ObjectiveThe research focuses on developing modeling and evaluation methodologies for an animal model exhibiting spleen deficiency and dampness excess syndrome， with the aim of standardizing such animal models for future reference. MethodsBy conducting a literature search on animal models of spleen deficiency and dampness excess syndrome， relevant publications meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria will be identified based on publication date， data source， types of diseases involved， animal characteristics， modeling methods， modeling duration， macroscopic syndrome assessment indicators， macroscopic quantification indicators， laboratory testing parameters， intervention approaches， positive controls and application context. A database will be established to facilitate the extraction of this information for quantitative analysis， statistical evaluation， and visual representation. ResultsA total of 137 literature articles meeting the standards have been included in the research. The primary animal species used in animal models of spleen deficiency and dampness excess are SD rats. Modeling methods include single-factor， dual-factor composite， and triple-factor composite methods， with various models widely applied in validation of pharmacological effects and mechanistic explorations. Evaluation indices of animal models for spleen deficiency and dampness excess primarily consist of macroscopic syndrome evaluation indicators and macroscopic quantitative indicators. Laboratory testing indicators are mostly related to research areas such as fluid metabolism and gastrointestinal function. The most commonly studied herbal formulas currently include Shenling Baizhu San and Pingwei San， with natural recovery and the use of the western medicine metronidazole as the most frequently used positive controls. ConclusionThe application of animal models for spleen deficiency and dampness excess is gradually increasing， with various modeling methods already simulating the typical characteristics of this syndrome pattern. However， there are still many areas that are worth contemplating and improving. This study aims to provide reference and ideas for the standardization of symptom names in animal models of spleen deficiency and dampness excess， as well as for the improvement of model construction and evaluation systems.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the therapeutic effects of inulin-type oligosaccharides of Morinda officinalis (IOMO) in a murine model of Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis (SPM) and explore its possible mechanisms. METHODS: A total of 120 male C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned into Sham, SPM+Saline, SPM+IOMO (25 mg/kg), and SPM+IOMO (50 mg/kg) groups. After modeling, the mice received daily gavage of saline or IOMO at the indicated doses for 7 consecutive days, and the changes in symptom scores and mortality of the mice were monitored. Brain pathology and neuronal injury of the mice were assessed using HE and Nissl staining, and qRT-PCR was performed to detect mRNA levels of the inflammatory mediators. Brain edema and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability of the mice were evaluated by measuring brain water content and Evans blue (EB) staining; Western blotting was used to analyze the expressions of BBB-associated proteins, and flow cytometry was employed to detect IFN‑γ expression level in the infiltrating lymphocytes. Open-field test (OFT) and novel object recognition test (NORT) were conducted to assess learning and memory ability of the mice on day 21 after modeling. RESULTS: IOMO treatment at 50 mg/kg significantly reduced the symptom scores and mortality rate of SPM mice, alleviated brain damage, and downregulated mRNA levels of IL-6, TNF‑α, IL-1β, IL-18, IFN‑γ, iNOS, NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1 and GSDMD in the brain tissue. IOMO treatment also decreased brain water content and EB leakage, upregulated VE-cadherin and occludin expressions, and suppressed AQP4, iNOS, and IFN‑γ levels of the mice. IOMO-treated mice exhibited improved learning and memory compared with the saline-treated mice on day 21 after SPM modeling. CONCLUSIONS IOMO alleviates SPM symptoms, reduces mortality, and mitigates cognitive deficits in mice possibly by suppressing cerebral inflammation and protecting BBB functions.
Animals ; Morinda/chemistry* ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Male ; Mice ; Meningitis, Pneumococcal/drug therapy* ; Blood-Brain Barrier/metabolism* ; Inulin/therapeutic use* ; Oligosaccharides/therapeutic use* ; Disease Models, Animal ; Interferon-gamma/metabolism* ; Brain Edema

Central fatigue refers to the central nervous system disease caused by excessive mental pressure or excessive physical activity, which shows a series of fatigue symptoms. The pathological mechanism of central fatigue remains unclear, and the mitochondrial quality control pathway represented by mitophagy is closely related to the occurrence and development of central fatigue. Traditional Chinese medicine considers liver stagnation and spleen deficiency as the key pathogenesis of central fatigue. This paper suggests that oxidative stress may be an important basis for the occurrence of central fatigue, energy metabolism disorders are specific manifestations of liver′s failure of conveyance and dispersion and spleen′s failure of healthy transportation, and the abnormal accumulation of reactive oxygen can be regarded as pathological products of central fatigue. Therefore, based on oxidative stress and energy metabolism, the pathologic mechanism of liver′s failure of conveyance and dispersion and spleen′s failure of healthy transportation in central fatigue from the perspective of mitophagy has a rich theoretical connotation, and provides a theoretical reference for the clinical treatment of central fatigue.

