ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanism by which Mingshi prescription regulates the retinal melanopsin-dopamine （Opn4-DA） axis in myopic mice to inhibit endoplasmic reticulum （ER） stress in the retina and sclera， thereby delaying axial elongation associated with myopia. MethodsSixty 4-week-old male SPF-grade C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into a normal group， a form-deprived myopia group （FDM group）， an intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells ablation group （ipRGCs group）， a Mingshi Prescription group （MSF group， 5.2 g·kg^-1）， and an ipRGCs + MSF group （5.2 g·kg^-1）. Except for the normal group， all other groups underwent FDM modeling. Additionally， the ipRGCs and ipRGCs + MSF groups received retinal ipRGC ablation. Three weeks after modeling， the MSF and ipRGCs + MSF groups were administered Mingshi prescription via continuous gavage for six weeks. After refraction and axial length were measured in all mice， eyeballs were collected along with retinal and scleral tissues. Pathological and morphological changes in the retina， choroid， and sclera were observed using periodic acid-Schiff （PAS） staining. Western blot was employed to detect the relative protein expression levels of dopamine D1 receptor （DRD1）， C/EBP homologous protein （CHOP）， and glucose-regulated protein 78 （GRP78） in the retina， and CHOP and GRP78 in the sclera. Real-time PCR was used to detect the relative mRNA expression of Opn4， CHOP， and GRP78 in the retina， and CHOP and GRP78 in the sclera. Immunofluorescence staining （IF） was performed to detect the expression of Opn4 and DRD1 in retinal tissues. ResultsCompared with the normal group， the FDM group showed a significant myopic shift in refraction （P<0.05） and a significant increase in axial length （P<0.05）. The retinal layers were thinner， the number of ganglion cells was reduced， and collagen fibers in the sclera were loosely arranged with evident gaps. Opn4 and DRD1 protein and mRNA expression in the retina were significantly decreased （P<0.05）， while CHOP and GRP78 protein and mRNA expression in both retinal and scleral tissues were significantly increased （P<0.05）. Compared with the FDM group， the ipRGCs group exhibited further increases in myopic refraction and axial length （P<0.05）， more pronounced thinning and looseness in the retinal， choroidal， and scleral layers， lower expression of Opn4 and DRD1 protein and mRNA in the retina （P<0.05）， and higher expression of CHOP and GRP78 protein and mRNA in the retina and sclera （P<0.05）. Compared with the FDM group， the MSF group showed significantly reduced refractive error and axial length （P<0.05）， with improved cellular number， arrangement， and thickness in ocular tissues， increased Opn4 and DRD1 protein and mRNA expression in the retina （P<0.05）， and reduced CHOP and GRP78 protein and mRNA expression in both retina and sclera （P<0.05）. Similarly， the ipRGCs + MSF group showed significant improvements in terms of the above items compared with the ipRGCs group （P<0.05）. ConclusionMingshi Prescription delays myopic axial elongation and refractive progression by regulating the Opn4-DA axis in the retina of myopic mice， thereby inhibiting ER stress in the retina and sclera. This intervention promotes Qi and blood nourishment of the eyes， softens the fascia， and restores ocular rhythm.

Glaucoma refers to a group of heterogeneous eye diseases, which is characterized by the gradual loss of visual field caused by the progressive deepening of the optic disc, optic nerve atrophy and slow apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells and their axons, ultimately leading to blindness.The vision loss caused by glaucoma is irreversible and it is a heavy burden on families and society.Therefore, the importance of early diagnosis and prevention should be emphasized.Genetic factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of glaucoma.In recent years, studies have found that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) affect the occurrence and development of glaucoma by regulating the expression of glaucoma-related genes.For example, lncRNA ANRIL, lncRNA MALAT1, lncRNA GAS5 and lncRNA TUG1 can regulate the expression of related genes, and affect the survival of retinal ganglion cells by interfering with intraocular pressure, cell apoptosis, oxidative stress and other mechanisms.LncRNA ANRIL and LncRNA TGF-β2AS1 can regulate the expression of related genes in trabecular meshwork cells and affect the biological function of trabecular meshwork cells.LncRNA MEG3 and lncRNA FAM22B can regulate the expression of scar formation related genes and intervene in the process of filter passage scar formation after filtration.This article summarizes and comments on the characteristics of lncRNAs and the regulation mechanism of gene expression related to the occurrence and development of glaucoma, so as to provide new information for the prevention and treatment of glaucoma.

