Objective: To investigate the effects of platelet-derived PD-L1 released during storage on T cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cytokine expression. Methods: Apheresis platelets were stored with agitation at 22℃. Platelet supernatant was collected on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 of storage, and then co-cultured with human CD4 and CD8 mixed T cells isolated by magnetic bead sorting. CCK8 assay was used to detect T cell proliferation; flow cytometry was applied to determine T cell apoptosis as well as the expression levels of IFN-γ and GZMB. Additionally, Western blot was employed to examine alterations in downstream signaling molecules of the PD-1 receptor. Results: With the prolongation of platelet storage time, the inhibitory effect of platelet storage medium on T cell proliferation was gradually enhanced, accompanied by suppressed expression of IFN-γ and GZMB, whereas the apoptosis level of T cells increased progressively. Treatment with PD-1 antibody or PD-L1 antibody partially blocked the regulatory effects of platelet storage medium on T cell proliferation, apoptosis, and the expression of IFN-γ and GZMB. Western blot results showed that the phosphorylation levels of p-SHP1 and p-SHP2 were significantly upregulated, whereas p-AKT expression was downregulated in T cells co-cultured with platelet storage medium. Intervention with PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody could partially reverse the above changes in protein expression. Conclusion: During platelet storage, platelet-derived PD-L1 in the storage medium promotes T cell apoptosis and inhibits T cell proliferation as well as the expression of related cytokines in a time-dependent manner. Therefore, platelet-derived PD-L1, as an important immune regulatory mediator, may be involved in transfusion-related immunomodulation (TRIM).

Objective Based on CiteSpace,this study analyzes the current research status,hotspots,and trends in the field of external traditional Chinese medicine treatments for diabetic foot ulcer,aiming to support the optimization of clinical practice and guide future research directions.Methods Literature related to external traditional Chinese medicine treatments for diabetic foot ulcer was retrieved using CiteSpace software from China National Knowledge Infrastructure,Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform,VIP,and SinoMed databases.The analysis was conducted from multiple perspectives,including keywords,authors,and institutions.Results A total of 1807 articles were included.The annual publication volume showed a trend of initial increase followed by a decline,reaching a peak in 2014 with 137 articles,and then maintaining a relatively high level.Research institutions demonstrated limited collaboration,forming small-scale cooperative clusters.Research hotspots primarily focused on the development of external treatment techniques and the integration of Chinese and Western medicine.The research trend reveals a shift from single treatment approaches to comprehensive therapies,integrating with modern medical technologies and gradually moving toward precision medicine.Conclusion Visual analysis intuitively reveals research hotspots and frontiers in this field.In the future,the development of standardized protocols through evidence-based medicine and strengthened collaboration among institutions could promote the advancement of external traditional Chinese medicine treatments in the management of diabetic foot ulcer.

Objective Based on CiteSpace,this study analyzes the current research status,hotspots,and trends in the field of external traditional Chinese medicine treatments for diabetic foot ulcer,aiming to support the optimization of clinical practice and guide future research directions.Methods Literature related to external traditional Chinese medicine treatments for diabetic foot ulcer was retrieved using CiteSpace software from China National Knowledge Infrastructure,Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform,VIP,and SinoMed databases.The analysis was conducted from multiple perspectives,including keywords,authors,and institutions.Results A total of 1807 articles were included.The annual publication volume showed a trend of initial increase followed by a decline,reaching a peak in 2014 with 137 articles,and then maintaining a relatively high level.Research institutions demonstrated limited collaboration,forming small-scale cooperative clusters.Research hotspots primarily focused on the development of external treatment techniques and the integration of Chinese and Western medicine.The research trend reveals a shift from single treatment approaches to comprehensive therapies,integrating with modern medical technologies and gradually moving toward precision medicine.Conclusion Visual analysis intuitively reveals research hotspots and frontiers in this field.In the future,the development of standardized protocols through evidence-based medicine and strengthened collaboration among institutions could promote the advancement of external traditional Chinese medicine treatments in the management of diabetic foot ulcer.

