As artificial intelligence technology rapidly advances, its deployment within the medical sector presents substantial ethical challenges. Consequently, it becomes crucial to create a standardized, transparent, and secure framework for processing medical data. This includes setting the ethical boundaries for medical artificial intelligence and safeguarding both patient rights and data integrity. This consensus governs every facet of medical data handling through artificial intelligence, encompassing data gathering, processing, storage, transmission, utilization, and sharing. Its purpose is to ensure the management of medical data adheres to ethical standards and legal requirements, while safeguarding patient privacy and data security. Concurrently, the principles of compliance with the law, patient privacy respect, patient interest protection, and safety and reliability are underscored. Key issues such as informed consent, data usage, intellectual property protection, conflict of interest, and benefit sharing are examined in depth. The enactment of this expert consensus is intended to foster the profound integration and sustainable advancement of artificial intelligence within the medical domain, while simultaneously ensuring that artificial intelligence adheres strictly to the relevant ethical norms and legal frameworks during the processing of medical data.
Artificial Intelligence/legislation & jurisprudence* ; Humans ; Consensus ; Computer Security/standards* ; Confidentiality/ethics* ; Informed Consent/ethics*

In this study, five polysaccharides from Lycium barbarum(LBPs)(LBP-1-LBP-5) were selectively extracted by different extraction methods, and the chemical composition, structural characteristics, and biological activities of LBPs were explored. The results of chemical composition analysis showed that alkaloids were not detected in the five LBPs. The total polysaccharide content was(81.95%±1.6%)-(92.96%±0.76%), the uronic acid content was(8.26%±0.46%)-(24.81%±0.46%), and the protein content was(0.06%±0.03%)-(1.35%±0.13%). The monosaccharide compositions of the five LBPs were basically same, mainly including glucose, xylose, and galactose. However, there was significant difference in the content ratio of different monosaccharide. The results of infrared spectra analysis indicated that the five LBPs had typical infrared spectral characteristics of polysaccharides. The results of nuclear magnetic resonance characteristic spectrum analysis revealed that the five LBPs had two configurations of α and β. Meanwhile, there were triple helix structures in LBP-2, LBP-3, and LBP-4, which enhanced the activities of polysaccharides. The results of activities screening suggested that the biological activities of the five LBPs were significantly different. LBP-3 showed the highest lipid oxidation clearance rate, and its antioxidant activity was equivalent to that of the positive control group. The inhibitory rate of LBP-4 on α-amylase and its activation rate of alcohol dehydrogenase were better than those of other fractions, and the inhibitory rate of LBP-4 on α-amylase was slightly higher than that of the positive control group when the mass concentration was 10 g·L~(-1). LBP-2 showed stronger inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and hyaluronidase. This study provides references for the precise development and utilization of LBPs.
Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry* ; Lycium/chemistry* ; Antioxidants/pharmacology* ; Polysaccharides/chemistry* ; Monosaccharides

