The human oral microbiota includes over 700 microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, archaebacteria, and viruses. The interaction between fungi and bacteria, as well as their impact on the host immune system, is currently a popular topic in the field of oral disease research. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g) is the key pathogenic bacterium of chronic periodontitis, while Candida albicans (C.a) is a common opportunistic pathogen. P.g and C.a are associated with various oral diseases. A review of the literature suggests that P.g and C.a synergistically increase the amount of biofilm. They adhere to each other, promoting the formation of mixed biofilms. At the same time, C.a can utilize its dense hyphae and metabolic activities to consume oxygen, providing a low-oxygen microenvironment for P.g, thereby enhancing its vitality and virulence. C.a and P.g can also enhance their virulence through heme competition mechanisms and maintain the normal morphology of P.g by extracellular polysaccharides. In addition, P.g and C.a can synergistically invade the host and escape from the host’s immune system, ultimately leading to a state of chronic infection in the host. Based on the interactions of P.g and C.a, numerous studies on prevention and treatment strategies have been conducted, including those of various composite materials and natural plants. However, such drugs are mostly limited to phenotypes and suffer from poor selectivity, thus resulting in a lack of specific drugs and research on their mechanisms. This review aims to explore the latest advances in the bacterial-fungal interactions, highlighting the roles of P.g and C.a in oral diseases, emphasizing the importance of developing treatment strategies for co-infection of P.g and C.a, and providing new ideas for the prevention and treatment of related diseases.

The endoplasmic reticulum is a key site for protein production and quality control.More than one-third of proteins are synthesized and folded into the correct three-dimensional conformation in the endoplasmic reticulum.However,during protein folding,unfolded and/or misfolded proteins are prone to occur,which may lead to endoplasmic reticulum stress.Organisms can monitor the quality of the proteins produced by endoplasmic reticulum quality control(ERQC)and endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation(ERAD),which maintain endoplasmic reticulum protein homeostasis by degrading abnormally folded proteins.The underlying mechanisms of protein folding and ERAD in mammals have not yet been fully explored.Therefore,this paper reviews the process and function of protein folding and ERAD in mammalian cells,in order to help clinicians better understand the mechanism of ERAD and to provide a scientific reference for the treatment of diseases caused by abnormal ERAD.

Objective:To investigate the utilization of sexual health services among community-based older adults in Chongqing and explore its potential correlates.Methods:A cross-sectional survey using multistage sampling among community-based older adults aged ≥50 years was conducted in Chongqing between June 2020 and December 2022. A questionnaire including information on demographic characteristics, general health, sexual health status, and sexual health services utilization was collected. Sexual health and reproductive services utilization was defined as having ever been tested for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or having had a male/gynecological reproductive health examination in the past year. Logistic regression was used to examine the correlates of the utilization of sexual health services.Results:A total of 794 community-based older adults participated in the study (482 were male, and 312 were female). The mean age was (62.8±8.2) years. The proportion of HIV testing was 18.0%, and the proportion of reproductive health examination was 10.1% among community-based older adults. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the age group of 60-69 years (a OR=0.37, 95% CI: 0.18-0.76), female (a OR=11.34, 95% CI: 5.71-22.52), monthly income ≥5 000 yuan (a OR=3.05, 95% CI: 1.01-9.27), being sexual activity (a OR=4.99, 95% CI: 2.23-11.15) was significantly associated with had a reproductive health examination in the past year. Conclusions:The proportion of sexual health services utilization among older adults was low. Older sexual health education should be further strengthened, the close relationship between older adults should be correctly guided and dealt with, and the sexual health services suitable for the older population should be formulated.

