Nuclear medicine plays an indispensable role in the diagnosis,treatment,and prognosis of a wide range of diseases.Nuclear medicine using radionuclides for diagnosis has the advantages of accuracy,speed,high sensitivity and high resolution.Currently,several radionuclides play pivotal roles in disease diagnosis.This article primarily examines the clinical application and research of diagnostic radionuclides,including 18 F,89 Zr,68 Ga,99m Tc,131 I,123 I,and 11 C.The objective is to offer valuable insights for disease diagnosis and staging of diseases.

Objective To evaluate the feature of meibomian glands and tear film lipid layer thickness (LLT) in dry eye of children with long-term visual display terminals (VDTs) exposure.Methods Cross-sectional case control observation was performed.Eighty-four 6-14 years old children (149 eyes) with long or short time VDTs exposure from January to August 2017 in Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital were enrolled,including 29 children 56 eyes for long time VDTs group and 55 children 93 eyes for short time VDTs group.Questionnaires were designed to detect disease history and ocular surface disease index (OSDI).Slit lamp microscopy,Keratograph 5 M,lipiview ocular surface interometry examination,corneal-conjunctival fluorescence staining,tear film break-up time (BUT) and Schirmer test (S I t) were performed on all the subjects.The subjective OSDI and clinical signs were compared between long time VDTs group and short time VDTs group and correlation between OSDI and clinical signs were analyzed in each group.This study followed the declaration of Helsinki.Informed consent was obtained from each subject or the guardian prior to any medical examination.Results Compared with the short time VDTs group,high OSDI value and long average noninvasive BUT (NIBUTav) were observed in the long time VDTs group,the differences were statistically significant (OSDI:t =-2.662,P =0.009;NIBUTav:Z =2.315,P =0.021).The meibomian gland dropout score was significantly different between the 2 group (x2 =11.779,P =0.008).In long time VDTs group,OSDI was negatively correlated with S I t (rs =-0.598,P =0.050) and positively correlated with meibomian gland dropout score and NIBUTav (rs =0.522,P =0.022;rs =0.597,P =0.011).In short time VDTs group,OSDI was positively correlated with first time noninvasive BUT (NIBUTf),NITBUTav and partial blink rate (rs =0.372,P =0.030;rs =0.408,P =0.008;rs =0.426,P =0.050).Conclusions Compared with short time VDTs exposure,the value of subjective OSDI was high and meibomian gland dropout was serious in long term VDTs exposure dry eye children.The OSDI value is associated with NIBUTf and partial blink ratio in short time VDTs dry eye children.