Imaging mass cytometry(IMC)is a new technology integrating mass spectrometry,high-resolution laser ablation and immunohistochemistry/cytochemistry.With a unique high-dimensional perspective to comprehensively and accurately depict the complex phenotypes,signaling pathways,and tumor immune interactions in the tissue and tumor microenvironment,is widely used in gastrointestinal tumors.This article reviews the application of IMC in depicting the panorama of tumor microenvironment,revealing tu-mor spatial heterogeneity,clarifying tumor pharmacological mechanism,assisting new drug development,and evaluating the efficacy of immunotherapy dynamically in digestive system tumors.

Objective To explore the impact of severe weather on road traffic injuries (RTIs). Methods Relevant literature on the impact of meteorology on the occurrence and resulting casualties of road traffic injuries was searched. Meta-analysis was performed on the included literature using state16.0 software. Results A total of 28 articles were included. The results of meta-analysis showed that heat wave, cloudy day, snowy day, rainy day and other severe weather such as storm had a statistically significant impact on the occurrence of road traffic injuries. Severe weather such as storms had a statistically significant impact on RTIs casualties. Conclusion Heat wave, cloudy day, snowy day, rainy day, storm and other bad weather are independent risk factors for the occurrence of RTIs. Storm is a risk factor for accident casualties. There is not enough evidence to show that low temperature, cold wave and heavy fog are the influencing factors of road traffic accidents.

Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO₂ NPs), as the oxides of the most abundant elements in rare earths, have been widely used in biomedical and industrial production and other fields that are closely related to human life. China is a large country in resources and production of rare earth, and the impact of CeO₂ NPs on human health has been increasingly concerned. In response to the possible health risks of CeO₂ NPs, researchers begin to focus on their toxic effects on living organisms, especially on the reproductive system. The male reproductive system is not only responsible for producing sperm and regulating the secretion of testosterone, but also plays a key role in maintaining male sexual characters and function. Any adverse effects on the male reproductive system may lead to reduced fertility and reproductive dysfunction. Some studies have shown that long-term exposure to CeO₂ NPs may lead to gonadal damage, sex hormone disorders, and other problems in male animals. Therefore, an in-depth study of the potential effects of CeO₂ NPs on the male reproductive system is of great scientific significance and practical value. In this study, we reviewed the male reproductive toxicity of CeO₂ NPs in terms of spermatogenic cells, spermatozoa structure, blood-testis barrier, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, and functional changes in epididymis, and analyzed the effects of the size and shape of physicochemical parameters of CeO₂ NPs on the toxicity to male reproductive system. The findings will provide a theoretical basis and scientific evidence for the rational use of CeO₂ NPs.

With the widespread use of mobile phones, laptops, and WIFI, the effects of radio frequency radiation (RFR) on human health are of increasing concern, and there are particular concerns about its reproductive toxicity. Studies have shown that the reproductive system is a sensitive target for RFR. In males, RFR is associated with decreased sperm quality and serum testosterone levels, but there are few studies on the biological effects of RFR by altering physical parameters on the male reproductive system. This paper introduced common sources of RFR, reviewed the toxic effects and mechanisms of RFR targeting male reproductive system from the aspects of spermatogenic cells, sperm structure, blood-testicular barrier, and testicular function, and analyzed male reproductive system related toxic effects of RFR by varying physical parameters including frequency, treatment duration, and specific absorption rate, so as to provide a theoretical basis and scientific basis for the safe and reasonable use of radio frequency electromagnetic field by humans and subsequent in-depth research.

