Objective: To analyze the total fluids intake and sources of college students from Hebei in spring and summer, and to provide a scientific reference for appropriate fluids intake in different seasons. Methods: Subjects were recruited in a university in Baoding, Hebei Province, and investigations were conducted in April and June 2021. The number of people who completed both spring and summer investigations was 80. Quantitative instruments and 7 day 24 h Fluid Intake Questionnaire were used to investigate the total drinking fluids, and it was recorded for 7 consecutive days in spring and summer respectively. The duplicate portion method was used to investigate the water from food. The total fluids intake and sources among subjects were analyzed in spring and summer. Results: There was no statistical significance between the total drinking fluids and total fluids intake between spring and summer [1 141(715), 1 176(649)mL/d, (2 496±604)(2 458±554)mL/d] ( F=1.86, 0.59, P >0.05). Spring showed significantly higher water from food compared with summer [(1 318±274)(1 217±302)mL/d]( F=16.63, P <0.05). The proportions of total drinking fluids and water from food in spring were 46% and 54%, respectively, and both were 50% in summer, the differences were statistically significant ( F=12.97, 12.97, P <0.05). There were differences in total fluids intake,total drinking fluids and water from food of different genders in earch season ( t/Z =4.75, -3.63, 3.44; 4.80, -2.91, 4.01, P <0.05). There were differences in total water intake, total drinking fluids, the proportions of total drinking fluids and water from food of different BMI groups in each season ( F/H =8.08, 16.65, 3.03, 3.03; 7.11,17.97, 4.52, 4.52, P <0.05). In spring, only 13.8% of subjects achieved the recommended total drinking fluids of China, compared with 18.8% in summer. In spring and summer, the total fluids intake, total drinking fluids, the proportions of total drinking fluids in the group achieved the recommendation were all higher than those who did not reach the recommendation ( t/Z =6.64, -5.19, 5.79; 8.12, -5.97, 5.70, P <0.05). Conclusion Season is a factor that affects total fluids intake, and it should be taken into account when setting the recommendation on adequate water intake.

Objective:To develop a three-dimensional body image stimuli suitable for middle-aged people in China, and verify the validity and reliability of the body image stimuli.Method:According to China and World Health Organization body mass index classification standards of adults, a set of three-dimensional body image stimuli of Chinese middle-aged males and females with different body size was developed by using 3D Studio Max and Adobe Photoshop CC based on the literature and expert consultation method. Forty-two 45- and 59-year-old middle-aged people in Zhengzhou City, Henan Province were recruited to verify the three-dimensional body image stimuli. Through questionnaire survey and physical examination, the coincidence between the selected body type and the actual body type was tested; the body composition was measured by dual-energy absorptiometry (DXA), and the structure validity of the image was tested; the body size satisfaction was investigated by the body image stimuli and the standard questionnaire, and the empirical validity of the image was tested. The repeated survey was conducted 14 days after the initial survey, and three experts were invited to score the current somatotype of the subjects to test the test-retest reliability and inter-rater reliability of the body image stimuli. Pearson, Spearman, Kendall correlation and Kappa consistency analysis were used to evaluate the validity and reliability of the body image stimuli.Results:The average age of 42 subjects was 52.7 years old, including 13 males and 29 females. A group of three-dimensional body image stimuli of middle-aged men and women were developed, and each group included 8 images. 73.8% of the subjects chose the body size consistent with the actual body type, and the weighted Kappa coefficient was 0.755 ( P<0.01). The selected somatotype was positively correlated with body weight and body composition indexes such as fat content, and the Pearson correlation coefficient of construct validity was 0.623-0.717 ( P<0.05). The results of the two surveys were positively correlated, and the Spearman correlation coefficient of test-retest reliability was 0.784-0.821 ( P<0.05). The scores of the three experts on the current somatotype of the subjects were positively correlated, and the Kendall correlation coefficient of inter-rater reliability was 0.818-0.878 ( P<0.05). Conclusion:The development of principle and reference basis of three-dimensional body image stimuli of middle-aged people is reliable, and the validity and reliability of the body image stimuli are good.