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathologic characteristics, molecular and genetic features, differential diagnoses and prognosis of fumarate hydratase-deficient renal cell carcinoma (FH-RCC). Methods: The immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of FH in 391 renal neoplasms in tissue chips collected from the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University and 971 Hospital of PLA Navy from January 2011 to December 2017 was evaluated. The clinicopathologic data of eight FH negative cases were collected.Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing were used to detect the changes in FH gene in three cases. Interphase FISH with a dual color and break-apart probe was applied to detect the TFE3 gene alteration in the cases showing TFE3 protein expression. Results: Among the eight patients, seven were male and one was female, and age ranged from 28 to 50 years (mean 39 years). Tumor size ranged from 3.5 cm to 12.0 cm (mean 7.9 cm). Renal pelvis invasion was identified in six cases, and the tumor emboli in renal vein and inferior vena cava were found in four patients. The cut surface of most tumors was solid, colorful, grayish white or yellow with no clear border showing invasive growth pattern. Microscopically, the tumors showed different proportions of papillary, tubular cystic, cribriform and solid structures. The tumor cells were rounded or polygonal with eosinophilic or amphotropic cytoplasm, round or oval nuclei, and focal large and prominent nucleoli (WHO/ISUP grade 3-4). Two cases had sarcomatoid or rhabdoid components. Intravascular tumor emboli were found in five cases. IHC staining showed most tumors expressed PAX8(7/8), CK19(7/8), vimentin (6/8) and P504s(8/8). However, other immunomarkers including CK7, CD10, CD117, RCC, 34βE12, HMB45 and Melan A were all negative. Sequencing showed all three cases had FH gene mutations in exon 1. FISH revealed no TFE3 gene translocation or amplification in the two cases with TFE3 IHC expression. Follow-up data were available in seven patients with the follow-up period from 11 to 66 months. Among them, five patients died between 11 to 31 months after the surgery because of extensive distant metastases of the tumor to the lung, liver and lymph nodes. The other two patients were alive at the 36th and 66th month after the surgery. Conclusions Morphologically, FH-RCC overlaps with papillary RCC, collecting duct carcinoma and tubular-cystic RCC, showing a mixture of papillary, tubular cystic, cribriform or tubular papillary structures with at least focal large and prominent nucleoli. The negative expression of FH and the detection of FH gene mutation could facilitate the diagnosis of the tumor. FH-RCC is a high aggressive tumor, prone to metastasize, and is associated with poor prognosis. The timely diagnosis of FH-RCC could benefit the patients and their relatives as well.

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Methods: The clinicopathological data of patients of renal cell carcinoma arising in end-stage renal disease were collected from the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University (ten cases) and 971 Hospital of PLA Navy (five cases) from January 2009 to August 2018. Results: Among 15 patients, 14 were male and 1 was female, and the age ranged from 38 to 78 years (mean 51 years, median 49 years). All patients had history of chronic renal failure (7-192 months), including 9 patients treated with hemodialysis for 6 to 132 months. In 12 cases the tumor border was distinct and the tumor size ranged from 1.8 to 11.0 cm. Two cases were multifocal and one case showed extensive renal hemorrhage with an inconspicuous tumor mass. Microscopically, 9 cases were clear cell reanl cell carcinoma including one with sarcomatoid differentiation, 4 were acquired cystic kidney disease-associated(ACKD-RCC) and two were papillary renal cell carcinoma. All patients had a follow-up of 3 to 120 months. Four patients died during a follow-up of 6 to 60 months (mean 30 months) as a result of extensive distant metastases (two cases) and renal failure (two cases), while other eleven patients were alive without tumor recurrence or metastasis (median 40.8 months of follow-up ranging from 3 to 120 months). Conclusions ESRD-RCC is more often seen in younger male patients. The time intervals from the onset of chronic renal failure to the diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma differ and tumors are frequently incidental findings. The histological types can be sporadic renal cell carcinoma or unique ACKD-RCC. Tumors are often hemorrhagic and necrotic. Routine physical examination and early detection could benefit ESRD-RCC patients. ESRD-RCC may have a favorable prognosis despite of a large tumor size or the presence of sarcomatoid differentiation.

