Diabetic retinal neurodegeneration is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus, manifested by apoptosis and gliosis, and its pathogenesis is closely related to the oxidative stress induced by high glucose levels. The increase in blood glucose in the body leads to excessive production of reactive oxygen species and the downregulation of antioxidant defense signaling pathways, which leads to oxidative stress in the body, which in turn induces apoptosis, mitochondrial damage and autophagy, resulting in diabetic retinal neurodegeneration. Antioxidant stress therapy with gene therapy, flavonoids, recombinant Ad-β-catenin carriers, and autophagy inducers to exert neuroprotective effects. In the future, more clinical trials are needed to explore the effective dosage and side effects of drugs, and to develop new drugs and treatment strategies for oxidative stress to prevent and treat diabetic retinal neurodegeneration and protect retinal nerve function.

A young female patient with acne and elevated testosterone level underwent plasma steroid hormones testing and found a significant increase in aldosterone. We excluded testing interference and verified the absence of hypertension, hypokalemia, and adrenal occupancy, as well as primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism. During follow-up, a temporal correlation was found between aldosterone levels and the use of drospirenone and ethinylestradiol tablets. It was observed that the combination of drospirenone and ethinylestradiol could lead to the increase of aldosterone level and the concentration ratio of aldosterone to direct renin through different mechanisms. Drospirenone exerts an antagonistic effect on mineralocorticoid receptor to prevent the development of hypertension or hypokalemia. In clinical practice, it is necessary to pay attention to the effect of this drug on screening markers for primary aldosteronism. In the laboratory examination, when female patients with no symptoms of hypertension and hypokalemia but with elevated aldosterone levels are encountered, it can be verified whether they have a history of use of compound estrogen-progestin such as drospirenone and ethinylestradiol tablets, and appropriate tips are provided in the report.

OBJECTIVE To explore the clinical characteristic manifestation of Rosai-Dorfman disease(RDD)involving the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.METHODS The clinical data of 16 patients with RDD involving the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses who received treatment in Department of Rhinology of Beijing Tongren Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from December 2016 to December 2023,were retrospective analyzed.RESULTS The male to female ratio was 1:3,with an average age of 47.4 years and an average disease duration of 22.34 months.There were 14,3,5,6 and 1 patients who complained of nasal congestion,dry nose,decreased sense of smell,head and face pain,and bulging/diplopia,respectively.There were 9 patients who had external nasal swelling.There were 14 RDD patients who were involved at least the nasal septum,12 patients who were simply affected in the nasal cavity,and 3 cases who involved the paranasal sinuses.There was 1 case belonged to a mixed type of RDD.There were 8 of 10 cases who were misdiagnosed or missed due to intraoperative rapid freezing.Endoscopic examination showed bilateral bulging in 9 patients'nasal septum,and nodular or granular new growth on 7 patients'nasal floor and inferior turbinate surface.Sinus CT found 9 patients'the nasal septum area showed a circular uniform soft tissue shadow or symmetrical soft tissue thickening shadow,5 patients'nasal floor and inferior turbinate showed obvious soft tissue thickening shadow.CONCLUSION RDD involving the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses has certain typical features in external nasal manifestations,endoscopic and imaging examinations.Comprehensive judgment can help improve the feasibility of clinical diagnosis of RDD.

OBJECTIVE To test whether there are some differences among chronic rhinitis,chronic rhinosinusitis patients with nasal polyps(CRSsNP)and without nasal polyps(CRSsNP)in symptom severity,health-related quality-of-life impairment,and objective inflammatory factors.METHODS A total of 154 consecutive patients who had been treated at the Otolaryngology Department of Beijing Tongren Hospital from January 2017 to December 2018 were recruited in this study.The patients aged 18-70 years,with 106 males and 48 females.All patients performed endoscopic examination,nasal exhaled nitric oxide(nNO),skin prick test(SPT),sinus CT scan,complete blood count,and fulfilled the visual analogue scale(VAS)self-assessment of nasal symptoms and the SNOT-22 questionnaire under the guidance of the physician.According to the inclusion criteria,A total of 43 patients with CR,58 patients with CRSsNP and 53 patients with CRSwNP were enrolled in our study.RESULTS The total SNOT-22 score in CRSsNP group was significantly lower than that in CR and CRSwNP groups(30.0±19.4 vs.41.1±21.9,30.0±19.4 vs.40.9±18.7,P<0.05),and there was no significant difference between CR group and CRSwNP group.The average scores of nasal symptoms and extranasal symptoms in CRSwNP group were the highest;the scores in CRSsNP group were lower.The impact of CR patients on sleep damage was significantly higher than that in CRSsNP patients(9.9±6.2 vs.5.1±5.3,P<0.05),and there was no significant difference between CR group and CRSwNP group(9.9±6.2 vs.7.1±5.7,P>0.05).When patients suffered with positive SPT,there was no statistical difference in symptom scores and SNOT-22 scores between CR,CRSsNP,and CRSwNP;but with negative SPT,there was a significant statistical difference in both symptom scores and SNOT-22 scores among the three groups.CONCLUSION CR,CRSsNP and CRSwNP have a significant impact on quality of life,respectively.In terms of symptom scores and quality of life scores,the CR group and CRSwNP group are similar and the scores are higher than that of the CRSsNP group.However,the objective inflammation factors are not consistent with the subjective symptom scores and quality of life scores.

