The incidence and mortality rates of lung cancer have been continuously rising. Smoking is a crucial modifiable factor contributing to the high incidence of lung cancer, and quitting smoking is of great significance for the treatment and prognosis of lung cancer patients. This article systematically reviews the harms of smoking to lung cancer patients, such as carcinogenic substances triggering lung cancer, affecting the course of the disease, and the improvement of prognosis after quitting smoking. It also analyzes the current situation of smoking cessation among lung cancer patients, who face numerous difficulties and have a relatively small number of successful quitters. Meanwhile, this article provides a detailed introduction to the clinical diagnosis and treatment methods for smoking cessation interventions. This includes the explanation of the pathophysiology of smoking cessation, psychological supportive therapies [brief psychological intervention and 5A’s model (Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, Arrange) psychological counseling], and pharmacotherapies (nicotine-based and non-nicotine-based smoking cessation medications). In addition, it covers the behavioral intervention therapies for smoking cessation, including the PRECEDE-PROCEED model, cognitive behavior theory model, capacity opportunity motivation-behavior (COM-B) theoretical model, information-motivation-behavioral skills (IMB) model, timing is right (TIR) theoretical model, and the economic incentive intervention model. Although some of the current intervention methods lack the support of clinical randomized controlled studies, existing research and practice have confirmed their positive effects on smoking cessation among lung cancer patients. It is hoped that relevant intervention methods can be further improved in the future to help lung cancer patients improve their quality of life.

Objective: To understand the awareness of chikungunya fever knowledge and its related factors among medical college students in Baise City, so as to provide a scientific basis to offer relevant courses and special education. Methods: From July to August 2025, 7 286 enrolled medical students were selected by a sampling method from a medical college in Baise City to participate in the questionnaire survey. The questionnaire covered epidemiological characteristics, clinical symptoms, and prevention/control knowledge of chikungunya fever. Statistical analyses including the Chi quare test and multivariate Logistic regression models were performed. Results: The overall awareness rate of chikungunya fever knowledge among the medical students was 18.89%. Among the knowledge items, the awareness rate of "the high incidence season" was the highest (84.05%), while that of "the infectious period" was the lowest (17.80%). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that medical students with female (a OR= 1.37 , 95%CI =1.20- 1.57 ), the age for over 25 years old (a OR=1.76, 95%CI =1.05-2.93), whose father had a middle school educational level (a OR=1.18, 95%CI =1.05-1.31), and majored in preventive medicine (a OR=1.54, 95%CI =1.10-1.67) had relatively higher awareness rates of chikungunya fever knowledge (all P <0.05). In contrast, students of Zhuang ethnicity (a OR= 0.87 , 95%CI =0.76-0.98) and majoring in nursing (a OR=0.74, 95%CI =0.61-0.91) or pharmacy (a OR=0.70, 95%CI =0.52-0.95) had relatively lower awareness rates (all P <0.05). Conclusions The awareness rate of chikungunya fever related knowledge among medical college students in Baise City is relatively low. Schools should take targeted publicity measures to improve medical students awareness.

The Chinese Pharmacopoeia is the legal technical standard which should be followed during the research, production, use, and administration of drugs. At present, the new edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia is planned to be promulgated and implemented. This article summarizes and analyzes the main characteristics and the content of updates and amendments of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2025 Edition(Volume Ⅰ), to provide a reference for the correct understanding and accurate implementation the new edition of the pharmacopoeia.

The Chinese Pharmacopoeia is the legal technical standard which should be followed during the research,production,use,and administration of drugs.At present,the new edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia is planned to be promulgated and implemented.This article summarizes and analyzes the main characteristics and the content of updates and amendments of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2025 Edition(Volume Ⅰ),to provide a reference for the correct understanding and accurate implementation the new edition of the pharmacopoeia.

