⁶⁰Co-γ ray irradiation has the unique advantages of high efficiency， strong penetration， operation at room temperature and no residue， which has been widely used in the sterilization of Chinese medicinal materials， decoction pieces， Chinese patent medicine. However， the irradiation effect may cause changes in the content of chemical components in Chinese materia medica or the emergence of new radiolysis products， leading to reduced efficacy and uncontrollable safety risks. This paper reviewed the relevant literature at home and abroad， summarized the effect of irradiation sterilization on various types of chemical compositions of Chinese medicinal materials and their preparations， and analyzed and explored the rule of change. The results showed that the content changes of various chemical components in Chinese materia medica after ⁶⁰Co-γ ray irradiation sterilization varied. The contents of most flavonoids， terpenoids， phenylpropanoids and quinones decreased after irradiation， and the degree of decrease increased with the elevated irradiation dose. The contents of lignans， alkaloids， isoflavones and some terpenoids did not change significantly before and after irradiation， while the content changes of triterpenoid saponins， dihydroflavonols， chalcones， sugars and glycosides after irradiation were not yet uniform. Therefore， it is recommended to pay attention to the compositional changes of irradiated Chinese medicines， strengthen the research on the standards of irradiated Chinese medicines， and standardize the irradiation and sterilization of Chinese medicines in order to promote the healthy and rational application of irradiated Chinese medicines.

Medical institutions, with their clinical practice foundation and abundant human use experience data, have become important carriers for the inheritance and innovation of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) and the "cradles" of the preparation of new TCM. To effectively promote the transformation of new TCM originating from the TCM clinical practice in medical institutions and establish an effective evaluation index system for the transformation of new TCM conforming to the characteristics of TCM, consensus experts adopted the literature research, questionnaire survey, Delphi method, etc. By focusing on the policy and technical evaluation of new TCM originating from the TCM clinical practice in medical institutions, a comprehensive evaluation from the dimensions of drug safety, efficacy, feasibility, and characteristic advantages was conducted, thus forming a comprehensive evaluation system with four primary indicators and 37 secondary indicators. The expert consensus reached aims to encourage medical institutions at all levels to continuously improve the high-quality research and development and transformation of new TCM originating from the TCM clinical practice in medical institutions and targeted at clinical needs, so as to provide a decision-making basis for the preparation, selection, cultivation, and transformation of new TCM for medical institutions, improve the development efficiency of new TCM, and precisely respond to the public medication needs.
Medicine, Chinese Traditional/standards* ; Humans ; Consensus ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

This study aims to investigate the therapeutic effects of the Coptidis Rhizoma-Scutellariae Radix on cytokine storm secondary lung injury(CSSLI) induced by CpG1826 in mice, and to elucidate the potential molecular mechanisms by which its major active components, i.e., coptisine and wogonin, alleviate CSSLI by inhibiting the mitochondrial permeability transition pore(mPTP)/nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3) inflammasome pyroptosis pathway. In vivo, a mouse model of CSSLI was established by CpG1826 induction. Pulmonary edema was assessed by lung wet-to-dry weight ratio(W/D), lung injury was evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining, and ultrastructural changes in lung tissue were observed by transmission electron microscopy(TEM). The levels of interleukin(IL)-1β, high mobility group box 1 protein(HMGB1), IL-18, and IL-1α in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). The results showed that the decoction of the Coptidis Rhizoma-Scutellariae Radix significantly reduced pulmonary edema, alleviated lung injury, and decreased the concentrations of related cytokines in BALF more effectively than either single herb alone, thereby improving CSSLI. In vitro, a CpG1826-induced CSSLI model was established in mouse alveolar macrophage MH-S cells. Calcein-AM quenching was used to screen for the most effective monomer components from the herb pair in inhibiting mPTP opening. Coptisine(5, 10, 20 μmol·L~(-1)) and wogonin(10, 20, 40 μmol·L~(-1)) markedly inhibited mPTP opening, with optimal effects and a clear dose-dependent pattern. These components suppressed mPTP opening, thereby reducing the release of mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA) and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS), effectively reversing the CpG1826-induced decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential(MMP). Further studies revealed that both coptisine and wogonin inhibited pyroptosis and downregulated the expression of key proteins in the NLRP3/Caspase-1/gasdermin D(GSDMD) pathway. In conclusion, the Coptidis Rhizoma-Scutellariae Radix improves CpG1826-induced CSSLI in mice, and this effect is associated with the inhibition of the mPTP/NLRP3 pyroptosis pathway, providing scientific evidence for its clinical application and further development.
Animals ; Mice ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage* ; Pyroptosis/drug effects* ; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/immunology* ; Male ; Lung Injury/immunology* ; Cytokines/immunology* ; Scutellaria baicalensis/chemistry* ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/adverse effects* ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Coptis chinensis