OBJECTIVE To predict biomarkers of type 2 inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps(CRSwNP)by employing peripheral blood indicators.METHODS CRSwNP patients admitted to the Rhinology Department of Beijing Tongren Hospital from June 2020 to May 2022 were enrolled and their basic clinical data were collected.The blood percentage of eosinophils(Eos%),Eos count,periostin and total IgE,as well as mucosal interleukin-5(IL-5)and Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin-immunoglobulin E(SE-IgE)were tested.The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to evaluate the predictive value of each blood indicator for positive mucosal expression of IL-5/SE-IgE.The logistic regression was employed to screen multiple blood indicators with predictive value for positive mucosal expression of IL-5/SE-IgE in order to construct a nomogram model.RESULTS The proportion of asthma,blood Eos%,periostin and total IgE in CRSwNP patients showed statistical differences between IL-5/SE-IgE positive and negative subgroups.ROC univariate analysis demonstrated that blood Eos%,Eos count,periostin and total IgE could predict mucosal IL-5 positivity with AUC ranging from 0.655 to 0.784,and mucosal SE-IgE positivity with AUC ranging from 0.721-0.802.The logistic regression confirmed that blood Eos%and total IgE,as well as blood periostin and total IgE were independent predictors for mucosal IL-5 and SE-IgE positivity,respectively.The nomogram models were constructed for predicting IL-5/SE-IgE positivity in CRSwNP mucosa,with consistency incides(C-index)of 0.804 and 0.81,indicating good predictive accuracy.CONCLUSION The nomograms constructed based on blood Eos%and total IgE,as well as blood periostin and total IgE,could have good predictive value for the positive mucosal expression of IL-5 and SE-IgE in the CRSwNP,which help to predict the severity of endotype and phenotype of CRSwNP.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of moxibustion for knee osteoarthritis and the methodological quality of systematic reviews(SRs).Methods SRs of moxibustion for knee osteoarthritis were retrieved from CNKI,VIP,Wanfang Data,SinoMed,PubMed,Cochrane Library,Embase and Web of Science was conducted from the establishment of the databases to February 10,2022.AMSTAR 2 was used to assess the methodological quality of SRs.The randomized controlled trials(RCTs)included in these SRs were screened and summarized according to inclusion standard.RevMan 5.4 software was used for Meta-analysis,and GRADE approach was used to assess the certainty of evidence.Results A total of 15 SRs were included.The evaluation results of the AMSTAR 2 showed that the methodological quality was very low for 14 SRs,and low for other 1 SR.A total of 36 RCTs were included.Meta-analysis results showed that compared with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs),the moxibustion group had better effects on improvement of WOMAC scores[mean difference(MD)=-5.95;95%confidence interval(CI):-9.25 to-2.65;low quality],relieving pain[MD=-1.26;95%CI:-2.19 to-0.32;very low quality],and improving effective rate[risk ratio(RR)=1.16;95%CI:1.11 to 1.22;low quality].In the moxibustion group,some patients experienced blisters,and most healed in 3 days.Conclusion Moxibustion has advantages in pain reduction and improving effective rate compared with routine Western therapy for knee osteoarthritis.However,well-designed high-quality RCTs are needed for further verification.

Currently， there are many difficulties in formulating recommendations of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） clinical practice guidelines. This paper analyzed and summarized the unique or prominent difficult issues in the formulation of recommendations faced by TCM guidelines， such as experts' professional background and experience bringing about the preferance from the academic emotion， inconsistency between different academic schools making it difficult to reach consensus， lack of guiding principles of the decision weight of different dimensions for recommendations. Therefore， methodological suggestions have been put forward， including organizing parallel TCM and western medicine consensus group， improving the method of combining TCM and western medicine paradigm， attaching great importance to the evidence-based governance of academic schools， and promoting the research on different dimensions for recommendation formulation， which may provide a methodological reference for the guideline development.