Objective:To study the effects of obesity on alveolar bone loss and gut microbiota in mice with periodontitis.Methods:Twenty-four seven-week-old female C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into four groups based on table of random numbers ( n=6 in each group): normal-fat diet group (NFD group), high-fat diet group (HFD group), normal-fat diet and periodontitis group (NFD_PD group) and high-fat diet and periodontitis group (HFD_PD group). NFD and HFD groups were fed with normal or high-fat diet for twelve weeks respectively; NFD_PD and HFD_PD groups were induced to periodontitis by ligating the bilateral maxillary second molars with 5-0 silk thread at the fourth week after feeding with normal or high-fat diet respectively. The body weight was measured weekly. The mice were euthanized for collecting the samples at the end of the 12th week. Liver, kidneys, perirenal and retroperitoneal fat were weighed. Serum was collected to detect the level of serum lipids and inflammatory factors. The right maxilla bones were scanned by micro-CT. HE staining was performed to observe the periodontal tissue. The cecum contents were collected for gut microbiota 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Spearman correlation analysis was performed to analyze the correlation between the abundance of gut microbiota and serum inflammatory level and CT value. Results:After 12 weeks of high-fat diet fed, the body weight of HFD group [(26.52±1.96) g] was significantly higher than that of NFD group [(20.95±0.63) g] ( t=6.63, P<0.001). The body weight of HFD_PD group [(23.82±1.12) g] was significantly higher than that of NFD_PD group [(20.73±0.47) g] ( t=6.23, P=0.001). The serum levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride and low density lipoprotein in HFD group and HFD_PD group were significantly higher than those in NFD group and NFD_PD group ( P<0.01). The distance from the cemento-enamel junction to the alveolar bone crest (CEJ-ABC) on the mesial site of maxillary second molar in HFD_PD group [(647.46±47.46) μm] was significantly higher than that in NFD_PD group [(440.48±68.08) μm] ( t=5.58, P<0.001). HE staining showed that the maxillary second molar attachment loss, collagen fiber destruction and inflammatory cell infiltration were more significant serious in HFD_PD group compared with NFD_PD group. The levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) of serum in HFD_PD group [(17.11±1.92), (31.61±3.20) and (204.42±35.96) ng/L, respectively] were significantly higher than those in NFD_PD group [(10.44±1.65), (19.96±2.09) and (147.36±10.76) ng/L, respectively] ( P<0.001, P<0.001, P=0.004). The 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed that the Bacteroides/Firmicutes ratio in HFD_PD group (4.00±3.30) was significantly higher than that in NFD_PD group (0.62±0.19) ( t=2.50, P=0.030). The abundance of Oscillospira in HFD_PD group [(12.25±0.05) %] was significantly higher than that in NFD_PD group [(2.80±0.01) %] ( t=4.64, P<0.001). The abundance of Parabacteroides in HFD_PD group [(0.25±0.27)% ] was significantly lower than that in NFD_PD group [(2.04±0.02)%] ( t=2.32, P=0.043). The β-diversity analysis of gut microbiota based on Bray-Curtis distance showed that samples of HFD_PD group and NFD_PD group were obviously grouped. Correlation analysis showed that the abundance of Oscillospira was positively correlated with IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1 concentration and CEJ-ABC value in serum significantly ( r values were 0.80, 0.79, 0.80, 0.89, P<0.05). The abundance of Parabacteroides was negatively correlated with IL-1β, IL-6 concentration and CEJ-ABC value in serum significantly ( r values were -0.71, -0.71, -0.86, -0.95, P<0.05). Conclusions:Obesity promotes alveolar bone resorption in periodontitis mice and changes the gut microbiota. Oscillospira and Parabacteroides may play a key role.