BACKGROUND:Autophagy has become a rapidly developing research hotspot in the biomedical fields.Many researchers are actively exploring the molecular regulatory mechanism of autophagy in a variety of diseases.However,the role of autophagy in hair growth is still unknown. OBJECTIVE:To review the current research progress and application value of autophagy in hair growth and regeneration,to understand the role of autophagy in hair growth,to explore the pathogenesis of autophagy in pathological hair loss,and to provide new ideas for the study of drugs for hair loss. METHODS:Using"hair follicle growth,hair growth,hair regeneration,autophagy associated proteins,autophagy activity,autophagy associated genes,autophagy"as Chinese search terms and"hair growth,hair follicle,hair regeneration,autophagy"as English search terms,PubMed and CNKI databases were searched.The research progress on autophagy,hair growth and the role of autophagy in hair growth in and outside China in recent years was reviewed and summarized.Articles incompatible with the subject content of the paper were excluded.Finally,78 articles were included for the result analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)Autophagy is a normal metabolic process in eukaryotes with complex molecular mechanisms and functional properties,which is beneficial to cell survival and cell death.(2)Alopecia-related diseases are associated with changes in autophagy activity,which can regulate hair growth cycle.Knockout or overexpression of autophagy-related genes can change the state of hair growth.Multiple autophagy related signaling pathways have been found to be related to hair follicle growth.Activators or inhibitors of autophagy can be used to treat or prevent hair loss.

Objective: To prospectively compare single-shot (SS) echo-planar imaging (EPI) and field-of-view optimized and constrained undistorted single-shot multiplexed sensitivity-encoding (FOCUS MUSE) for diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in evaluating thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO). Materials and Methods: SS EPI and FOCUS MUSE DWIs were obtained from 39 patients with TAO (18 male; mean ± standard deviation: 48.3 ± 13.3 years) and 26 healthy controls (9 male; mean ± standard deviation: 43.0 ± 18.5 years). Two radiologists scored the visual image quality using a 4-point Likert scale. The image quality score, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-tonoise ratio (CNR), and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of extraocular muscles (EOMs) were compared between the two DWIs. Differences in the ADC of EOMs were also evaluated. The performance of discriminating active from inactive TAO was assessed using receiver operating characteristic curves. The correlation between ADC and clinical activity score (CAS) was analyzed using Spearman correlation. Results: Compared with SS EPI DWI, FOCUS MUSE DWI demonstrated significantly higher image quality scores (P < 0.001), a higher SNR and CNR on the lateral rectus muscle (LRM) and medial rectus muscle (MRM) (P < 0.05), and a non-significant difference in the ADC of the LRM and MRM. Active TAO showed higher ADC than inactive TAO and healthy controls with both SS EPI and FOCUS MUSE DWIs (P < 0.001). Inactive TAO and healthy controls did not show a significant ADC difference with both DWIs. Compared with SS EPI DWI, FOCUS MUSE DWI demonstrated better discrimination of active from inactive TAO (AUC:0.925 vs. 0.779; P = 0.007). The ADC was significantly correlated with CAS in SS EPI DWI (r = 0.391, P < 0.001) and FOCUS MUSE DWI (r = 0.645, P < 0.001). Conclusion FOCUS MUSE DWI provides better images for evaluating EOMs and better performance in diagnosing active TAO than SS EPI DWI. The application of FOCUS MUSE will facilitate the DWI evaluation of TAO.

Objective: To investigate the efficacy of different bleaching methods on white-spot lesions of the enamel using optical coherence tomography and to evaluate its feasibility for monitoring the therapeutic effects on white-spot lesions. Methods: Forty-eight sound premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons were selected and cut for 4 mm×4 mm×2 mm enamel blocks in buccal surfaces of the crowns. The samples were covered with acid-resistant varnish (except for the buccal surfaces) and immersed in demineralization solution for 18 days to establish the white-spot lesion models of the enamels. Samples were randomly divided into four groups (n=12). Group A was given demineralization only. Specimens in Group B, C and D were treated with 40% hydrogen peroxide, resin infiltration and 40% hydrogen peroxide combined with resin infiltration, respectively. Eight samples in each group were randomly selected. OCT was applied to observe the optical changes of the enamel surface and according to the OCT scanning results, the demineralization depth of enamel samples in each group was calculated. Then, the enamel blocks were embedded in epoxy resins, except the buccal surfaces, and measured for the microhardness values of the enamel surface by a microindentation hardness tester. Four samples in each group were cut longitudinally, and the ultrastructural changes of enamel samples in each group were observed by scanning electron microscope. Results: OCT showed that the light scattering characteristics of enamel surface changed in all groups, and the bright layer was formed, but the thickness of bright layer in Group C and D was significantly lower than that in Group A and B (P<0.05). The microhardness values (kg/mm2) of the samples in Group A-D were (214.99±31.70), (250.66±33.64), (312.42±18.01) and(286.53±26.65), respectively. The microhardness of enamel surfaces in Group C and D was significantly higher than that in Group A and B (P<0.05), and the ultrastructure of enamel surfaces in Group C and D were more flat and dense in SEM observation (P<0.05). Conclusion The methods of resin infiltration therapy or 40% hydrogen peroxide combined with resin infiltration could effectively improve white-spot lesions of the enamel and the non-invasive OCT can be used as a better evaluation method for the diagnosis and treatment of white-spot lesions of the enamel.

