As artificial intelligence technology rapidly advances, its deployment within the medical sector presents substantial ethical challenges. Consequently, it becomes crucial to create a standardized, transparent, and secure framework for processing medical data. This includes setting the ethical boundaries for medical artificial intelligence and safeguarding both patient rights and data integrity. This consensus governs every facet of medical data handling through artificial intelligence, encompassing data gathering, processing, storage, transmission, utilization, and sharing. Its purpose is to ensure the management of medical data adheres to ethical standards and legal requirements, while safeguarding patient privacy and data security. Concurrently, the principles of compliance with the law, patient privacy respect, patient interest protection, and safety and reliability are underscored. Key issues such as informed consent, data usage, intellectual property protection, conflict of interest, and benefit sharing are examined in depth. The enactment of this expert consensus is intended to foster the profound integration and sustainable advancement of artificial intelligence within the medical domain, while simultaneously ensuring that artificial intelligence adheres strictly to the relevant ethical norms and legal frameworks during the processing of medical data.
Artificial Intelligence/legislation & jurisprudence* ; Humans ; Consensus ; Computer Security/standards* ; Confidentiality/ethics* ; Informed Consent/ethics*

Objective To investigate the effects of CYP2B6 * 6 gene polymorphism on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol in Chinese healthy subjects.Methods Twenty male healthy subjects were intravenously injected a single dose of 2.0 mg · kg-1 propofol.The plasma concentration of propofol was examined by HPLC-MS/MS method.The genotype of the subjects was determined by pyrosequencing.The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic parameters of different genotype were compared.Results Among the 20 subjects,there were 14 cases of G516T-GG,6 cases of G516T-GT/TT,10 cases of A785G-AA and 10 cases of A785G-AG/GG.The bispectral index-loss of conscious (BIS-LOC) of G516T-GT/TT group and G516T-GG group were 74.33 ± 7.20 and 60.43 ± 13.64,the t1/2β of A785G-AG/GG group and A785G-AA group were (0.13 ±0.06) and (0.41 ±0.38)h,with significant difference (P ＜ 0.05).Other parameters like Cmax,tmax,AUC0-t,AUC0-∞,t1/2α,MRT0-∞,t-LOC,BIS-LOC,BIS-ROC,t-BISmin,BISmin,d-LOC all had no statistical significance (all P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion The pharmacokine-tics and pharmacodynamics of propofol are correlated with the polymorphism of CYP2B6 * 6,individualized dosing regimens based on genotypes contribute to the rational use of propofol.

The effect of topical propranolol gel on the levels of plasma renin, angiotensin II (ATII) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in superficial infantile hemangiomas (IHs) was investigated. Thirty-three consecutive children with superficial IHs were observed pre-treatment, 1 and 3 months after application of topical propranolol gel for the levels of plasma renin, ATII and VEGF in Department of General Surgery of Dongfang Hospital from February 2013 to February 2014. The plasma results of IHs were compared with those of 30 healthy infants of the same age from out-patient department. The clinical efficiency of topical propranolol gel at 1st, and 3rd month after application was 45%, and 82% respectively. The levels of plasma renin, ATII and VEGF in patients pre-treatment were higher than those in healthy infants (565.86 ± 49.66 vs. 18.19 ± 3.56, 3.20 ± 0.39 vs 0.30 ± 0.03, and 362.16 ± 27.29 vs. 85.63 ± 8.14, P < 0.05). The concentrations of VEGF and renin at 1st and 3rd month after treatment were decreased obviously as compared with those pre-treatment (271.51 ± 18.59 vs. 362.16 ± 27.29, and 405.18 ± 42.52 vs. 565.86 ± 49.66 P < 0.05; 240.80 ± 19.89 vs. 362.16 ± 27.29, and 325.90 ± 35.78 vs. 565.86 ± 49.66, P < 0.05, respectively), but the levels of plasma ATII declined slightly (2.96 ± 0.37 vs. 3.20 ± 0.39, and 2.47 ± 0.27 vs. 3.20 ± 0.39, P > 0.05). It was indicated that the increased renin, ATII and VEGF might play a role in the onset or development of IHs. Propranolol gel may suppress the proliferation of IHs by reducing VEGF.
Administration, Cutaneous ; Adrenergic beta-Antagonists ; therapeutic use ; Angiotensin II ; blood ; Case-Control Studies ; Female ; Gels ; Hemangioma, Capillary ; blood ; blood supply ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Propranolol ; therapeutic use ; Renin ; blood ; Skin Neoplasms ; blood ; blood supply ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Treatment Outcome ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; blood

