This article reviews the benifits and challenges of nano-microspheres (NPs) in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). OA is a degenerative disease associated with aging, trauma, and excessive loading, with treatment strategies including basic therapy, drug therapy, reparative therapy, and reconstructive surgery. As emerging nanomaterials, NPs offer unique advantages in promoting cartilage repair due to their high surface area, excellent drug-loading capacity, and good biocompatibility. These advantages include facilitating chondrocyte generation through magnetic-mechanical control of mesenchymal stem cell microspheres and enhancing antioxidant levels using biomimetic liposomal NPs combined with glucosamine. Additionally, NPs can effectively modulate inflammatory responses, such as by inhibiting the formation of M1 macrophages and promoting their polarization to the M2 type to alleviate inflammation. Some NPs also enhance joint lubrication and relieve pain, such as hyaluronic acid-based NPs modified with choline phosphate groups. However, the application of NPs faces challenges such as high production costs, poor biocompatibility for certain types, and unknown long-term safety. Despite these challenges, with advancements in nanotechnology and a deeper understanding of the pathological mechanisms of OA, NPs are expected to provide new therapeutic approaches and more comprehensive and effective treatment options for OA patients in the future.

Lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans(LEASO) is a disease in which systemic atherosclerosis affects the blood-supplying arteries of the lower extremities, resulting in chronic ischemia of the lower extremities. Angiopoietin-like protein 2(Angptl2) is a newly discovered pro-inflammatory protein that promotes the development of atherosclerosis by inducing vascular inflammatory responses. It is closely associated with certain risk factors for LEASO, such as advanced age, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. In addition, the high expression of Angptl2 in LEASO correlates with the continued progression of LEASO and may reflect the severity of the disease, suggesting that Angptl2 may be an important serologic biomarker for LEASO. In this article, we review the progress of research on the correlation between Angptl2 and LEASO, and analyze the value of Angptl2 as a biomarker for LEASO.

This article reviews the benifits and challenges of nano-microspheres (NPs) in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). OA is a degenerative disease associated with aging, trauma, and excessive loading, with treatment strategies including basic therapy, drug therapy, reparative therapy, and reconstructive surgery. As emerging nanomaterials, NPs offer unique advantages in promoting cartilage repair due to their high surface area, excellent drug-loading capacity, and good biocompatibility. These advantages include facilitating chondrocyte generation through magnetic-mechanical control of mesenchymal stem cell microspheres and enhancing antioxidant levels using biomimetic liposomal NPs combined with glucosamine. Additionally, NPs can effectively modulate inflammatory responses, such as by inhibiting the formation of M1 macrophages and promoting their polarization to the M2 type to alleviate inflammation. Some NPs also enhance joint lubrication and relieve pain, such as hyaluronic acid-based NPs modified with choline phosphate groups. However, the application of NPs faces challenges such as high production costs, poor biocompatibility for certain types, and unknown long-term safety. Despite these challenges, with advancements in nanotechnology and a deeper understanding of the pathological mechanisms of OA, NPs are expected to provide new therapeutic approaches and more comprehensive and effective treatment options for OA patients in the future.

Objective:To investigate the effects of Anchang Decoction on intestinal microflora and faecal calprotectin (FC) in rats with severe ulcerative colitis based on probiotics.Methods:Totally 50 rats were taken to prepare a model of severe ulcerative colitis. The rats who successfully modeled were divided into model group, Anchang Decoction low-, medium-, high-dosage groups, Lizhu Changle group, and mesalazine group, with 5 rats in each group. Another 6 rats were set and the blank group. Lizhu Changle group received Lizhu Changle suspension (containing 50 million live bacteria/ml) for gavage; Anchang Decoction low-, medium-, high-dosage groups received Anchang Decoction 1, 5, 10 ml/(kg·d) for gavage; Mesalazine group received Mesalazine suspension (10.5 mg/100 g) for gavage. Rats in the blank group and model group were gavaged with the same volume of normal saline for 7 days. Body mass and disease activity index (DAI) before and after administration were measured. 16s rDNA of lactobacillus and bifidobacterium in feces of rats was detected. FC content of rats was detected by ELISA.Results:Compared with the model group, the weight of rats in each administration group increased ( P<0.05), DAI score decreased ( P<0.05), and the level of calprotectin in feces decreased ( P<0.05), and there was no significant difference in the levels of lactobacillus and bifidobacterium in each administration group ( P>0.05). Conclusion:Anchang Decoction can improve the intestinal micro-ecology by regulating the level of calprotectin in rats with severe ulcerative colitis, thereby playing a therapeutic role.

