Objective To explore the influencing factors of physical activity(PA)in overweight and obese children from the individual,family and environment levels.Methods Using a stratified cluster random sampling method,315 children[mean age:9.57±1.45 years;201 boys(63.8%)and 114 girls(36.2%)]were selected from two classes of every grade of one public elementary school in the four main urban districts of Shijiazhuang.Hierarchical linear regression models were employed to ana-lyze the influence of 20 factors on individual,family and environment levels on PA among them.Re-sults Children's age(β=-0.02),sex(βmale=0.12),sedentary time(β=-0.07),ball skills(β=0.12),perceived motor competence(β=0.18),primary caregiver's PA(β=0.17),parental PA support(β=0.10)and home/neighborhood PA environment(β=0.40)were significant factors of their moderate-to-vigorous physical activities(P<0.05).For light physical activity(LPA)and total PA,only sedentary time(βLPA=-0.57,βtotal=-0.52),parental support for children's PA(βLPA=0.15,βtotal=0.16),and home/neighborhood PA environment(βLPA=0.17,βtotal=0.15)were significant predictors(Pall<0.05).Conclusion The influencing factors of PA among overweight and obese children are complex and multidimensional.Elements at the individual,family and environment levels all play significant roles.Therefore,future interventions and policies aimed at promoting PA in this population should take these multifaceted de-terminants into consideration.

AIM:This study aims to investigate distinct patterns in food reward behavior and neuroinflammato-ry responses within the ventral tegmental area(VTA)between obesity-prone(OP)and obesity-resistant(OR)rats,while elucidating their potential interplay.METHODS:Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats(5-week-old)were adminis-tered a high-fat diet(HFD)for 8 weeks.Based on body weight tertiles,rats were stratified into OP(highest tertile,n=8)and OR(lowest tertile,n=8)groups.Food reward function was evaluated through conditioned place preference(CPP)test and operant food-seeking task(OFST).Serum lipid profiles were quantified via colorimetric microplate assays,with 24-hour energy expenditure monitored using CLAMS.Western blot and immunofluorescence assays quantified ionized cal-cium-binding adaptor molecule 1(Iba1)and tyrosine hydroxylase(TH)protein expression,while immunofluorescence lo-calized VTA-positive cell spatial distribution and density.RT-qPCR quantified mRNA expression of Iba1,TH,and proin-flammatory cytokines(TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6).ELISA quantified proinflammatory cytokine protein concentrations.RE-SULTS:Following 8-week HFD exposure,OP rats exhibited elevated body weight,total food and calories,adiposity,Lee index,and levels of TG,LDL-C,TC,and NEFA,while HLD-C levels and 24-hour energy metabolism significantly decreased(P<0.05).OP rats demonstrated enhanced CPP preference for HFD-paired cues,elevated lever pressing fre-quency,and increased breakpoints versus OR counterparts(P<0.05),positively correlating with body weight(r=0.766,0.561 and 0.606;P<0.05).OP rats demonstrated elevated Iba1 positive cell density,protein and mRNA expression,and inflammatory mediators in VTA versus OR counterparts,contrasting with diminished TH positive neurons showing re-duced protein and mRNA levels(P<0.05).VTA neuroinflammatory mediators(Iba1,TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6)exhibited inverse correlations with TH protein expression(r=-0.953,-0.866,-0.881 and-0.886;P<0.05).CONCLUSION:The OP rats exhibit attenuated reward sensitivity,elevated HFD preference,and increased palatable food-seeking behavior.These behavioral modifications correlate with VTA neuroinflammation suppressing dopaminergic(DA)biosynthesis.