investigate the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in patients with end?stage renal disease (ESRD). Methods The clinicopathological data of patients of renal cell carcinoma arising in end?stage renal disease were collected from the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University (ten cases) and 971 Hospital of PLA Navy (five cases) from January 2009 to August 2018. Results Among 15 patients, 14 were male and 1 was female, and the age ranged from 38 to 78 years (mean 51 years, median 49 years). All patients had history of chronic renal failure (7-192 months), including 9 patients treated with hemodialysis for 6 to 132 months. In 12 cases the tumor border was distinct and the tumor size ranged from 1.8 to 11.0 cm. Two cases were multifocal and one case showed extensive renal hemorrhage with an inconspicuous tumor mass. Microscopically, 9 cases were clear cell reanl cell carcinoma including one with sarcomatoid differentiation, 4 were acquired cystic kidney disease?associated(ACKD?RCC) and two were papillary renal cell carcinoma. All patients had a follow?up of 3 to 120 months. Four patients died during a follow?up of 6 to 60 months (mean 30 months) as a result of extensive distant metastases (two cases) and renal failure (two cases), while other eleven patients were alive without tumor recurrence or metastasis (median 40.8 months of follow?up ranging from 3 to 120 months). Conclusions ESRD?RCC is more often seen in younger male patients. The time intervals from the onset of chronic renal failure to the diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma differ and tumors are frequently incidental findings. The histological types can be sporadic renal cell carcinoma or unique ACKD?RCC. Tumors are often hemorrhagic and necrotic. Routine physical examination and early detection could benefit ESRD?RCC patients. ESRD?RCC may have a favorable prognosis despite of a large tumor size or the presence of sarcomatoid differentiation.

γδ T cells have been well recognized as a unique cell population that is actively involved in both innate and adoptive immunity of bodies. The features of γδ T cells, such as their major histocompatibility complex independent antigen recognition and their cytotoxic effects to tumor cells, make them as promising candidates used for cancer immunotherapy. There is a strong interest in developing γδ T cell-based immunotherapy for clinical application in treating cancer patients. This review discusses the progress of recent studies related to the γδ T cells and cancer immunotherapy, with an emphasis on the main characteristics of γδ T cells in several types of gynecologic tumors.

OBJECTIVETo compare two equations for calculating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the evaluation of the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the risk factors of CKD in urban healthy population.

METHODSA total of 40377 subjects (24164 males and 16213 females) participated in this study. Body height, weight and blood pressure were measured, and morning urine and venous blood samples were collected for routine urine and blood tests with measurements of blood glucose, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), creatinine and uric acid.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONUsing Japanese CKD Epidemiology Collaboration (J-EPI) equation and Chinese modified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (C-MDRD) equation, the prevalence of CKD calculated was 3.9% and 6.3% in this population, respectively. The independent risk factors of CKD included an age over 60 years, high uric acid, and high blood glucose.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Distribution ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Female ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Physical Examination ; Prevalence ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; epidemiology ; physiopathology ; Risk Factors ; Sex Distribution ; Young Adult

Objective To compare two equations for calculating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the evaluation of the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the risk factors of CKD in urban healthy population. Methods A total of 40377 subjects (24164 males and 16213 females) participated in this study. Body height, weight and blood pressure were measured, and morning urine and venous blood samples were collected for routine urine and blood tests with measurements of blood glucose, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), creatinine and uric acid. Results and Conclusion Using Japanese CKD Epidemiology Collaboration (J-EPI) equation and Chinese modified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (C-MDRD) equation, the prevalence of CKD calculated was 3.9%and 6.3%in this population, respectively. The independent risk factors of CKD included an age over 60 years, high uric acid, and high blood glucose.

Objective To compare two equations for calculating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the evaluation of the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the risk factors of CKD in urban healthy population. Methods A total of 40377 subjects (24164 males and 16213 females) participated in this study. Body height, weight and blood pressure were measured, and morning urine and venous blood samples were collected for routine urine and blood tests with measurements of blood glucose, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), creatinine and uric acid. Results and Conclusion Using Japanese CKD Epidemiology Collaboration (J-EPI) equation and Chinese modified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (C-MDRD) equation, the prevalence of CKD calculated was 3.9%and 6.3%in this population, respectively. The independent risk factors of CKD included an age over 60 years, high uric acid, and high blood glucose.