Objective:To study the clinicopathological characteristics and pathologic diagnosis of autoimmune gastritis.Methods:Fourteen biopsies of autoimmune gastritis were collected from January 2018 to March 2019 at Guangdong Provincial People′s Hospital. Their clinical data, histological features and immunohistochemical (IHC) results were analyzed, with review of relevant literature.Results:All 14 patients′ ages ranged from 41 to 79 years (mean 55 years). There were 12 females and 2 males. All patients had non-specific symptoms, but they all had positive serum anti-parietal cell antibody and/or anti-intrinsic factor antibody. Seven patients had variable degree of anemia. Two patients had concomitant H. pylori infection. Two patients presented with multiple protruding polyps in corpus/fundus, 0.2 to 0.9 cm in diameter, or multiple large lobulated and broad based polyps (0.8 to 3.5 cm in diameters). The former cases were diagnosed as type 1 neuroendocrine tumors, the latter were multiple hyperplastic polyps. Microscopically, autoimmune gastritis showed typical morphology, characterized by diffuse corpus-restricted atrophic gastritis with variable proportions of intestinal metaplasia, or pseudopyloric metaplasia, pancreatic, acinar metaplasia, foveolar hyperplasia and hyperplasia of the endocrine-like cells (ECL cells). Hyperplasia of ECL cells often needed IHC staining to confirm. CgA/Syn IHC stain highlighted linear and micronodular ECL cell hyperplasia. In the absence of concurrent or past H. pylori infection, the antrum was usually normal. Gastrin IHC stain showed hyperplasia of gastrin-producing cells (G cells) in the antrum. Two cases were in the early phase, six were in florid phase, and six were end phase.Conclusions:Most patients of autoimmune gastritis have non-specific symptoms or are asymptomatic and show various endoscopic findings. There are three histologic phases of autoimmune gastritis. Recognition of this entity would be beneficial for pathologists to avoid misdiagnosis. Pathologists can make preferred diagnosis of autoimmune gastritis depending on the histologic clues and prompt appropriate and timely management for the patients.

Objective: To study the clinicopathological characteristics, immunophenotype, pathologic diagnosis and differential diagnosis of diffuse pulmonary meningotheliomatosis (DPM). Methods: The clinical data, histological features and immunohistochemical results of three cases of DPM collected from January 2016 to May 2018 at Guangdong Provincial People′s Hospital were analyzed, and the relevant literature reviewed. Results: The three DPM patients age was 53, 69 and 74 years. The lesions consisted of multiple minute pulmonary meningothelial-like nodules profusely involving the lungs. Microscopically, they showed typical morphology, characterized by medium-sized elongated tumor cells resembling meningothelial cells with whorled/nested clusters. The cells were uniform and had abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm with oval nuclei with delicate chromatin. Immunohistochemical staining showed tumor cells were diffusely and strongly positive for EMA, vimentin and PR, but were negative for CAM5.2, CgA, Syn, CK7 and TTF1. Conclusions DPM is extremely rare, and may be confused with primary interstitial pulmonary processes and metastatic malignant tumors of lung. Recognition of this entity is essential for pathologists to avoid misdiagnosis and unnecessary treatment.