Objective To explore the influencing factors of physical activity(PA)in overweight and obese children from the individual,family and environment levels.Methods Using a stratified cluster random sampling method,315 children[mean age:9.57±1.45 years;201 boys(63.8%)and 114 girls(36.2%)]were selected from two classes of every grade of one public elementary school in the four main urban districts of Shijiazhuang.Hierarchical linear regression models were employed to ana-lyze the influence of 20 factors on individual,family and environment levels on PA among them.Re-sults Children's age(β=-0.02),sex(βmale=0.12),sedentary time(β=-0.07),ball skills(β=0.12),perceived motor competence(β=0.18),primary caregiver's PA(β=0.17),parental PA support(β=0.10)and home/neighborhood PA environment(β=0.40)were significant factors of their moderate-to-vigorous physical activities(P<0.05).For light physical activity(LPA)and total PA,only sedentary time(βLPA=-0.57,βtotal=-0.52),parental support for children's PA(βLPA=0.15,βtotal=0.16),and home/neighborhood PA environment(βLPA=0.17,βtotal=0.15)were significant predictors(Pall<0.05).Conclusion The influencing factors of PA among overweight and obese children are complex and multidimensional.Elements at the individual,family and environment levels all play significant roles.Therefore,future interventions and policies aimed at promoting PA in this population should take these multifaceted de-terminants into consideration.

AIM:This study aims to investigate distinct patterns in food reward behavior and neuroinflammato-ry responses within the ventral tegmental area(VTA)between obesity-prone(OP)and obesity-resistant(OR)rats,while elucidating their potential interplay.METHODS:Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats(5-week-old)were adminis-tered a high-fat diet(HFD)for 8 weeks.Based on body weight tertiles,rats were stratified into OP(highest tertile,n=8)and OR(lowest tertile,n=8)groups.Food reward function was evaluated through conditioned place preference(CPP)test and operant food-seeking task(OFST).Serum lipid profiles were quantified via colorimetric microplate assays,with 24-hour energy expenditure monitored using CLAMS.Western blot and immunofluorescence assays quantified ionized cal-cium-binding adaptor molecule 1(Iba1)and tyrosine hydroxylase(TH)protein expression,while immunofluorescence lo-calized VTA-positive cell spatial distribution and density.RT-qPCR quantified mRNA expression of Iba1,TH,and proin-flammatory cytokines(TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6).ELISA quantified proinflammatory cytokine protein concentrations.RE-SULTS:Following 8-week HFD exposure,OP rats exhibited elevated body weight,total food and calories,adiposity,Lee index,and levels of TG,LDL-C,TC,and NEFA,while HLD-C levels and 24-hour energy metabolism significantly decreased(P<0.05).OP rats demonstrated enhanced CPP preference for HFD-paired cues,elevated lever pressing fre-quency,and increased breakpoints versus OR counterparts(P<0.05),positively correlating with body weight(r=0.766,0.561 and 0.606;P<0.05).OP rats demonstrated elevated Iba1 positive cell density,protein and mRNA expression,and inflammatory mediators in VTA versus OR counterparts,contrasting with diminished TH positive neurons showing re-duced protein and mRNA levels(P<0.05).VTA neuroinflammatory mediators(Iba1,TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6)exhibited inverse correlations with TH protein expression(r=-0.953,-0.866,-0.881 and-0.886;P<0.05).CONCLUSION:The OP rats exhibit attenuated reward sensitivity,elevated HFD preference,and increased palatable food-seeking behavior.These behavioral modifications correlate with VTA neuroinflammation suppressing dopaminergic(DA)biosynthesis.

Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics of psoriasis and status quo of medical care for patients in county areas of China.Methods:This study was a cross-sectional investigation. Based on the “Qianxian Wuyin” Project (a national project for upgrating ability for psoriasis care at county level), an online questionnaire survey was conducted in the dermatology departments of 459 county hospitals in 404 pilot administrative counties across China from February to June 2023. The questionnaire included demographic information of patients (gender, ethnicity, age, place of residence, education, marital status), and clinical characteristics of psoriasis (disease course, type, comorbidities, body surface area (BSA) and previous treatment. The Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) and Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) were applied for assessing the quality of life and disease severity, and completed by patients or guardian and doctors, respectively.Results:A total of 16 935 patients completed the questionnaire. The age of patients was 1-102(44.17±11.58)years, and 71.0% (12 036/16 935) were 30-59 years old. The ratio of male to female was 2.21∶1; 24.3%(4 117/16 935) of patients had high school education; there were 9 940 patients(58.7%) with previous or current smoking and/or alcohol use; 42.8%(7 218/16 855) of patients had a disease course of 1-5 years. There were 15 630 patients(92.3%) with DLQI≥10, 8 346 patients(49.7%) with PASI≥10, 15 017 patients(89.2%) with BSA≥10%. The plaque type was the most common disease type ( n=14 965, 88.7%), and spotting type ranked the second ( n=1 141, 6.8%). The most common initial site was the trunk ( n=12 309, 72.9%). Among the comorbidities, hypertension was the most common one ( n=1 681, 10.0%). There were 7 650 reports of treatment response to conventional topical drug therapy and 3 112 reports of treatment response to systemic drug therapy, with 6 269 (81.9%) and 2 493 (80.1%) reporting poor or no response, respectively. Conclusions:The survey shows that in the county areas of China, the majority of psoriasis patients are severe patients with short course of disease, plaque type is the most common type, and hypertension is the most common comorbidity; and the conventional treatment is less effective for most patients.

Objective: To identify the social ecological factors of individual, family, and physical environments for affecting the development of fundamental motor skills (FMS) among overweight and obese children, so as to provide a basis for the future intervention design and policy making. Methods: From March to April 2022, one public primary school was recruited from each of the 4 main urban areas in Shijiazhuang, and a total of 425 children in schools were recruited for data collection including individual, family, physical environmental factors, by using a stratified cluster random sampling approach. Test of Gross Motor Development-Third Edition (TGMD-3) was used to evaluate children s FMS. Hierarchical linear regression model was employed to analysis the associations between the 18 factors for individual, family, and physical environments, and the FMS of overweight and obese children. Results: Individual level including the child s age, gender and sleep duration, and family level including high family economic level, parental support for physical activity, and the physical activity environment surrounding the family and community were consistent predictors of movement skills ( B =0.422, -1.972, 0.014, 0.045, 1.042, 0.827, 1.898), ball skills ( B =0.858, 3.953, 0.013, 0.092, 2.141, 1.173, 1.954), and composite skills ( B =1.305, 1.915, 0.028, 0.142, 3.091, 1.962, 3.879) among overweight and obese children ( P <0.05). Furthermore, child s body mass index (BMI), moderate to vigorous physical activity, perceived motor competence, pleasure of exercise,as well as BMI and physical activity levels of their primary caregiver, were associated with different types of FMS ( P <0.05). Individual, family, and physical environmental factors had moderate to high predictive explanatory power for FMS among overweight and obese children ( 2=0.69, 0.75, 0.93, P <0.01). Conclusions The factors influencing the development of FMS in overweight and obese children are multifaceted, with individual, family, and physical environment factors all playing significant roles.Corresponding measures should be actively taken to improve FMS in overweight and obese children.

Objective:To observe any effect of 12 weeks of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on intestinal inflammation and the expression of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) and nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-κΒp65) in rats fed a high-fat diet.Methods:Thirty-two healthy 5-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided at random into a normal diet and quiet group, a high-fat diet and quiet group, a high-fat diet MICT group, and a high-fat diet HIIT group, each of 8. The high-fat diet MICT group underwent continuous treadmill exercise at 70% of their maximum oxygen uptake (VO 2max), while the high-fat diet HIIT group did treadmill exercise at 40% to 45% of their VO 2max alternating with intervals at 95% to 99% of their VO 2max. The two quiet groups did no exercise. After 12 weeks, hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe the morphology of the rats′ intestinal tissue. Serum levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides (TG) and free fatty acids (FFA) were determined, and immunofluorescence double labeling and western blotting were applied to detect the expression levels of α7nAChR, NF-κB p65 and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in the rats′ intestines. Results:Compared with the normal diet quiet group, the quiet group on a high fat diet had, on average, significantly heavier final body weights, lower total food intake, higher serum LDL, TG and FFA, lower HDL levels, and less protein expression of intestinal α 7nAChR. They showed higher average fluorescence intensity and expression of NF-κB p65 and TNF-α protein. Compared with the high-fat diet quiet group, the high-fat diet MICT and HIIT groups had significantly lighter final body weight, on average, lower total food intake, lower LDL and FFA levels and higher average fluorescence intensity. They showed significantly greater expression of α 7nAChR and NF-κB p65 protein, and lower expression of TNF-α protein. Compared with the high-fat diet MICT group, there was a significantly higher HDL content and lower average fluorescence intensity of NF-κ -Bp65 observed in the high-fat diet HIIT group. Moreover, reduced inflammatory infiltration, epithelial damage and mucosal crypt destruction were found in the colon tissue sections of both the high-fat diet MICT and HIIT groups.Conclusions:Twelve weeks of either MICT or HIIT can relieve intestinal inflammation resulting from a high-fat diet, at least in rats. The training increases the intestinal expression of α 7nAChR protein, and reduces the expression of NF-κBp65 and TNF-α. HIIT is superior to MICT in its effects.