Objective:To develop a three-dimensional body image stimuli suitable for middle-aged people in China, and verify the validity and reliability of the body image stimuli.Method:According to China and World Health Organization body mass index classification standards of adults, a set of three-dimensional body image stimuli of Chinese middle-aged males and females with different body size was developed by using 3D Studio Max and Adobe Photoshop CC based on the literature and expert consultation method. Forty-two 45- and 59-year-old middle-aged people in Zhengzhou City, Henan Province were recruited to verify the three-dimensional body image stimuli. Through questionnaire survey and physical examination, the coincidence between the selected body type and the actual body type was tested; the body composition was measured by dual-energy absorptiometry (DXA), and the structure validity of the image was tested; the body size satisfaction was investigated by the body image stimuli and the standard questionnaire, and the empirical validity of the image was tested. The repeated survey was conducted 14 days after the initial survey, and three experts were invited to score the current somatotype of the subjects to test the test-retest reliability and inter-rater reliability of the body image stimuli. Pearson, Spearman, Kendall correlation and Kappa consistency analysis were used to evaluate the validity and reliability of the body image stimuli.Results:The average age of 42 subjects was 52.7 years old, including 13 males and 29 females. A group of three-dimensional body image stimuli of middle-aged men and women were developed, and each group included 8 images. 73.8% of the subjects chose the body size consistent with the actual body type, and the weighted Kappa coefficient was 0.755 ( P<0.01). The selected somatotype was positively correlated with body weight and body composition indexes such as fat content, and the Pearson correlation coefficient of construct validity was 0.623-0.717 ( P<0.05). The results of the two surveys were positively correlated, and the Spearman correlation coefficient of test-retest reliability was 0.784-0.821 ( P<0.05). The scores of the three experts on the current somatotype of the subjects were positively correlated, and the Kendall correlation coefficient of inter-rater reliability was 0.818-0.878 ( P<0.05). Conclusion:The development of principle and reference basis of three-dimensional body image stimuli of middle-aged people is reliable, and the validity and reliability of the body image stimuli are good.

Objective: To investigate and analyze the amount and the type of fluid intake in spring among male college athletics in a university in Beijing, and to provide scientific basis and reference data for fluid intake-related education and formulating adequate water intake. Methods: A simple random sampling method was used to select 109 male sports crowd from a college in Beijing. The information on amount and types of fluid intake were recorded using the validated 7-day fluid specific diary. Results: The median amount of daily fluid intake among participants was 1 789 mL. The number of participants who reached the amount of adequate water intake for Chinese adult residents 60, which accounted for 55.1% of the total participants. There was difference on the amount of fluid intake among different participants after grouped by the quartiles of exercise consumption(χ2=9.20, P=0.03). There were also differences in the percentage of fluid intake reaching the recommended amount on adequate water intake(χ2=18.27, P=0.04). The median amount of plain water, dairy products, sports beverages, and other sugary beverages were 1 180, 40, 65, and 383 mL, respectively; which accounted for 67.1%, 2.2%, 3.7%, and 22.2% of daily fluid intake. There was difference on the amount of sports beverages among different participants after grouped by the quartiles of BF%(χ2=8.59, P=0.04). There was difference on the amount of sports beverages (χ2=8.25, P=0.00) and other sugar-sweetened beverages (χ2=8.57, P=0.02) among different participants after grouped by the quartiles of energy expenditure. Conclusion Among male sports population in a university in Beijing, the amount of fluid intake differed among different participants after grouped by the quartiles of exercise consumption. As the exercise consumption of participants increased, the water consumption increased. Participants mainly drink plain water, and there were differences on the types of fluid intake among participants with different BF% and different energy expenditure.