Objective: To study the clinicopathological characteristics of cardiac neoplasms. Methods: A total of 689 cases of cardiac neoplasms from January 1st 1992 to December 31th 2017 at Guangdong Provincial People′s Hospital were collected. The clinical data and histologic features were analyzed along with a review of literature. The pathological diagnosis and classification were based on the criteria of WHO 4th edition(2015). Results: Among 689 cases of cardiac neoplasms, 259 were male and 430 were female patients, with age from 0 to 84 years (mean of 48 years). The peak incidence was between the fourth and sixth decade. Among patients younger than 20 years, there were 24 males and 12 females. 674 cases(674/689,97.8%)were primary cardiac tumors and 15 cases were secondary tumors (15/689,2.2%). Amongst the primary cardiac neoplasms, 625 cases were benign(625/674,92.7%), 7 cases were borderline (7/674, 1.0%), and 42 cases were malignant (42/674, 6.2%). The incidences of benign, borderline and malignancy heart tumors among patients below 20 years old were lower than those of patients over 20 years of age (4.8% vs. 95.2%; 3/9 vs. 6/9; 5.5% vs. 94.5%, respectively). Of the benign tumors, 406 cases were female and 219 cases were male. More male than female patients were seen in borderline and malignancy cardiac tumor categories (6∶3; 34∶21). Of 625 benign tumors, 577 cases were myxoma(85.6%), which mainly occurred in patients over 20 years of age(85.9% vs. 14.1%) with a female predominance. Non-myxomas mainly occurred in children and adolescent patients compared to adult (55.6% vs. 44.4%, P<0.01) with a male predominance. Overall, 524 tumors originated from the left atrium, 84 cases from the right atrium, 26 cases from the pericardium, 23 cases from the right ventricular, and 11 cases from the left ventricle. However, 21 cases were multicentric or involving cardiac valves. Benign tumors mainly involved left heart(76.3%) vs. right heart(81/625, 12.6%). The mostly common location of borderline tumors was right heart(5/9). Malignant tumors tended to involve the right heart(22/55,40.0%) and pericardium(18/55, 32.7%). Conclusions Although the incidence of cardiac neoplasms is low,various tumor types can occur, most of which are myxoma with a female predominance. Non-myxomas mainly occur in children and adolescents with a male predominance.

Objective: To investigate the assessment and treatment strategy of patients with renal cell carcinoma. Methods: The clinical data of 43 patients with renal cell carcinoma and bone metastases admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 2006 to December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. The follow-up time was 6 years, with an average age of 55.4 years (21-87 years). There were 29 males, 14 females, 22 cases of limb bone metastasis, 12 cases of spinal metastasis, 9 cases of multiple bone metastasis, 21 cases of Fuhrman grade 1 and 2, 19 cases of T₁, and 20 cases of N₀. All patients were confirmed by postoperative pathological examination or imaging data suggesting that bone metastasis are from renal cell carcinoma. Forty-three patients underwent primary renal surgery, and molecular targeted therapy was used after the operation. The treatment process was smooth, no obvious discomfort, and postoperative pathology showed clear cell carcinoma.22 patients with limb bones metastasis and 12 patients with spinal metastasis included in the study all met the indications for secondary surgery after the disease assessment. After communicating with the patient, 13 patients with limbs metastasis and 6 patients with spinal metastasis received local treatment, including complete resection of the extremities and spinal fixation, the remaining 15 patients and 9 patients with multiple bone metastasis were treated conservatively. There were 19 patients in the local treatment group, 13 patients with limbs bone metastasis, 6 patients with spinal bone metastasis, the average age was 54.9 years, the average diameter of the primary tumor was 4.7 cm. There were 24 patients in the conservative treatment group, 9 patients with limbs metastasis, 6 patients with spinal metastases and 9 cases with multiple bone metastasis, with an average age of 56 years and a primary tumor diameter of 5.6 cm. Limb metastatic lesions were evaluated according to the patient's general condition, bone pain, fracture risk, and bone metastasis. Spinal lesions were evaluated according to Tokuhashi score, Harrington score, Tomita score, vertebral stability assessment, and molecular targeted therapy. Aminokinase inhibitors, conservative treatment with local radiotherapy and bisphosphonate treatment. Results: During the follow-up period, the 1-year overall survival rate of the local treatment group was 100.0%, the 2-year overall survival rate was 89.4%, and the 5-year overall survival rate was 73.7%. The 1-year overall survival rate of the conservative treatment group was 87.5%, and the 2-year overall survival rate was 62.5%. The 5-year overall survival rate was 16.7%. The 2-year and 5-year survival rates of the local treatment group were statistically different (P=0.044, P=0.000) compared with the conservative treatment group. For patients with limb bone metastasis, the 5-year survival rate was significantly higher in patients receiving topical treatment than in the conservative treatment group (P=0.011). For spinal metastasis, spinal pain in the local treatment group was alleviated to varying degrees. No spinal instability and spasticity were observed after follow-up. In the spine patients who received conservative treatment, 3 patients developed paraplegia, which was statistically different from local treatment (P=0.046). Another 9 patients with multiple bone metastases did not undergo local surgery, and all died after multiple organ failure. Conclusions At the same time of molecular targeted therapy, according to the evaluation results, selective treatment of bone metastases with secondary surgical indications, including complete resection of the extremities and spinal fixation, can significantly improve the survival and quality of life of those patients.