ObjectiveTo observe the effect of Simiaowan on the intestinal ATP-binding cassette superfamily G （White） member 2 （ABCG2） expression and the intestinal uric acid excretion in hyperuricemia rats. MethodA total of 48 SD male rats were randomized into the normal， model， benzbromarone （4.7 mg·kg^-1）， and high-， medium-， low-dose Simiaowan groups （2 260.6， 1 130.3， 565.2 mg·kg^-1， respectively）， with 8 rats in each group. Potassium oxonate and hypoxanthine was employed to induce hyperuricemia in rats （21 days）. On the 8^th day， administration began （once a day for 14 days）. Rats were killed on the 21^st day， and serum uric acid， serum creatinine， blood urea nitrogen， and intestinal uric acid were detected. The protein expression of ABCG2 in the small intestine was detected by Western blot. The ABCG2 protein expression and localization in intestinal tissues were determined by immunohistochemistry. The ABCG2 mRNA expression in small intestine was measured by quantitative real-time PCR. ResultThe levels of serum uric acid， serum creatinine， and blood urea nitrogen in the model group were higher than those in the normal group （P<0.01）. Low level of serum uric acid in the three Simiaowan groups and benzbromarone group （P<0.01）， high level of intestinal uric acid in medium-dose and low-dose Simiaowan groups （P<0.05， P<0.01）， high level of serum creatinine in benzbromarone group （P<0.01）， and low level of blood urea nitrogen in low-dose Simiaowan group （P<0.05） were observed as compared with those in the model group. Serum uric acid showed insignificant difference between the low-dose Simiaowan group and benzbromarone group. The expression of ABCG2 protein in the model group was lower than that in the normal group （P<0.05）. The expression of ABCG2 protein in the medium-dose and low-dose Simiaowan groups （P<0.05， P<0.01）， the high-dose Simiaowan group， and benzbromarone group increased as compared with that in the model group. ABCG2 mRNA expression was insignificantly different between the model group and the normal group， while the expression in the medium-dose and low-dose Simiaowan groups was higher than that in the model group （P<0.05）. ABCG2 protein was mainly distributed in intestinal villi， and ABCG2 protein expression demonstrated no significant difference between the model group and the normal group. The ABCG2 protein expression in the three Simiaowan groups increased as compared with that in the model group （P<0.05）. ConclusionSimiaowan can significantly reduce the serum uric acid level in hyperuricemia rats. Particularly， the low-dose Simiaowan shows similar efficacy to benzbromarone in lowering uric acid and protects renal function. The mechanism is the likelihood that it up-regulates intestinal ABCG2 expression to promote intestinal excretion of uric acid.

Mutations or inactivation of parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, are associated with familial form or sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD), respectively, which manifested with the selective vulnerability of neuronal cells in substantia nigra (SN) and striatum (STR) regions. However, the underlying molecular mechanism linking parkin with the etiology of PD remains elusive. Here we report that p62, a critical regulator for protein quality control, inclusion body formation, selective autophagy and diverse signaling pathways, is a new substrate of parkin. P62 levels were increased in the SN and STR regions, but not in other brain regions in parkin knockout mice. Parkin directly interacts with and ubiquitinates p62 at the K13 to promote proteasomal degradation of p62 even in the absence of ATG5. Pathogenic mutations, knockdown of parkin or mutation of p62 at K13 prevented the degradation of p62. We further showed that parkin deficiency mice have pronounced loss of tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons and have worse performance in motor test when treated with 6-hydroxydopamine hydrochloride in aged mice. These results suggest that, in addition to their critical role in regulating autophagy, p62 are subjected to parkin mediated proteasomal degradation and implicate that the dysregulation of parkin/p62 axis may involve in the selective vulnerability of neuronal cells during the onset of PD pathogenesis.
Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Animals ; HEK293 Cells ; Heat-Shock Proteins ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Humans ; Lysine ; metabolism ; Mice ; Neurons ; metabolism ; pathology ; Oxidopamine ; pharmacology ; Parkinson Disease ; metabolism ; pathology ; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex ; metabolism ; Protein Stability ; Proteolysis ; drug effects ; Sequestosome-1 Protein ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases ; metabolism ; Ubiquitination ; drug effects

This paper analyzed and discussed on the importance of doctor-patient communica-tion skills and the differences between foreign countries and China. Meanwhile, it pointed out the drawbacks of doctor-patient communication skills training for medical students in China and proposed some countermeasures including finding out influence factors, searching for reference books, provid-ing guide for doctor-patient communication theory and skills, formulating teaching pattern, building evaluation mechanism, and establishing a communication platform of doctor-patient communication skills for medical students.