OBJECTIVE: To explore the distribution of inflammatory cells and positive expression of P-se- lectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) in infant brainstem tissue from hand-foot-mouth disease related fatal brainstem encephalitis. METHODS: Twenty brainstem samples from infants suffered from brainstem en- cephalitis were collected as the experimental group. Ten brainstem samples from infants died of non- brain diseases and injuries were collected as the control group. The distribution of inflammatory cells and the expression of PSGL-1 in the two groups were examined by immunohistochemical method. The characteristics of the positive cells were observed. RESULTS: In brainstem tissue of the experimental group, there were sleeve infiltrations of inflammatory cells around the vessels and in the glial nodule. Microglia was the most and following was neutrophils around the vessels and in the glial nodule. There was a significant statistical difference among microglias, neutrophils and lymphocytes (P < 0.05). There was no sleeve infiltration in the control group. PSGL-1 protein was expressed widely in inflammatory cells in the experimental group, especially in the inflammatory cells around the vessels and in the glial nodule. But PSGL-1 positive staining could be observed significantly less in the control group comparing with the experimental group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Microglia is the main type of inflammatory cells involved in the progress of the fatal disease. Moreover, PSGL-1 could participate in the pathogenesis of hand-foot-mouth disease related fatal brainstem encephalitis.
Brain Stem/pathology* ; Encephalitis/pathology* ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/pathology* ; Humans ; Infant ; Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism* ; Microglia/pathology* ; Neutrophils/pathology*

PrME and NS1 gene were the two main immuneprotect proteins of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and they were also N-linked glycosylation proteins. To clear the effect of N-glycosylation on JEV immunity, the N-glycosylation site of prME and NS1 gene were eliminated by site-directed mutant PCR, subtituting the N to Q. And the the mutant genes were subcloned into eukaryotic expression plasmid. Four-weeks female mice were immuned with the wildtype and mutant gene by twice. The antibodies against prME were detected by ELISA and the neutralization antibodies were tested by viral neutralizing assay. The immunoprotection were determined by attack with JEV virulent strain. Compare with the wild-type gene immuned-groups, one N-glycan eliminated prME gene could induce a little higher ELISA antibody, neutralization antibody and immunoprotection, but the immunity of gene with both N-glycan absence was decreased. The similar status were observed in the wildtype and mutant NS1 groups. Thus these results show that the N-linked glycosylation in the prME and NS1 gene were correlated with the immunity, one glycan absent would enhance the immunity but both two loss would impair it.
Animals ; Antibodies, Viral ; immunology ; Encephalitis Virus, Japanese ; genetics ; immunology ; metabolism ; Encephalitis, Japanese ; immunology ; virology ; Female ; Glycosylation ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins ; genetics ; immunology ; metabolism

BACKGROUNDSeveral studies have evaluated the association between polymorphisms of encoding excision repair cross complementation group 1 (ERCC1) enzyme and lung cancer risk in diverse populations but with conflicting results. By pooling the relatively small samples in each study, it is possible to perform a meta-analysis of the evidence by rigorous methods.

METHODSEmbase, Ovid, Medline and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched. Additional studies were identified from references in original studies or review articles. Articles meeting the inclusion criteria were reviewed systematically, and the reported data were aggregated using the statistical techniques of meta-analysis.

RESULTSWe found 3810 cases with lung cancer and 4332 controls from seven eligible studies. T19007C polymorphism showed no significant effect on lung cancer risk (C allele vs. T allele: odds ratio (OR) = 0.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.80 - 1.04; CC vs. TT: OR = 0.76, 95%CI = 0.56 - 1.02; CC vs. (CT + TT): OR = 0.96, 95%CI = 0.84 - 1.10). Similarly, there was no significant main effects for T19007C polymorphism on lung cancer risk when stratified analyses by ethnicity (Chinese or Caucasian). No significant association was found between C8092A polymorphism (3060 patients and 2729 controls) and the risk of lung cancer (A allele vs. C allele: OR = 1.03, 95%CI = 0.95 - 1.11; AA vs. CC: OR = 1.08, 95%CI = 0.88 - 1.33; AA vs. (AC + CC): OR = 1.08, 95%CI = 0.88 - 1.31).

CONCLUSIONWe found little evidence of an association between the T1900C or C8092A polymorphisms of ERCC 1 and the risk of lung cancer in Caucasian or Han Chinese people.

Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; genetics ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; genetics ; Endonucleases ; genetics ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; genetics ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; genetics ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the protective effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on the intestinal barrier dysfunction in rats after extensive abdominal radiation with X ray.

METHODSTwenty-four Spraque-Dawley male rats were divided into normal control group (n=8), radiation group (n=8), and radiation+NAC group (300 mg/kg) (n=8). Radiation injury was induced by X ray with a single dose of 10 Gy. NAC was administered from 4 days before irradiation to 3 days after radiation. Three days after radiation, all the rats were euthanized. The terminal ileum was collected for crypt survival assay and ileal villi count. The tissue samples from mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), spleen, and liver were harvested under sterile conditions for microbiological analysis and ileum samples were harvested for biochemical analysis. The blood levels of D-lactate, endotoxin and diamine oxidase (DAO) and the ileum samples levels of nitric oxide(NO) were also measured.