ObjectiveTo construct a comprehensive evaluation indicator system for clinical practice guidelines of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） that is scientific， systematic， and reflects the characteristics of TCM. MethodsA systematic search was conducted in Chinese and English databases， including CNKI， Wanfang， VIP， SinoMed， PubMed， Embase， and Cochrane Library， to include literature on domestic and international guideline evaluation tools and TCM-related research. Document analysis and CiteSpace were utilized for keyword co-occurrence and clustering analysis. ResultsA total of 65 relevant studies were included， from which seven core thematic domains were identified. Based on the research objectives， a two-step construction strategy was adopted： first， an external evaluation framework was established by referencing international tools to cover methodological rigor and procedural standardization； second， an internal evaluation framework was developed to reflect the distinctive features of TCM clinical practice， including syndrome differentiation and efficacy feedback. Through expert consensus， the indicator system was refined， resulting in a dual-layered structure comprising 8 primary indicators， 22 secondary indicators， and 62 evaluation criteria. ConclusionThe comprehensive evaluation system for TCM clinical practice guidelines， based on bibliometric analysis and core element extraction， integrates both theoretical integrity and practical applicability. This study provides a preliminary research foundation for further optimization， validation， and development of a refined comprehensive evaluation system.

Objective:To understand the status of bone health literacy in middle-aged and older female breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and analyze its influencing factors using structural equation modeling.Methods:A convenience sampling method was used to select 250 middle-aged and older breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy in two tertiary hospitals in Xi'an from May to October 2024. Patients were surveyed using a general information questionnaire, the Bone Health Literacy Scale for Middle-Aged and Older Women, the Perceived Social Support Scale, and the General Self-Efficacy Scale. Pearson correlation analysis was used to examine the correlations among bone health literacy, perceived social support, and self-efficacy.Results:A total of 250 questionnaires were distributed, and 239 valid questionnaires were recovered, yielding an effective response rate of 95.6% (239/250). The mean score of the Bone Health Literacy Scale among the 239 patients was (39.71±8.16). Bone health literacy was positively correlated with perceived social support and self-efficacy ( P<0.01). Perceived social support directly affected bone health literacy and could also indirectly influence it through general self-efficacy, with an indirect effect value of 0.367, accounting for 45.2% of the total effect (0.367/0.812) . Conclusions:Healthcare professionals should implement effective interventions to enhance patients' perceived social support and strengthen their self-efficacy, thereby improving bone health literacy.

Objective:To study the effects of obesity on alveolar bone loss and gut microbiota in mice with periodontitis.Methods:Twenty-four seven-week-old female C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into four groups based on table of random numbers ( n=6 in each group): normal-fat diet group (NFD group), high-fat diet group (HFD group), normal-fat diet and periodontitis group (NFD_PD group) and high-fat diet and periodontitis group (HFD_PD group). NFD and HFD groups were fed with normal or high-fat diet for twelve weeks respectively; NFD_PD and HFD_PD groups were induced to periodontitis by ligating the bilateral maxillary second molars with 5-0 silk thread at the fourth week after feeding with normal or high-fat diet respectively. The body weight was measured weekly. The mice were euthanized for collecting the samples at the end of the 12th week. Liver, kidneys, perirenal and retroperitoneal fat were weighed. Serum was collected to detect the level of serum lipids and inflammatory factors. The right maxilla bones were scanned by micro-CT. HE staining was performed to observe the periodontal tissue. The cecum contents were collected for gut microbiota 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Spearman correlation analysis was performed to analyze the correlation between the abundance of gut microbiota and serum inflammatory level and CT value. Results:After 12 weeks of high-fat diet fed, the body weight of HFD group [(26.52±1.96) g] was significantly higher than that of NFD group [(20.95±0.63) g] ( t=6.63, P<0.001). The body weight of HFD_PD group [(23.82±1.12) g] was significantly higher than that of NFD_PD group [(20.73±0.47) g] ( t=6.23, P=0.001). The serum levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride and low density lipoprotein in HFD group and HFD_PD group were significantly higher than those in NFD group and NFD_PD group ( P<0.01). The distance from the cemento-enamel junction to the alveolar bone crest (CEJ-ABC) on the mesial site of maxillary second molar in HFD_PD group [(647.46±47.46) μm] was significantly higher than that in NFD_PD group [(440.48±68.08) μm] ( t=5.58, P<0.001). HE staining showed that the maxillary second molar attachment loss, collagen fiber destruction and inflammatory cell infiltration were more significant serious in HFD_PD group compared with NFD_PD group. The levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) of serum in HFD_PD group [(17.11±1.92), (31.61±3.20) and (204.42±35.96) ng/L, respectively] were significantly higher than those in NFD_PD group [(10.44±1.65), (19.96±2.09) and (147.36±10.76) ng/L, respectively] ( P<0.001, P<0.001, P=0.004). The 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed that the Bacteroides/Firmicutes ratio in HFD_PD group (4.00±3.30) was significantly higher than that in NFD_PD group (0.62±0.19) ( t=2.50, P=0.030). The abundance of Oscillospira in HFD_PD group [(12.25±0.05) %] was significantly higher than that in NFD_PD group [(2.80±0.01) %] ( t=4.64, P<0.001). The abundance of Parabacteroides in HFD_PD group [(0.25±0.27)% ] was significantly lower than that in NFD_PD group [(2.04±0.02)%] ( t=2.32, P=0.043). The β-diversity analysis of gut microbiota based on Bray-Curtis distance showed that samples of HFD_PD group and NFD_PD group were obviously grouped. Correlation analysis showed that the abundance of Oscillospira was positively correlated with IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1 concentration and CEJ-ABC value in serum significantly ( r values were 0.80, 0.79, 0.80, 0.89, P<0.05). The abundance of Parabacteroides was negatively correlated with IL-1β, IL-6 concentration and CEJ-ABC value in serum significantly ( r values were -0.71, -0.71, -0.86, -0.95, P<0.05). Conclusions:Obesity promotes alveolar bone resorption in periodontitis mice and changes the gut microbiota. Oscillospira and Parabacteroides may play a key role.