Objective:To observe any effect of 12 weeks of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on intestinal inflammation and the expression of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) and nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-κΒp65) in rats fed a high-fat diet.Methods:Thirty-two healthy 5-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided at random into a normal diet and quiet group, a high-fat diet and quiet group, a high-fat diet MICT group, and a high-fat diet HIIT group, each of 8. The high-fat diet MICT group underwent continuous treadmill exercise at 70% of their maximum oxygen uptake (VO 2max), while the high-fat diet HIIT group did treadmill exercise at 40% to 45% of their VO 2max alternating with intervals at 95% to 99% of their VO 2max. The two quiet groups did no exercise. After 12 weeks, hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe the morphology of the rats′ intestinal tissue. Serum levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides (TG) and free fatty acids (FFA) were determined, and immunofluorescence double labeling and western blotting were applied to detect the expression levels of α7nAChR, NF-κB p65 and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in the rats′ intestines. Results:Compared with the normal diet quiet group, the quiet group on a high fat diet had, on average, significantly heavier final body weights, lower total food intake, higher serum LDL, TG and FFA, lower HDL levels, and less protein expression of intestinal α 7nAChR. They showed higher average fluorescence intensity and expression of NF-κB p65 and TNF-α protein. Compared with the high-fat diet quiet group, the high-fat diet MICT and HIIT groups had significantly lighter final body weight, on average, lower total food intake, lower LDL and FFA levels and higher average fluorescence intensity. They showed significantly greater expression of α 7nAChR and NF-κB p65 protein, and lower expression of TNF-α protein. Compared with the high-fat diet MICT group, there was a significantly higher HDL content and lower average fluorescence intensity of NF-κ -Bp65 observed in the high-fat diet HIIT group. Moreover, reduced inflammatory infiltration, epithelial damage and mucosal crypt destruction were found in the colon tissue sections of both the high-fat diet MICT and HIIT groups.Conclusions:Twelve weeks of either MICT or HIIT can relieve intestinal inflammation resulting from a high-fat diet, at least in rats. The training increases the intestinal expression of α 7nAChR protein, and reduces the expression of NF-κBp65 and TNF-α. HIIT is superior to MICT in its effects.

Abstract The study elaborates on the historical development of the home-school-community partnership in the United States, as well as physical activity strategies to prevent overweight and obesity in school age children. Feasible suggestions are proposed for implementing the home-school-community collaboration in China. The finding suggests that in addition to cooperation with schools, families and communities need to take initiatives to actively support children s participation in various physical activities and provide facilities and guarantees. Schools should also do a top level design that links with families and communities, and incorporate their participation into long term physical education planning, making them an integral part of a closely interconnected collaborative network to further prevent overweight and obesity in school age children.

We report on two cases of type C insulin resistance syndrome(TCIRS) admitted to the Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 2000 to December 2020. Both patients presented with persistent hyperglycemia, low immunoreactive insulin, extreme insulin resistance, high insulin autoantibodies, high total insulin, and large insulin antibody pool. TCIRS is marked by extreme insulin resistance with ketoacidosis and respond to medium to high doses glucocorticoids rather than plasmapheresis.