RESULTSRats in radiation+NAC group had a higher survival rate of intestinal crypt [(76.84+/-4.82)% vs (49.64+/-5.48)%, P<0.01], higher intestinal villus count [(8.56+/-0.68)/mm vs (4.02+/-0.54)/mm, P<0.01], lower NO concentration [(0.48+/-0.12) mumol/g vs (0.88+/-0.16) mumol/g, P<0.01], lower levels of D-lactate, endotoxin and DAO (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and significantly decreased enteric bacteria cultured from mesenteric lymph nodes and other tissues as compared with the radiation group (P<0.05 or P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONNAC protects the small intestine from radiation-induced injury maybe through the inhibition of NO in rats.

Acetylcysteine ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation ; Intestinal Mucosa ; drug effects ; metabolism ; microbiology ; Intestine, Small ; drug effects ; Male ; Nitric Oxide ; analysis ; Radiation Injuries ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; X-Rays ; adverse effects

OBJECTIVETo determine the genetic relationship of three species of official Rheum in molecular level.

METHODTwelve samples from three species of official Rheum were employed to be analyzed by the approach of sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP). Systematic relationships were constructed based on the UPGMA method by TREECONW software.

RESULTA total of 272 bands were scored and 199 bands of them were polymorphic, which were up to 73.2% polymorphic ratio. Genetic similarity coefficient was changed from 0.578 4 to 0.941 6. The results indicated that there was abundant genetic diversity among the tested materials. The clustering analysis revealed that the results between SRAP marker and the traditional morphological characteristics was almost the same.

CONCLUSIONSRAP marker is suitable for variety identification and genetic relationship research in official Rheum.

Cluster Analysis ; Genetic Variation ; genetics ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; genetics ; Rheum ; classification ; genetics

BACKGROUNDEndothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) derived from bone marrow may differentiate into endothelial cells and participate in endothelial repair. These cells can be mobilized into peripheral blood by cytokines, including granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). In the present study, we investigated the effects of G-CSF on neointimal formation and restenosis in a canine model of arterial balloon injury.

METHODSSixteen male beagle dogs were injected subcutaneously with 20 microg x kg(-1) x d(-1) recombinant human G-CSF (n = 8) or normal saline (n = 8) for 1 week. On the fifth day of treatment, the dogs underwent renal arterial angioplasty. At 8 weeks after arterial balloon injury, angiographic observations were made and injured arteries were processed for morphometric analysis of neointimal formation.

RESULTSPeripheral white blood cell counts were increased by 3.34-fold compared to baseline on the fifth day of administration of G-CSF. Angiographies revealed that one stenosis had occurred among the eight injured renal arteries from dogs treated with G-CSF, whereas all injured renal arteries from dogs treated with normal saline remained patent. The mean extent of stenosis among injured arteries was 18.3% +/- 17.9% in the G-CSF treated group compared to 12.5% +/- 7.6% in the saline treated control group (P = 0.10). G-CSF treatment slightly increased neointimal thickness (0.42 +/- 0.15 mm vs 0.25 +/- 0.06 mm, P = 0.08) with an intima to media ratio of 0.83 +/- 0.49 vs 0.54 +/- 0.18 (P = 0.11).

CONCLUSIONSG-CSF treatment does not attenuate neointimal hyperplasia and restenosis formation in a canine model of renal arterial injury, suggesting that the therapeutic strategy for preventing restenosis by stem cell mobilization should be investigated further.

Animals ; Dogs ; Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor ; pharmacology ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization ; Hyperplasia ; Male ; Recombinant Proteins ; Renal Artery ; injuries ; pathology ; Tunica Intima ; pathology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the changes of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) phosphorylation in HepG(2) cells in relation to HepG(2) cell survival under continuous low dose-rate irradiation.

METHODSHepG(2) cells were exposed to equivalent irradiation doses delivered at either a continuous low dose-rate (7.76 cGy/h) or a high dose-rate (4500 cGy/h), and the phosphorylated ATM proteins and surviving fraction of HepG(2) cells after the exposures were compared.

RESULTSThe phosphorylation of ATM protein was maximal at 0.5 Gy irradiation delivered at either a high doserate or a continuous low doserate. As the radiation dose increased, ATM protein phosphorylation decreased under continuous low dose-rate irradiation, but remained stable under high dose-rate irradiation. With comparable ATM protein phosphorylation induced by continuous low dose-rate irradiation and high dose-rate irradiation, there was no significant difference in the surviving fraction of HepG(2) cells (P>0.05), but at a significantly lower ATM protein phosphorylation level than that induced by high dose-rate irradiation, continuous low dose-rate irradiation resulted in increased cell killing (P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONContinuous low dose-rate irradiation increases HepG(2) cells radiosensitivity as compared with high dose-rate irradiation. Increased cell killing following continuous low dose-rate irradiation is associated with reduced phosphorylated ATM protein, and inhibition of ATM phosphorylation may increase the radiosensitivity of HepG(2) cells.

Animals ; Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins ; Cell Cycle Proteins ; metabolism ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Survival ; radiation effects ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; metabolism ; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation ; Humans ; Mice ; Phosphorylation ; radiation effects ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; metabolism ; Radiation Tolerance ; radiation effects ; Time Factors ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins ; metabolism