Objective:To understand the status of bone health literacy in middle-aged and older female breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and analyze its influencing factors using structural equation modeling.Methods:A convenience sampling method was used to select 250 middle-aged and older breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy in two tertiary hospitals in Xi'an from May to October 2024. Patients were surveyed using a general information questionnaire, the Bone Health Literacy Scale for Middle-Aged and Older Women, the Perceived Social Support Scale, and the General Self-Efficacy Scale. Pearson correlation analysis was used to examine the correlations among bone health literacy, perceived social support, and self-efficacy.Results:A total of 250 questionnaires were distributed, and 239 valid questionnaires were recovered, yielding an effective response rate of 95.6% (239/250). The mean score of the Bone Health Literacy Scale among the 239 patients was (39.71±8.16). Bone health literacy was positively correlated with perceived social support and self-efficacy ( P<0.01). Perceived social support directly affected bone health literacy and could also indirectly influence it through general self-efficacy, with an indirect effect value of 0.367, accounting for 45.2% of the total effect (0.367/0.812) . Conclusions:Healthcare professionals should implement effective interventions to enhance patients' perceived social support and strengthen their self-efficacy, thereby improving bone health literacy.

With the increasing proportion of human papilloma virus(HPV)infection in the pathogenic factors of oro-pharyngeal cancer,a series of changes have occurred in the surgical treatment.While the treatment mode has been im-proved,there are still many problems,including the inconsistency between diagnosis and treatment modes,the lack of popularization of reconstruction technology,the imperfect post-treatment rehabilitation system,and the lack of effective preventive measures.Especially in terms of treatment mode for early oropharyngeal cancer,there is no unified conclu-sion whether it is surgery alone or radiotherapy alone,and whether robotic minimally invasive surgery has better func-tional protection than radiotherapy.For advanced oropharyngeal cancer,there is greater controversy over the treatment mode.It is still unclear whether to adopt a non-surgical treatment mode of synchronous chemoradiotherapy or induction chemotherapy combined with synchronous chemoradiotherapy,or a treatment mode of surgery combined with postopera-tive chemoradiotherapy.In order to standardize the surgical treatment of oropharyngeal cancer in China and clarify the indications for surgical treatment of oropharyngeal cancer,this expert consensus,based on the characteristics and treat-ment status of oropharyngeal cancer in China and combined with the international latest theories and practices,forms consensus opinions in multiple aspects of preoperative evaluation,surgical indication determination,primary tumor re-section,neck lymph node dissection,postoperative defect repair,postoperative complication management prognosis and follow-up of oropharyngeal cancer patients.The key points include:① Before the treatment of oropharyngeal cancer,the expression of P16 protein should be detected to clarify HPV status;② Perform enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the maxillofacial region before surgery to evaluate the invasion of oropharyngeal cancer and guide precise surgical resec-tion of oropharyngeal cancer.Evaluating mouth opening and airway status is crucial for surgical approach decisions and postoperative risk prediction;③ For oropharyngeal cancer patients who have to undergo major surgery and cannot eat for one to two months,it is recommended