Glaucoma refers to a group of heterogeneous eye diseases, which is characterized by the gradual loss of visual field caused by the progressive deepening of the optic disc, optic nerve atrophy and slow apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells and their axons, ultimately leading to blindness.The vision loss caused by glaucoma is irreversible and it is a heavy burden on families and society.Therefore, the importance of early diagnosis and prevention should be emphasized.Genetic factors play an important role in the pathogenesis of glaucoma.In recent years, studies have found that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) affect the occurrence and development of glaucoma by regulating the expression of glaucoma-related genes.For example, lncRNA ANRIL, lncRNA MALAT1, lncRNA GAS5 and lncRNA TUG1 can regulate the expression of related genes, and affect the survival of retinal ganglion cells by interfering with intraocular pressure, cell apoptosis, oxidative stress and other mechanisms.LncRNA ANRIL and LncRNA TGF-β2AS1 can regulate the expression of related genes in trabecular meshwork cells and affect the biological function of trabecular meshwork cells.LncRNA MEG3 and lncRNA FAM22B can regulate the expression of scar formation related genes and intervene in the process of filter passage scar formation after filtration.This article summarizes and comments on the characteristics of lncRNAs and the regulation mechanism of gene expression related to the occurrence and development of glaucoma, so as to provide new information for the prevention and treatment of glaucoma.

Objective To analyze the causal relationship between serum sex steroid hormone levels and myopia with the Mendelian randomization(MR)methods.Methods Sex hormone genetic tools classified by sex were publicly availa-ble summarized statistical data from the Genome-wide association study(GWAS)of the UK Biobank Consortium on sex hormone-binding globulin(SHBG),total testosterone(TT),bioavailable testosterone(BT),and estradiol(E2).The GWAS summarized statistical data for myopia were obtained from publicly available data published by the FinnGen Consorti-um R10.All data were downloaded from April 18 to April 31,2024 from the corresponding databases and analyzed.All re-sults from the MR study were mainly analyzed by inverse-variance weighting(IVW)method.Results The study showed that a higher serum SHBG level in European increased the risk of myopia development in women(IVW,OR=1.152,95％CI:1.014-1.308,P=0.029);low serum TT level(IVW,OR=0.821,95％CI:0.697-0.967,P=0.018)and serum BT lev-el(IVW,OR=0.820,95％CI:0.691-0.972,P=0.022)increased the risk of myopia development in women.There was no causal relationship between serum SHBG,TT,and BT levels and myopia in men.There was no causal effect between E2 level and myopia in women and men.The stability of our findings was supported by sensitivity analysis.Conclusion In-creased serum SHBG level and decreased serum TT and BT levels are associated with an increased risk of myopia in women,whereas no such association is found in men.There is no causal relationship between E2 and myopia.

With the acceleration of global urbanization, the intensity and coverage of artificial light at night (ALAN) are increasing, and its service duration is obviously prolonged. ALAN exposure is not only related to the occurrence and development of cardiovascular, metabolic, sleep, myopia, and mental diseases, but also may induce cancer. Previous studies have focused on the health effects of outdoor ALAN, but people spend more than 80% of their lives indoors, hence it is of great significance to understand the relationship between indoor ALAN and population health to create a healthy indoor environment and protect the health of the population.