BACKGROUND: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease, affecting about 0.6% of the Chinese population. Many patients are not well controlled by conventional treatments, thus there is need for new treatment regimens. In this study, we assessed the efficacy and safety of secukinumab in Chinese patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. METHODS: This study was a 52-week, multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, Phase 3 trial. A sub-population of study participants (≥18 years) of Chinese ethnicity were randomized to receive subcutaneous injections of 300 or 150 mg secukinumab, or placebo. The co-primary endpoints were psoriasis area severity index (PASI) 75 and Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA) 0/1 at Week 12. RESULTS: A total of 441 Chinese patients were enrolled in this study. Co-primary outcomes were achieved; 300 and 150 mg secukinumab were superior to placebo as shown in the proportion of patients that achieved PASI 75 (97.7% and 87.2% vs. 3.7%, respectively; P < 0.001), and IGA 0/1 (82.3% and 69.7% vs. 2.7%; P < 0.001) at Week 12. Treatment efficacy was maintained until Week 52. There was no increase in overall adverse events with secukinumab relative to placebo throughout the 52-week period. CONCLUSION: Secukinumab is highly effective and well tolerated in Chinese patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03066609; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT03066609.
Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use* ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ; China ; Double-Blind Method ; Humans ; Psoriasis/drug therapy* ; Severity of Illness Index ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVE: To analyze how governments, hospitals and information technology(IT) companies use Internet technology to provide online health services during the early stage of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic in January 2020 in China, and then provide suggestions and coping strategies for the later stage and post-epidemic time. METHODS: We searched for information on ehealth services related to the outbreak of COVID-19 in China. The sources of information were mainstream search engines such as Baidu and the popular interactive social platforms such as Webchat. The keywords were "Internet+pneumonia", "Internet clinic", "pneumonia online clinic" and so on. The time of information was from January 20 to February 3, 2020. The key information was extracted and encoded by two persons back-to-back. The coding information included: name of organization provider, launching time, location of provider, service items, user, health workers engaging in the service, and so on. The coded information was entered and analyzed with SPSS 24.0 and Excel. RESULTS: There were totally 57 projects launched by local governments, hospitals and IT companies. Most of them were launched from January 24th to 27th, the hospital and government projects services regionally, especially in eastern provinces. In this study, 90.48% of the enterprises and 100.00% of the hospitals had online fever clinic and consultation services for COVID-19, 66.67% of the enterprises and 37.04% of the hospitals serviced derivative health problems. Only a few projects provided tele-medical consultation. There were individual projects that provided online health management for home quarantine people. Physicians were the main force of various projects. In some hospital projects, there were also nurses, pharmacists and professional technicians to provide featured consultation. CONCLUSION Ehealth is useful and helpful for the health care system to rapidly cope with health demand during instantaneous and post epidemic time. Regional distribution of ehealth is unbalanced. There are institutional and technical feasibilities for the emergency application of Internet technology. However, community health centers seldom provide ehealth or connect with tertiary hospitals with Internet. Therefore, all kinds of providers within healthcare system should promote emergence ehealth. Tele-medical diagnosis and referral should be developed by local governments during COVID-19. The application of "Internet+medical treatment" in community medical institutions and synergy among various institutions should be promoted.
Betacoronavirus ; COVID-19 ; China ; Coronavirus Infections ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Telemedicine

Objective:Endometriosis is a common gynecologic disease that frequently leading to chronic pelvic pain,severe dysmenorrhea,and subfertility.As first-line hormonal treatment can interfere with ovulation and may cause recurrent pelvic pain,exploration of new non-hormonal therapeutic approaches becomes increasingly necessary.This review aimed to evaluate the pre-clinical and clinical efficacy and safety of non-hormonal treatment for endometriosisData sources:Databases including PubMed,Embase,Cochrane Library,SINOMED,ClinicalTrials.gov,and Google Scholar were searched up to October 2019,using search terms "endometriosis" and "non-hormonal therapy."Study selection:Twenty-four articles were reviewed for analysis,including nine animal studies and 15 human trials;all were published in English.Results:Twenty-four articles were identified,including 15 human trials with 861 patients and nine animal studies.Some agents have been evaluated clinically with significant efficacy in endometriosis-related pelvic pain and subfertility,such as rofecoxib,etanercept,pentoxifylline,N-palmitoylethanolamine,resveratrol,everolimus,cabergoline (Cb2),and simvastatin.Other drugs with similar pharmacological properties,like parecoxib,celecoxib,endostatin,rapamycin,quinagolide,and atorvastatin,have only been tested in animal studies.Conclusions:Clinical data about most of the non-hormonal agents are not sufficient to support them as options for replacement therapy for endometriosis.In spite of this,a few drugs like pentoxifylline showed strong potential for real clinical application.

BACKGROUNDIn patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF), embolic stroke is thought to be associated with left atrial appendage (LAA) thrombi. The WATCHMAN LAA Occlusion Device has been shown to be noninferior to conventional oral anticoagulation with warfarin for stroke prevention in patients with NVAF. This study aimed to evaluate the procedural feasibility, safety and 12-month outcomes of the WATCHMAN LAA Occlusion Device in NVAF patients with high risk for stroke in China.

METHODSThe clinical data of 106 NVAF patients, who were consecutively underwent LAA closure with the WATCHMAN Device between April 2014 and May 2015, were collected. Patients were followed up at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after discharge. A transesophageal echocardiograph was performed at 45 days after implantation and repeated in case of an unexpected event during the follow-up period.