OBJECTIVES: To report the development, validation, and findings of the Multi-dimensional Attention Rating Scale (MARS), a self-report tool crafted to evaluate six-dimension attention levels. METHODS: The MARS was developed based on Classical Test Theory (CTT). Totally 202 highly educated healthy adult participants were recruited for reliability and validity tests. Reliability was measured using Cronbach's alpha and test-retest reliability. Structural validity was explored using principal component analysis. Criterion validity was analyzed by correlating MARS scores with the Toronto Hospital Alertness Test (THAT), the Attentional Control Scale (ACS), and the Attention Network Test (ANT). RESULTS: The MARS comprises 12 items spanning six distinct dimensions of attention: focused attention, sustained attention, shifting attention, selective attention, divided attention, and response inhibition.As assessed by six experts, the content validation index (CVI) was 0.95, the Cronbach's alpha for the MARS was 0.78, and the test-retest reliability was 0.81. Four factors were identified (cumulative variance contribution rate 68.79%). The total score of MARS was correlated positively with THAT (r = 0.60, P < 0.01) and ACS (r = 0.78, P < 0.01) and negatively with ANT's reaction time for alerting (r = -0.31, P = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS The MARS can reliably and validly assess six-dimension attention levels in real-world settings and is expected to be a new tool for assessing multi-dimensional attention impairments in different mental disorders.
Humans ; Adult ; Male ; Attention/physiology* ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Reproducibility of Results ; Young Adult ; Psychometrics

OBJECTIVE: Poxviruses are zoonotic pathogens that infect humans, mammals, vertebrates, and arthropods. However, the specific role of ticks in transmission and evolution of these viruses remains unclear. METHODS: Transcriptomic and metatranscriptomic raw data from 329 sampling pools of seven tick species across five continents were mined to assess the diversity and abundance of poxviruses. Chordopoxviral sequences were assembled and subjected to phylogenetic analysis to trace the origins of the unblasted fragments within these sequences. RESULTS: Fifty-eight poxvirus species, representing two subfamilies and 20 genera, were identified, with 212 poxviral sequences assembled. A substantial proportion of AT-rich fragments were detected in the assembled poxviral genomes. These genomic sequences contained fragments originating from rodents, archaea, and arthropods. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that ticks play a significant role in the transmission and evolution of poxviruses. These viruses demonstrate the capacity to modulate virulence and adaptability through horizontal gene transfer, gene recombination, and gene mutations, thereby promoting co-existence and co-evolution with their hosts. This study advances understanding of the ecological dynamics of poxvirus transmission and evolution and highlights the potential role of ticks as vectors and vessels in these processes.
Animals ; Poxviridae/physiology* ; Ticks/virology* ; Phylogeny ; Transcriptome ; Evolution, Molecular ; Poxviridae Infections/virology* ; Genome, Viral

Objective To investigate whether Liuwei Dihuang Pills enhances the antigen cross-presenting ability of dendritic cell(DC)by increasing gap junctional intercellular communication(GJIC),and to explore the mechanisms involved.Methods Western Blot and immunofluorescence were used to observe the effects of Liuwei Dihuang Pills-containing serum on the expression and membrane localisation of gap junction protein connexin43(Cx43)in mouse melanoma cells(B16);Calcein-AM/DiI fluorescence tracer assay was used to observe the effects of Liuwei Dihuang Pills-containing serum on the function of GJIC in B16 cells;flow cytometry was used to observe the role of GJIC in the enhancement of DC antigen presenting ability by Liuwei Dihuang Pills-containing serum;and propidium iodide(PI)/Hoechst staining assay was used to observe the immunocidal effect of CD8+ T-lymphocytes.Results Western Blot and immunofluorescence experiments showed that Liuwei Dihuang Pills-containing serum led to the up-regulation of Cx43 expression;fluorescence tracer experiments proved that the GJIC function of B16 cells was significantly enhanced by Liuwei Dihuang Pills-containing serum;flow cytometry analyses showed that the DC antigen-presenting ability was enhanced by Liuwei Dihuang Pills-containing serum;and the results of PI/Hoechst staining showed that the immuno-killing effect of CD8+T-cells was more significant after the intervention of Liuwei Dihuang Pills-containing serum in B16-OVA.Conclusion Liuwei Dihuang Pills improve the GJIC function by up-regulating the Cx43 expression of melanoma cells,and then enhance the cross-presenting ability of DCs thus activating stronger CD8+ T-cell immunocidal responses.