Objective: To understand the knowledge, attitudes and practices of drinking water among college students of Hebei Province, to provide evidence for health education. Methods: A total of 715 subjects were selected from a university in Baoding City, Hebei Province in March 2017 by random cluster sampling. Knowledge, attitude and behavior of drinking water among college students were investigated by self-designed questionnaires. Results: The awareness rate of water consumption of 1 500-1 700 mL was 19.0%, the awareness rate of drinking modes was 95.0%, the awareness rate of suitable drinking time was 30.1%, the awareness rate on drinking water was higher among girls and medical major sutdents (χ2=22.16, 12.49, P<0.05); the awareness rate on the relationship between insufficient drinking water and stroke, hypertension and coronary heart disease was generally low, with sophornore higher than freshman (χ2=11.10, P<0.05). The most common medium for accessing drinking water knowledge among the respondents was network (60.0%), followed by campus publicity/classroom teaching (48.3%). 99.6% of the respondents believed that drinking water was important to health, 98.3% were willing to change their drinking habits, 93.0% were willing to pay attention to drinking water education, and the proportion of female students was higher than that of male students (χ2=5.46, 6.49, 8.01, P<0.05). In real life, 48.4% of the respondents drank water on an empty stomach in the morning and 40.7% before going to bed. 45.5% of the respondents drank water when they thought of it. Conclusion College students in Hebei province are generally lack of appropriate awareness on water drinking, which varied in sex, grade and major. While the attitude towards water drinking is satisfactory, drinking behavior need to be improved.

Objective: To investigate and analyze the fluids intake, urine output and hydration status during spring among male college athletics from one university in Beijing, and to provide scientific evidence for launching targeted health education. Methods: A simple random sampling method was used to select 109 male students in college with habit of exercise.Total drinking fluids was assessed by 7-day 24-hour fluid intake questionnaire. The water from food was assessed by the duplicate portion method and the weight method. The urine samples of 24-hour was collected for 3 consecutive days, and the volume, osmolality and specific gravity of urine were measured. The energy expenditure in exercise was estimated by using the exercise plan. Results: The median drinking fluids intake, water from food, total fluids intake and urine volume were 1 789, 955, 2 701, 850 mL/d, respectively. 15.6% of the subjects were in proper hydration status, and 43.1% of the subjects were in dehydration. The differences between drinking fluids intake, water from food, total fluids intake and urine volume of subjects in the different BMI and BF% levels were not significant(P>0.05). The differences between drinking fluids intake and total fluids intake of subjects in the different energy expenditure in exercise levels were significant(χ2=9.20, 8.43, P<0.05). Conclusion Comparing with the normal college students, the drinking fluids intake and total fluids intake of male sports people were higher, the volume of urine was lower, and the hydration status was worse. The targeted health education about water intake was recommended.

Abstract Water is essential for human survival and development, and participates in many physiological functions. The three sources and four pathways of water maintain the dynamic balance of body water. Drinking water is the main source of water for the body, and urine excreted through the kidney is the main way for the body to excrete water. Water drinking behavior includes water intake and water type selection. Analyzing hydration state and health from the perspective of water intake and water type selection, the paper found that the research on water intake and widing behavior needed more attention in China. It is necessary to carry out more investigations on drinking water and voiding behaviors in China, and to explore the associations of water drinking and voiding behaviors with health. It will provide scientific data for revising the recommendation on adequate water intake for Chinese residents, to promote the formation of healthy water drinking and voiding behaviors, to maintain adequate hydration state, and to promote health ultimately.