RESULTSThis study included 106 NVAF patients with a mean age of 64.2 ± 8.6 years (ranging from 50 to 88 years), and the mean CHA2DS2-VASc score of all patients was 3.6 ± 1.6 (ranging from 2 to 9). Among those 106 NVAF patients, 100 (94.3%) patients were implanted with the device successfully. The procedural success rate was 94.3% (100/106), and the occlusion rate was 100.0% (100/100). There were one tamponade, one ischemic stroke, and eight minor pericardial effusions during hospitalization. During 12-month follow-up period, two patients developed a thrombus layer on the device that resolved with additional anticoagulation: one with visible device-thrombus experienced transient ischemic stroke, and one had a hemorrhagic stroke. There were no deaths in this study. The overall survival rate was 100.0%, and nonmajor adverse event rate was 95.0% (95/100). In this study, the expected annual rate of ischemic stroke risk in these patients according to the CHA2DS2-VASc score was 4.0%, while the observed ischemic stroke rate was 2.0% per year.

CONCLUSIONSLAA closure with the WATCHMAN Device was feasible, efficient, and safe for NVAF to prevent the accidence of stroke in Chinese patients. During the 12-month follow-up period, the observed ischemic stroke rate (2.0% per year) in our study was lower than the predicted annual stroke risk (4.0%) using the CHA2DS2-VASc score.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Atrial Appendage ; surgery ; Atrial Fibrillation ; complications ; Cardiac Surgical Procedures ; methods ; China ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Prosthesis Implantation ; adverse effects ; methods ; Stroke ; prevention & control

BACKGROUNDAtopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory skin disease characterized by chronic recurrent dermatitis with profound itching. Most patients have personal and/or family history of atopic diseases. Several criteria have been proposed for the diagnosis of AD. Although the clinical features of childhood AD have been widely studied, there has been less large-scale study on adult/adolescent AD. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical features of adult/adolescent patients with chronic symmetrical eczema/AD and to propose Chinese diagnostic criteria for adult/adolescent AD.

METHODSA hospital-based study was performed. Forty-two dermatological centers participated in this study. Adult and adolescent patients (12 years and over) with chronic symmetrical eczema or AD were included in this study. Questionnaires were completed by both patients and investigators. The valid questionnaires were analyzed using EpiData 3.1 and SPSS 17.0 software.

RESULTSA total of 2662 valid questionnaires were collected (1369 male and 1293 female). Of all 2662 patients, 2062 (77.5%) patients had the disease after 12 years old, while only 600 (22.5%) patients had the disease before 12 years old, suggesting late-onset eczema/AD is common. Two thousand one hundred and thirty-nine (80.4%) patients had the disease for more than 6 months. One thousand one hundred and forty-four (43.0%) patients had a personal and/or family history of atopic diseases. One thousand five hundred and forty-eight (58.2%) patients had an elevated total serum IgE and/or eosinophilia and/or positive allergen-specific IgE. Based on these clinical and laboratory features, we proposed Chinese criteria for adult/adolescent AD. Of all 2662 patients, 60.3% were satisfied with our criteria, while only 48.2% satisfied with Hanifin Rajka criteria and 32.7% satisfied with Williams criteria, suggesting a good sensitivity of our criteria in adult/adolescent AD patients.

CONCLUSIONLate-onset of eczema or AD is common. The clinical manifestations of AD are heterogeneous. We have proposed Chinese diagnostic criteria for adolescent and adult AD, which are simple and sensitive for diagnosis of adult/adolescent AD.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Dermatitis, Atopic ; diagnosis ; immunology ; Eczema ; diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E ; blood ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Surveys and Questionnaires

INTRODUCTIONThis study aimed to determine the early growth patterns of preterm infants who required prolonged hospitalisation in terms of body weight Z-score, and to explore the influencing factors and predictors of their growth.

METHODSThe criteria of enrolment included preterm birth, singleton pregnancy, hospitalisation within the first 24 hours of life, hospital stay ≥ 28 days and clinical follow-up beyond 91 days of corrected age. Body weight Z-scores and the incidence of underweight infants were reviewed periodically, and the influencing factors and possible predictors of growth analysed.

RESULTSBody weight Z-scores of all infants of gestational age (GA) groups kept decreasing, with a trough seen at 36 weeks corrected gestational age (CGA). At corrected full-term, body weight Z-scores for all birth weight groups achieved birth level and were higher than that at 36 weeks CGA. Body weight Z-scores at 61 days corrected age was (-0.300 × GA [weeks] + 0.210 × birth weight [g] + 0.682 × body weight Z-score) at 40 weeks CGA. The cut-off values for body weight Z-score at birth (cut-off, -1.79; sensitivity, 100%; specificity, 91.3%) and 61 days corrected age (cut-off, -1.95; sensitivity, 100%; specificity, 97.1%) were selected to predict the risk of being underweight at 183 days corrected age.