ObjectiveTo observe the effectiveness and safety of the Chinese herbal medicine Mingshi Granules （明视方颗粒） for low myopia in children with heart yang insufficiency. MethodsA multicentre， prospective， double-blind randomised controlled study was conducted， in which 290 children with low myopia from 8 centres were randomly divided into 145 cases in the treatment group and 145 cases in the control group， and the treatment group was given education， dispensing glasses， and Chinese herbal medicine Mingshi Granules， while the control group was given education， dispensing glasses， and granules placebo. Both Mingshi Granules and placebo granules were taken orally， 1 bag each time， twice daily， 4 weeks of oral intake and 2 weeks of rest as 1 course of treatment， a total of 4 courses of treatment （24 weeks）. Equivalent spherical lenses， best naked-eye distance visual acuity， ocular axis， corneal curvature K1， adjustment amplitude， traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） symptom scores， calculate the amount of progression of equivalent spherical lenses， were observed at the 12th and the 24th week of treatment， at the 36th week and 48th week of follow-up， resectively， the control rate of myopia progression was evaluated at the 24th week， and safety indexes were observed before treatment. ResultsThe amount of progression of equivalent spherical lenses was lower in the treatment group than in the control group at the 48-week follow-up （P＜0.05）. The control rate of myopia progression at 24 weeks after treatment in the treatment group was higher （57.60%， 72/125） than that in the control group （44.63%， 54/121） （P＜0.05）. The best naked-eye distance visual acuity at 36-week follow-up in the treatment group was higher than that in the control group （P＜0.05）. Equivalent spherical lenses were significantly lower in both groups at all observation time points compared with pre-treatment （P＜0.05）， and were higher in the treatment group than in the control group at the 48-week follow-up （P＜0.05）. The ocular axes of both groups were significantly higher at each observation time point after treatment and at follow-up compared with before treatment （P＜0.05）. The amount of eye axis growth in the treatment group was lower than that in the control group at 24 weeks after treatment and at the 48-week follow-up （P＜0.05）. Corneal curvature K1 was significantly lower in the treatment group at the 24th week of treatment compared to pre-treatment （P＜0.05）. The magnitude of adjustment in the treatment group was significantly higher at the 36-week follow-up and at the 48-week follow-up than before treatment （P＜0.05）. The scores of white/dark complexion， white coating thin pulse， fatigue and total TCM symptom scores of children in both groups at the 12th， 24th， 36th and 48th weeks of follow-up were significantly lower than those before treatment （P＜0.05）； the scores of blurred vision at the 24th and 36th weeks of follow-up were significantly lower than those before treatment （P＜0.05）； and the scores of blurred vision in the treatment group at the 48th week of follow-up were signi-ficantly lower than those before treatment （P＜0.05）. In the treatment group， the score of fatigue was higher than that of the control group at the 36-week follow-up， and the score of blurred vision was lower than that of the control group at the 48-week follow-up （P＜0.05）. No adverse reactions or obvious abnormalities of the safety indexes were observed of the two groups during the treatment. ConclusionChinese herbal medicine Mingshi Granules showed the effect of controlling the progression of low myopia， improving the best naked eye distance visual acuity， slowing down the growth of the eye axis， improving some of the TCM symptoms， with good safety.

Corneal transplantation is an effective treatment for corneal blindness, and it is the only hope for patients with corneal blindness. Cornea has no blood vessels and no lymphatic vessels, which is called immune privilege organ, so the success rate of corneal transplantation is significantly higher than that of other organ transplantation, but the rejection reaction after corneal transplantation is still the main reason for the failure of corneal transplantation. The directional movement of immune cells to lymphoid tissue and inflammatory sites is the mainly immune response after organ transplantation. And the regulatory T cells(Treg)play a key role in immune regulation, which can induce immune tolerance by regulating and inhibiting the activation of effector T cells and reduce the rejection reaction after corneal transplantation. In addition, this review also discussed the effectiveness of applying cordyceps sinensis extract FTY720 to enhance the function of Treg. Based on this, we briefly reviewed the sources, mechanism of action and treatment of Treg after corneal transplantation, so as to provide some reference for the subsequent clinical application transformation and basic research.

Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is one of the major complications of diabetes mellitus, characterized by neurodegeneration and microangiopathy. Currently, the treatment of DR is mainly focused on the management of late complications and has not achieved the desired clinical outcome. Evidence suggests that the PI3K/AKT pathway, as one of the important intracellular signaling pathways during the cell cycle, is involved in the whole process of DR pathogenesis. This article focuses on the structural composition, activation and blocking pathways, conduction pathways, regulatory mechanisms and biological functions of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to review its role in DR and to explore the potential of targeting the PI3K/AKT pathway for the treatment of DR.