With the development of social economy and the full opening of the three-child policy, more and more elderly people will become the main force in raising grandchildren in the future, and the mental health of the elderly in intergenerational raising has become the focus of the whole society. This article summarizes the causes of the intergenerational raising, the mental health status of the elderly in intergenerational raising, and reviews the influencing factors of the mental health of the elderly in intergenerational raising, in order to provide a reference for the construction of the social security system for the elderly and young people in China.

Objective:To investigate the status quo of the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of standardized insulin injection at home in Shanghai community diabetic patients and analyze its influencing factors.Methods:In this cross-sectional study, totally 1 947 diabetic patients who signed to be managed by 21 community health service centers in Fengxian District, Shanghai from May to October 2020 who used insulin pen injections at home were selected by continuous enrolment. They were investigated with a general information questionnaire and a questionnaire on KAP of standardized insulin injection. Univariate analysis and multiple linear regression were used to analyze the influencing factors of patients' KAP of standardized insulin injection at home. A total of 1 947 questionnaires were distributed, and 1 697 valid questionnaires were recovered, with an effective recovery rate of 87.2%.Results:The total KAP score of insulin standard injection in the 1 697 diabetic patients was (51.01±6.81) , which was at a moderate level. Among all the items in the questionnaire, the 3 items with the lowest compliance rate were: checking the injection site every time before insulin injection (14.4%) , agreeing to put the discarded insulin needles into the capped hard-shell container (16.1%) , agreeing to and implementing insulin pen needle replacement after each use (20.6%) . Multiple linear regression analysis showed that age, education, type of medical insurance, and whether they had received insulin injection guidance were the influencing factors to the KAP of standardized insulin injection at home ( P<0.01) , which accounted for 8.6% of the total variation. Conclusions:Community medical staff should pay attention to the health education of insulin injection at home for diabetic patients, improve the content and form of education based on the characteristics of the community population, thereby improving the compliance rate of injection site inspection, replacement of insulin pen needles and standardized disposal of discarded needles, further standardizing insulin injection behavior, and improving clinical outcomes such as glycemic control in patients.

OBJECTIVE：To establish a method for the content determination of potential genotoxic impurity maleic hydrazide in azintamide raw material. METHODS ：HPLC-FLD method was adopted. The determination was performed on Thermo Syncronis C18 column with mobile phase consisted of 0.2 mol/L acetic acid-methanol （gradient elution ）. The column temperature was set at 30 ℃，the excitation wavelength was 315 nm and emission wavelength was 389 nm. The flow rate was 1 mL/min，and the sample size was 20 μL. RESULTS：The blank solvent and azintamide did not interfere with the determination of maleic hydrazide. The linear range of maleic hydrazide was 19.5-300 ng/mL（r＝0.999 9）. The limit of detection was 4.5 ng/mL and the limit of quantification was 19.5 ng/mL. The recovery ranged from 98.79％ to 103.76％（RSDs were lower than 3.00％，n＝9）. RSDs of precision and stability （24 h）tests were no more than 5.63％，and those of durability tests were less than 2.00％（n＝6）. Maleic hydrazide was not detected in 3 batches of azinamide raw material. CONCLUSIONS ：The method is specific ，sensitive and accurate. It can be used for the trace determination of maleic hydrazide in azintamide or other matrix.