Objective To study the clinicopathological characteristics of cardiac neoplasms. Methods A total of 689 cases of cardiac neoplasms from January 1st 1992 to December 31th 2017 at Guangdong Provincial People′s Hospital were collected. The clinical data and histologic features were analyzed along with a review of literature. The pathological diagnosis and classification were based on the criteria of WHO 4th edition(2015). Results Among 689 cases of cardiac neoplasms, 259 were male and 430 were female patients, with age from 0 to 84 years (mean of 48 years). The peak incidence was between the fourth and sixth decade. Among patients younger than 20 years, there were 24 males and 12 females. 674 cases(674/689,97.8%)were primary cardiac tumors and 15 cases were secondary tumors (15/689,2.2%). Amongst the primary cardiac neoplasms, 625 cases were benign(625/674,92.7%), 7 cases were borderline (7/674, 1.0%), and 42 cases were malignant (42/674, 6.2%). The incidences of benign, borderline and malignancy heart tumors among patients below 20 years old were lower than those of patients over 20 years of age (4.8% vs. 95.2%; 3/9 vs. 6/9; 5.5% vs. 94.5%, respectively). Of the benign tumors, 406 cases were female and 219 cases were male. More male than female patients were seen in borderline and malignancy cardiac tumor categories (6∶3; 34∶21). Of 625 benign tumors, 577 cases were myxoma(85.6%), which mainly occurred in patients over 20 years of age(85.9% vs. 14.1%) with a female predominance. Non?myxomas mainly occurred in children and adolescent patients compared to adult (55.6% vs. 44.4%, P<0.01) with a male predominance. Overall, 524 tumors originated from the left atrium, 84 cases from the right atrium, 26 cases from the pericardium, 23 cases from the right ventricular, and 11 cases from the left ventricle. However, 21 cases were multicentric or involving cardiac valves. Benign tumors mainly involved left heart(76.3%) vs. right heart(81/625, 12.6%). The mostly common location of borderline tumors was right heart(5/9). Malignant tumors tended to involve the right heart(22/55,40.0%) and pericardium(18/55, 32.7%). Conclusions Although the incidence of cardiac neoplasms is low,various tumor types can occur, most of which are myxoma with a female predominance. Non?myxomas mainly occur in children and adolescents with a male predominance.

Objective To study the clinicopathological characteristics, immunophenotype, pathologic diagnosis and differential diagnosis of diffuse pulmonary meningotheliomatosis (DPM). Methods The clinical data, histological features and immunohistochemical results of three cases of DPM collected from January 2016 to May 2018 at Guangdong Provincial People′s Hospital were analyzed, and the relevant literature reviewed. Results The three DPM patients age was 53, 69 and 74 years. The lesions consisted of multiple minute pulmonary meningothelial?like nodules profusely involving the lungs. Microscopically, they showed typical morphology, characterized by medium?sized elongated tumor cells resembling meningothelial cells with whorled/nested clusters. The cells were uniform and had abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm with oval nuclei with delicate chromatin. Immunohistochemical staining showed tumor cells were diffusely and strongly positive for EMA, vimentin and PR, but were negative for CAM5.2, CgA, Syn, CK7 and TTF1. Conclusions DPM is extremely rare, and may be confused with primary interstitial pulmonary processes and metastatic malignant tumors of lung. Recognition of this entity is essential for pathologists to avoid misdiagnosis and unnecessary treatment.