Myopia is a significant global health issue,and its exact causes are still not fully understood,leaving a lack of effective and propaqable treatment options.The prevalence of myopia among children and adolescents in China remains high,posing challenges for prevention and control efforts.According to the"theory of imbalance of essence and tendon",an imbalance in the essential elements and tendons can impede the passage of eye essence and blood,resulting in delayed expansion and contraction of the eye meridians and tendons,leading to blurred vision.Modern research indicates that during the development of myopia,there are notable changes in the microstructure,activation range,and signaling of various brain regions,providing a biological basis for the"brain-eye"mechanism.Moreover,abnormal activity in the brain nucleus contributes to alterations in choroid blood flow and the impairment of eye muscle regulation,thereby accelerating the progression of myopia,this phenomenon represents the manifestation of the brain-eye imbalance.Consequently,strategies for myopia prevention and control should prioritize nourishing kidney essence,replenishing brain marrow,promoting liver and blood health,and softening the meridians.These measures aim to optimize the functioning of the brain and eyes,maintain the flexibility of eye tendons,enhance eye regulation,sustain the strength of eye tendons,and delay the advancement of eye axis growth and myopia.By enriching the scientific understanding of the appropriate application of traditional Chinese medicine techniques to prevent and control myopia through the brain,this research provides valuable insights for future explorations in this field.

Objective:To investigate the effect of pressure on the differentiation of rabbit retinal stem cells (RSCs) co-cultured with retinal ganglion cells (RGCs).Methods:SPF grade New Zealand rabbits on the day 22 of gestation were selected, and embryos were removed to obtain retinal ciliary margin pigment epithelial tissue and culture primary RSCs.Six SPF grade newborn New Zealand rabbits were selected, and retinal neuroepithelial layer tissues were isolated to culture primary RGCs.Rabbit RSCs cultured in vitro were identified by immunofluorescence staining of nestin antibody, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) cell proliferation assay kit, RSCs spontaneously differentiated cells immunofluorescence detection and flow cytometry.RGCs were identified through immunofluorescence staining of Brn3b antibody and Thy1.1 antibody.A co-culture system of RGCs and RSCs cultured in the upper and lower layers of a transwelll plate respectively was constructed.The mRNA and protein expression levels of nestin and Thy1.1 in RSCs and differentiated cells under pressures of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa) were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and Western blot.The feeding and use of laboratory animals were in accordance with the Regulations on the Administration of Laboratory Animals promulgated by the State Science and Technology Commission.The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Yunnan University Affiliated Hospital (No.KPRC-IACUC17008). Results:RSCs cultured in vitro were nestin-positive.The percentage of BrdU-positive isolated RSCs was (92.26±3.28)%.Some cells differentiated from RSCs were Brn3b-positive, accounting for (13.00±3.06)%, and some were GS-positive, accounting for (31.60±3.67)%.RGCs cultured in vitro were Brn3b- and Thy1.1-positive.There were statistically significant differences in the relative mRNA and protein expressions of nestin and Thy1.1 between RSCs and differentiated cells under different pressures (mRNA: F=127.600, 137.400; both at P<0.01; protein: F=82.480, 158.700; both at P<0.001). The relative mRNA and protein expressions of nestin were significantly reduced in RSCs, and relative mRNA and protein expressions of Thy1.1 were significantly increased in differentiated cells at 20, 40, 60 and 80 mmHg in comparison with 0 mmHg (all at P<0.05). When the pressure was 40 mmHg, the relative mRNA and protein expressions of nestin were lowest in RSCs, and the relative mRNA and protein expressions of Thy1.1 in differentiated cells were highest. Conclusions:Within a certain range, pressure can promote the differentiation of RSCs co-cultured with RGCs into ganglion-like cells, and excessive pressure can inhibit the differentiation of RSCs.