Objective: To investigate the association of within-day drinking occasions with average amount consumed per drinking occasion during spring among college students in Hebei Province and to provide the basic data for the revision of quantity of consumption among Chinese residents. Methods: A total of 156 college students in Hebei Province were selected by using simple random sampling method. Information on daily amount and types of water consumption was recorded using the 7-day 24-hour recording method. The daily amount and type of drinking water by sex and BMI were analyzed and compared. Results: The daily median drinking water intake was 1 135 mL; the daily median number of drinking occasion was 6, with 34.6% of participants less than 6 drinking occasions; the median amount consumed per drinking occasion was 177 mL. The daily number of water and plain water drinking occasion of females were higher than males(χ2/Z=8.34, -2.03, P<0.05); the amount consumed per drinking occasion, the amount of plain water and beverages consumed per drinking occasion of males were higher than females(χ2/Z=23.86, -5.48, 3.70, P<0.01); The differences of the amount of plain water consumed per day among students and their BMI were of statistical significance(χ2=9.17, P=0.03), the amount of drinking water each time was positively correlated with body surface area(r=0.18, P=0.03), and frequency of drinking water was positively correlated with the amount of drinking water, negatively correlated with the amount of drinking water each time. The amount of drinking water was positively correlated with the amount of drinking water each time(r=0.30, -0.47, 0.61, P<0.01). Conclusion There is a certain proportion of unhealthy drinking behavior among college students; drinking behavior is different by sex and BMI. With the increase of drinking occasions, the amount consumed in each drinking occasion decreases, but total amount of drinking water increases.

Objective: To investigate drinking behaviors in weekdays and weekends among college students in Hebei Province during spring, and to provide references for propaganda of water drinking. Methods: A total of 156 college students in Hebei Province were selected using simple random sampling method. The survey began in March 2017. 7-day 24hour recording method was applied to record the amount and type of water drinking during for consistent consecutive 7 days, duplicate portion method was used to weigh the food consumed during the consistent consecutive 3 days and to record the water contained in the food. Results: Water intake from food among subjects during weekdays was higher than that among subjects during weekends (1 191 mL vs 1 113 mL, P<0.01). Only 21.9% and 19.9% of subjects consumed sufficient water during weekdays and weekends, according to the recommendation of China on total fluids intake, respectively. The proportion of water intake from staple food among male subjects during weekdays was lower than that during weekends (28.6% vs 31.1%). The proportion of water intake in males from porridge, water intake from soup and vegetables among subjects during weekdays were higher than those among subjects during weekends (6.8% vs 0; 141 mL vs 0 mL; 699 mL vs 647 mL). Water intake from staple food and vegetables among females during weekdays was higher than that during weekends (256 mL vs 210 mL; 559 mL vs 536 mL). There were no statistically differences on plain water, milk and beverages among subjects during weekdays and weekends(P>0.05). Conclusion Water intake from food among college students in Hebei Province during weekdays in spring is higher than that during weekends. There is discrepancy on sources of water intake from food during weekdays and weekends, while no similar difference on sources of drinking water. Proportion of college students without sufficient daily water intake during weekdays and weekends is relatively high which warrants further notice.

Objective: To analyze the urination behavior in spring among college students in Hebei Province. Methods: In March 2017, the subjects were recruited in a college in Baoding, Hebei Province. And 156 students completed the investigation. The urine samples of 24 hour was collected for 3 consecutive days by special device, and the volume, the voids and the time of urine were measured. Results: The average volume of urine per day was 1 279 mL, the average void of urine per day was 6.2, and the average volume of urine per time was 209 mL. The volume of urine and void were mainly at the time of after lunch, the volume, the proportion of the volume and void of urine were 406 mL, 31.0% and 1.7 times respectively. The volumes and the voids of urine were different in different time periods(P<0.05). The volume of urine, the proportion of the volume and the voids of urine were mainly at the time of morning, followed by the afternoon. The average volume of urine per day was 535 mL, the proportion of the volume was 44.1% and the average void of urine was 2.3, in the morning. There were significant differences in the voids of urine, the volumes of urine and the voids of urine in different time periods between boys and girls(χ2=73.71, 47.48, 34.92; 35.17, 21.30, 20.69; 37.02, 25.30, 15.32, P<0.05). The void of urine was negatively correlated with the average volume of urine per time(r=-0.61, P<0.01); the volume of urine was positively correlated with the average volume of urine per time(r=0.79, P<0.01); the void was not correlated with the volume of urine(P<0.05). Conclusion The urination behaviour of college students in Hebei Province was mainly at the time of after lunch, in the morning and in the afternoon. The college students had unhealthy urination behavior, which was in need of related health education.