CI: 0.807-0.902), 0.849 (95% CI: 0.796-0.901), 0.657 (95% CI: 0.576-0.737), and 0.828 (95% CI: 0.774-0.883), respectively. Conclusions:The B/A ratio is a simple but potentially useful prognostic factor of mortality in the ANVUGIB patients.

Objective:To investigate the clinical application value of enhanced recovery after surgery using the LEER model in patients subjected to laparoscopic cholecystectomy in basic hospitals of Yi nationality area.Methods:Twenty-six patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy based on the concept of enhancing recovery after surgery using the LEER model in People's Hospital of Jinkouhe District of Leshan from January to October 2021 were included in the observation group. An additional 20 patients who concurrently underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy and conventional intervention were included in the control group. Clinical efficacy, postoperative complications and postoperative pain were compared between the two groups.Results:Postoperative fasting time, length of hospital stay, and total hospital days in the observation group were 6 (6, 6) hours, 2 (2, 3) days and 4 (4, 6) days respectively, which were significantly shorter than 24 (24, 36) hours, 5 (5, 6) days, 7 (7, 9) days in the control group ( H = 351.00, 407.50, 458.00, all P < 0.05). Hospitalization cost in the observation group was 5 454.58 (5 014.11, 6 016.58) yuan, which was significantly lower than 6 611.91 (6 192.68, 7 841.73) yuan in the control group ( H = 420.00, P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in operative time and postoperative complications between the two groups (both P > 0.05). At postoperative 6 hours, Visual Analogue Scale score in the observation group was 3 (3, 4) points, and patients with mild pain accounted for 73.07% (19/26). At postoperative 24 hours, Visual Analogue Scale score in the observation group was 2 (2, 3) points, and patients with mild pain accounted for 92.31% (24/26). Overall pain was well controlled after surgery. Patient satisfaction rate in the observation was 96.15% (25/26). All patients recovered and were discharged. Conclusion:Application of enhanced recovery after surgery using the LEER model in patients subjected to laparoscopic cholecystectomy in basic hospitals of Yi nationality area can promote postoperative recovery, contribute to changing the theory of diagnosis and treatment, and improve overall medical quality. The enhanced recovery after surgery protocol using the LEER model has a good application value.

【Objective】 This paper screened the factors that may influence the spatial differentiation of Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio （NLR） reference values in healthy adults in China and explored the trend of NLR reference values in China. 【Methods】 For this research， we collected the NLR of 162 681 healthy adults from 62 cities in China. Spearman regression analysis was used to analyze the correlation between NLR and 25 geography secondary indexes. We extracted 9 indexes with significant correlation， built a random forest （RF） model， and predicted the country’s urban healthy adults’ NLR reference value. By using the disjunctive Kriging method， we obtained the geographical distribution of NLR reference value of healthy adults in China. 【Results】 The reference value of NLR of healthy adults in China was significantly correlated with the 9 secondary indexes， namely， altitude， sunshine duration， annual average temperature， annual average relative humidity， annual temperature range， annual average wind speed， content of organic matter in topsoil， cation exchange capacity in topsoil （clay）， and total amount of CaSO4 in soil. The geographical distribution of NLR values of healthy adults in China showed a trend of being higher in Southeast China and lower in Northwest China， higher in coastal areas and lower in inland areas. 【Conclusion】 This study lays a foundation for further research on the mechanism of different influencing factors on the reference value of NLR index. A random forest model composed of significant influencing factors has been established to provide the basis for formulating reference criteria for the prognostic factors of the novel coronavirus using NLR reference values in different regions.