to undergo percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy before surgery to effectively improve their nutritional intake during treatment;④ Early-stage oropharyngeal cancer patients may opt for either sur-gery alone or radiation therapy alone.For intermediate and advanced stages,HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer general-ly prioritizes radiation therapy,with concurrent chemotherapy considered based on tumor staging.Surgical treatment is recommended as the first choice for HPV unrelated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma(including primary and re-current)and recurrent HPV related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma after radiotherapy and chemotherapy;⑤ For primary exogenous T1-2 oropharyngeal cancer,direct surgery through the oral approach or da Vinci robotic sur-gery is preferred.For T3-4 patients with advanced oropharyngeal cancer,it is recommended to use temporary mandibu-lectomy approach and lateral pharyngotomy approach for surgery as appropriate;⑥ For cT1-2N0 oropharyngeal cancer patients with tumor invasion depth＞3 mm and cT3-4N0 HPV unrelated oropharyngeal cancer patients,selective neck dissection of levels ⅠB to Ⅳ is recommended.For cN+HPV unrelated oropharyngeal cancer patients,therapeutic neck dissection in regions Ⅰ-Ⅴ is advised;⑦ If PET-CT scan at 12 or more weeks after completion of radiation shows intense FDG uptake in any node,or imaging suggests continuous enlargement of lymph nodes,the patient should undergo neck dissection;⑧ For patients with suspected extracapsular invasion preoperatively,lymph node dissection should include removal of surrounding muscle and adipose connective tissue;⑨ The reconstruction of oropharyngeal cancer defects should follow the principle of reconstruction steps,with priority given to adjacent flaps,followed by distal pedicled flaps,and finally free flaps.The anterolateral thigh flap with abundant tissue can be used as the preferred flap for large-scale postoperative defects.

This study used the Appraisal of Guidelines Research & Evaluation-Health Systems （AGREE-HS） to demonstratively compare 34 global coronavirus disease-2019 （COVID-19） health systems guidance documents （HSGs） and 6 World Health Organization （WHO） standard HSGs. The comparison involved topic， participants， methods， recommendations， and implementability， with the aim of exploring the characteristics of emergency HSGs. The results showed that the emergency HSGs had an overall average score of 49%， with topic having the highest score， recommendations having the second highest score， and participants having the lowest score. The standard HSGs had an overall average score of 79%， with high scores in all items. The emergency HSGs had lower scores in participants， methods， recommendations， and implementability than the standard HSGs （P<0.001）， while the COVID-19 emergency HSGs developed by the WHO had higher score in topic than the standard HSGs （P<0.05）. Compared with those released by countries， the COVID-19 emergency HSG developed by the WHO showed superiority in all items and overall scores （P=0.000 2）. This indicates that emergency HSGs， represented by the COVID-19 emergency HSG， place equal emphasis on topic and recommendations as standard HSGs but have low requirements in terms of expert participation， evidence support， and comprehensive consideration in the time- and resource-limited context. They have the characteristics of prominent topics， clear purposes， orientation to demand， keeping up with the latest evidence， flexible adjustment， and timeliness， emphasizing immediate implementation effects， weakening long-term effects， and focusing on comprehensive benefits. Additionally， developers， types， and report completeness are important influencing factors.