Objective To investigate the effect of nasal mask on preventing respiratory depression and hypoxia during anesthesia under painless gastroscopy.Methods 246 patients underwent elective painless gastroscopy from September 2022 to March 2023 were selected and divided into nasal catheter oxygen group(group C)and nasal mask oxygen group(group M)according to random number table method.The group C was inhaled oxygen by conventional nasal cannula,and in group M,oxygen was inhaled by a nasal mask.Patients in both groups were given 5 L/min preoxygenation for 3 min.After induction of anesthesia,gastroscopy was performed when modified observer's assessment of alertness/sedation(MOAA/S)score≤1.During anesthesia,hypoxia interventions were performed in group C based on percutaneous arterial oxygen saturation(SpO2)and in group M based on partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide(PetCO2)and SpO2.The incidence of subclinical respiratory depression,hypoxia and severe hypoxia during anesthesia was recorded.The minimum SpO2 value during anesthesia was recorded;Implementation of intervention measures of jaw lifting,mask pressure oxygen and tracheal intubation.Record the number of gastroscope withdrawal cases.Mean arterial pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),and respiratory rate(RR)were recorded at the time of entry(T0),immediately after induction of anesthesia(T1),at the end of gastroscopy(T2),and 5 minutes after awakening(T3).The occurrence of perioperative adverse events and the satisfaction of anesthesiologists and endoscopists were recorded.Results Compared with group C,the incidence of subclinical respiratory depression,hypoxia and severe hypoxia in group M was significantly decreased(P<0.05).The minimum value of SpO2 during anesthesia in group M was higher than that in group C(P<0.05).The incidence of jaw-lifting and mask ventilation were lower in group M than that in group C(P<0.05).The incidence of gastroscope withdrawal due to airway intervention in group M was lower than that in group C(P<0.05).Compared with T0,MAP,HR and RR of the two groups were significant reduction at T1 and T2(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse events between the two groups(P>0.05).The satisfaction of endoscopists in group M was higher than that in group C(P<0.05).Conclusion Compared with nasal catheter oxygen inhalation,anesthesia nasal mask can timely detect hypopnea and respiratory depression during gastroscopy,reduce the occurrence of hypoxia,and improve the airway safety of painless gastroscopy patients.

Objective To explore the effect of multiparameter electroencephalogram(EEG)-guided anesthesia management on EEG burst suppression(BS)and postoperative delirium(POD)in elderly patients undergoing lower abdominal laparoscopic surgery.Methods A total of 100 elderly patients,48 males and 52 females,aged 65-85 years,BMI 18.5-28.0 kg/m2,and ASA physical status Ⅱ or Ⅲ,were enrolled for lower abdominal surgery under general anesthesia.Patients were randomly divided into two groups:multiparameter group and single parameter group,50 patients in each group.In multiparameter group,multiparameter EEG monitoring with patient statu index(PSI),spectral edge frequency(SEF),burst suppression ratio(BSR)and density spectral array(DSA)were used to guide the depth management of anesthesia.In single parameter group,single parameter PSI was used to guide the depth management of anesthesia.The total area under the hypotensive threshold of MAP(AUTMAP)was calculated,and the amount of anesthetic used during the operation and the use of vasoactive drugs,duration of anesthesia,extu-bation time,duration of PACU stay,and postoperative hospitalisation days were recorded.HR,MAP,PSI,and SEF were recorded before the induction of anesthesia,5 minutes after induction of anesthesia,5,30,and 60 minutes after incision,and at the end of surgery.The incidence,duration,and maximum BSR of in-traoperative BS,as well as the incidence of POD 1,2,and 3 days after surgery were recorded.Results There was no significant difference in AUTMAP values between the two groups.Compared with single parame-ter group,intraoperative propofol and remifentanil dosage were significantly decreased(P＜0.05),awak-ening time,PACU stay,and postoperative hospitalization time were significantly shorter in multiparameter group(P＜0.05),the PSI was significantly increased 5,30,and 60 minutes after incision and at the end of surgery,and the SEF was significantly increased 5 minutes after induction of anesthesia,5,30,and 60 minutes after induction and the end of surgery(P＜0.05).Compared with single parameter group,inci-dence of intraoperative BS was significantly decreased,duration of BS was significantly shorter,smaller maximum BSR was significantly decreased,and incidence of POD on 1 day after surgery in multiparameter group(P＜0.05).Conclusion Anesthesia management guided by multiparameter EEG can inhibit the oc-currence of BS,mitigate the degree of BS,and reduce the incidence of POD in elderly patients undergoing abdominal surgery.