CONCLUSIONEarly growth restriction is a practical problem in preterm infants with prolonged hospitalisation. Body weight Z-scores at 40 weeks CGA and 61 days corrected age can be used to predict body weight gain prior to 183 days corrected age in these infants.

Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gestational Age ; Growth Disorders ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Humans ; Incidence ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; growth & development ; Infant, Premature, Diseases ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Length of Stay ; trends ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Retrospective Studies ; Singapore ; epidemiology

OBJECTIVECystic fibrosis (CF) is rare in Chinese mainland. We present two cases of CF patients diagnosed by gene analysis. Their clinical manifestations and genetic mutation features are analyzed in this article. It will be of special interest to pediatricians in recognition of CF.

METHODThe clinical material of two CF patients who were diagnosed by gene analysis was retrospectively analyzed.

RESULTThe first patient is a 13-year-old girl. She had a complaint of recurrent fever and cough for 6 months, expectoration for 2 months and hemoptysis for 20 days. After 3 months of her birth, she was operated on for bullae of lung. She was susceptible to upper respiratory tract infection. There was no family history of recurrent wheeze and other special diseases. Aspergillus fumigatus specific IgE was at grade 3 and aspergillus fumigatus IgG was high. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was positive in sputum culture. Sweat testing was performed and Na+ was higher. Pulmonary CT indicated bronchiectasis. Nasal sinus CT showed optical density of soft tissue within maxillary sinus and chronic bilateral sinusitis. The electron microscopy of cilia suggested immobile cilia syndrome. A heterozygotic mutation (263T > G, 2909G > A) was found after CFTR genetic mutation analysis. Both her parents were carriers. She was treated with inhalation of nebulized hypertonic saline and postural drainage for a long time. And she got better during a follow up period of 1 year. The second patient was a 10-year-old girl who complained of recurrent expectoration for 3 years and shortness of breath for half a year. She had a history of sinusitis and steatorrhea. The family history was normal. Both the lipase and insulin level in blood serum was lower.Pseudomonas aerugino and Aspergillus fumigatus were both positive in sputum culture. Aspergillus fumigatus IgE was normal. Pulmonary CT indicated bronchiolitis and bronchiectasis. Nasal sinus CT showed bilateral maxillary sinusitis. CFTR genetic mutation analysis revealed a homozygous mutation (3196C > T). Her parents and relatives did not participate in this study. Unfortunately, this child died of respiratory failure 3 months after discharge.

CONCLUSIONCFTR gene mutation was a main cause of CF. Common symptoms are those of bronchiectasis, pancreatitis and sinusitis. The two Chinese patients were diagnosed by gene analysis. One had a heterozygous mutation (263T > G, 2909G > A) and the other had a homozygous mutation (3196C > T), not ΔF508 which is common in western countries.

Adolescent ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; genetics ; Bronchiectasis ; etiology ; genetics ; Child ; Cystic Fibrosis ; complications ; diagnosis ; genetics ; Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator ; genetics ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; Female ; Heterozygote ; Homozygote ; Humans ; Mutation ; Retrospective Studies ; Sinusitis ; etiology ; genetics

BACKGROUNDSpontaneous attack of variant angina (VA) is a unique component of coronary artery disease (CAD), and associated with severe cardiac events. However, no data are available regarding sex differences in Chinese patients with spontaneous attacks of VA. Accordingly, the present retrospective study was initiated to evaluate the Clinical characteristics of Chinese female patients with spontaneous attacks of VA.

METHODSFrom January 2003 to January 2008, a total of 209 patients were diagnosed to have had a spontaneous attack of VA at Fu Wai Hospital. Of them, 27 were female, and their clinical findings were collected and compared with male patients for aspects of risk factors, clinical features and angiographical findings.

RESULTSSpontaneous attacks of VA was relatively uncommon in female (12.9%) compared with male patients. The female patients were less likely to have a history of smoking (14.8% vs. 79.7%, P < 0.001), more likely to have a family history of CAD (33.3% vs. 11.0%, P < 0.01), and to have had a greater incidence of ventricular fibrillation during attack (11.1% vs. 2.2%, P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in other characteristics between the two groups.

CONCLUSIONChinese female patients who experienced a spontaneous attack of VA had the characteristics of less smoking history, more family history of CAD and higher occurrence of ventricular fibrillation than male patients.

Adult ; Angina Pectoris, Variant ; pathology ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Coronary Angiography ; Electrocardiography ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Sex Factors