Objective To investigate the impact of exosomal miRNAs derived from endoplasmic reticulum-stressed(ERS)head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(HNSCC)cells on macrophages.Methods This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee.The expression levels of ERS-associated proteins,including protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase(PERK)and glucose-regulated protein 78(GRP78),in HNSCC tissues and para-tumor tissues were detected by Western blot(WB)and quantitative real-time PCR(RT-qPCR).HN4 human laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cells were treated with 500 U/mL interferon-γ(IFN-γ)for 48 h to induce ER stress,and exo-somes secreted by ER-stressed HN4 cells were collected and identified.The types of miRNAs in exosomes were identi-fied through bioinformatics analysis,and the target genes of miRNAs were predicted.Macrophages were transfected with miRNA,co cultured with collected exosomes,and the expression of PTEN in macrophages was knocked down.The downstream signaling pathway regulated by exosomal miRNAs was studied by WB and RT-qPCR.Results Compared with that in para-tumor tissues,the expression level of ER stress-associated proteins in HNSCC tissues was increased(P＜0.05).RNA-seq analysis revealed that miR-26a-5p was highly upregulated in ER-stressed HN4 cell-derived exo-somes(P＜0.05).PTEN is the target gene for miR-26a-5p.miR-26a-5p increased the expression level of PD-L1 in mac-rophages and downregulated the expression of PTEN(P＜0.05).Macrophages co cultured with ERS extracellular vesi-cles showed an increase in miR-26a-5p and PD-L1 expression,a decrease in PTEN expression,and an increase in p-AKT expression(P＜0.05).Knock down the expression of PTEN in macrophages and increase the expression of PD-L1(P＜0.01).Conclusion ERS HNSCC cell-derived exosomal miR-26a-5p promotes the expression of PD-L1 in macro-phages through the PTEN/AKT signaling pathway.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate CT values of cancellous bone in femoral neck in adults over 60 years with proximal femoral fractures. METHODS: From January 2020 to December 2020, a retrospective analysis was performed on 280 subjects aged 60 years or older who underwent bilateral hip CT examination, including 85 males and 195 females, 120 on the left side and 160 on the right side, aged 75 (66, 82) years old. One hundred thirty-six patients with proximal femoral fractures were included in study group and 144 patients without fractures were included in control group. GEOptima CT was used to scan and reconstruct horizontal, coronal and sagittal layers of proximal femur. CT values of cancellous bone in femoral neck were measured and compared between two groups. The relationship between CT values of cancellous bone of femoral neck and proximal femoral fracture was analyzed statistically. RESULTS: In terms of age, fracture group aged 79(73.3, 85.0) years old, non-fracture group aged 69.5 (64.0, 78.8) years old, and had significant difference in age between two groups (P<0.05). In terms of CT value, regional CT value in fracture group was 8.62(-3.62, 27.15) HU, which was lower than that in non-fracture group 34.31(-5.93, 71.74) HU(P<0.05). CT value on coronal view in fracture group was -8.48(-30.96, 17.46) HU, which was lower than that in non-fracture group 40.49(5.55, 80.71) HU (P<0.05). CT value on sagittal view in fracture group was -31.28(-54.91, -5.11) HU, which was lower than that in non-fracture group 7.74(-20.12, 44.54) HU (P<0.05). CT values on horizontal view in fracture group was 0.17(-23.13, 24.60) HU, which was lower than that in non-fracture group 46.40(10.42, 85.18) HU(P<0.05). The mean regional CT values among three planes in the fracture group were lower than those in the non-fracture group. Logistic regression analysis showed coronal CT value was influencing factors of proximal femoral fracture, and it could be written into regression equations that predict probability of fracture. CONCLUSION In adults aged over 60 years old, CT values of cancellous bone of femoral neck decreased with increasing age. The smaller CT value of cancellous bone of femoral neck, the greater risk of proximal femoral fracture.
Male ; Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Proximal Femoral Fractures ; Retrospective Studies ; Femur Neck ; Hip Fractures/surgery* ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Bone Density