Syndrome differentiation and treatment is a unique mode of diagnosis in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）. The establishment of scientific and standardized syndrome diagnosis standards is an important link to evaluate the clinical efficacy of TCM objectively and systematically， and also a prerequisite for the promotion and development of TCM to obtain international recognition. This article reviewed the basic modes and existed problems of the current syndrome diagnosis criteria， and proposed to construct a multidimensional core information set integrating the minimized core symptoms， the artificial intelligence signs， the multi-modal laboratory indicators， and multi-omics specific markers， so as to present syndrome characteristics from multiple perspectives systematically. This paper also described the basic mode， constructure， as well as the process and methodology to be adopted in the establishment of the standardized diagnostic research method. The core information set of diagnostic symptoms not only took into account the specificity of the disease， but also improved the inconsistency due to the complexity and subjectivity of the syndrome differentiation， thereby providing a methodological basis for the standardization of TCM syndrome differentiation in clinical research.

Objective:To investigate frailty in older patients with comorbidities and explore related risk factors.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted with an enrollment of 746 patients aged 65 years or older with comorbidities in the Wanshoulu Road area of Beijing from April 2019 to December 2020.A total of 617 patients with comorbidities were finally included, aged(85.6±4.8)years, including 358 women(58.0%); According to the FRAIL scale, 617 patients with comorbidities were divided into a frail group(156 cases, 25.3%)and a non-frail group(461 cases, 74.7%). Demographic data and information on comorbidities were collected.Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses of risk factors were conducted.Results:Among 617 patients with comorbidities, the common chronic diseases in descending order were hypertension(497 cases, 80.6%), coronary heart disease(375 cases, 60.8%), osteoporosis(357 cases, 57.9%), osteoarthritis(281 cases, 45.5%), type 2 diabetes(211 cases, 34.2%), stroke and/or transient ischemic attack(193 cases, 31.3%), chronic lung disease(144 cases, 23.3%), tumor(133 cases, 21.6%), chronic kidney disease(92 cases, 14.9%), and heart failure(58 cases, 9.4%). Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that age, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, heart failure, chronic lung disease, stroke/transient ischemic attack, cancer and osteoarthritis were influencing factors for frailty( P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age, type 2 diabetes, heart failure, chronic lung disease, cancer and osteoarthritis were risk factors for frailty( OR=1.076, 1.806, 3.275, 3.371, 1.640, 2.227, all P<0.05). Conclusions:Old age, type 2 diabetes, heart failure, chronic lung disease, tumor and osteoarthritis are closely related to frailty in elderly patients with comorbidities.Proactive and effective prevention and intervention should be instituted to target risk factors for frailty to reduce the occurrence of adverse outcomes.

Objective:In order to understand the changing trends of gastric cancer incidence and mortality in early-onset and late-onset in China from 2000 to 2019.Methods:The Global Burden of Disease research data was collected, and Excel and R 4.2.1 softwares were used to examine the incidence rate, mortality rate, and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) of Chinese people from 2000 to 2019, with a focus on gender, age, and year.Results:In 2019, the crude incidence rates were 7.06/100 000 (95% UI: 6.63/100 000-7.59/100 000) and 114.52/100 000 (95% UI: 108.79/100 000-121.63/100 000) for early- and late-onset gastric cancer, respectively. The crude mortality rate for early-onset gastric cancer was 3.29/100 000 (95% UI: 3.11/100 000- 3.50/100 000), while the crude mortality rate for late-onset gastric cancer was 81.88/100 000 (95% UI: 78.15/100 000-86.04/100 000). Additionally, the crude DALY rates for these two types of gastric cancer were 156.48/100 000 (95% UI: 148.82/100 000-165.84/100 000) and 1 750.13/100 000 (95% UI: 1 661.21/100 000-1 852.99/100 000). The standardized incidence of early-onset gastric cancer decreased from 5.49/100 000 in 2000 to 4.76/100 000 in 2019, and that of late-onset gastric cancer decreased from 143.45/100 000 in 2000 to 123.02/100 000 in 2019.The standardized mortality rate of early-onset gastric cancer decreased from 4.16/100 000 in 2000 to 2.18/100 000 in 2019, and that of late-onset gastric cancer decreased from 140.82/100 000 in 2000 to 91.49/100 000 in 2019. The standardized DALY rate for early-onset gastric cancer in 2019 was 105.87/100 000 (95% UI: 87.98/100 000 -125.60/100 000), lower than 198.84/100 000 (95% UI: 179.47/100 000- 219.83/100 000) in 2000. The standardized DALY rate for late onset gastric cancer in 2019 was 1 821.11/100 000 (95% UI: 1 509.42/100 000-2 158.53/100 000), lower than 2 932.52/100 000 (95% UI: 2 665.92/100 000-3 252.60/100 000) in 2000. Conclusions:The standardized mortality rate of early-onset gastric cancer in China showed a decreasing trend from 2000 to 2019. The standardized mortality rate of late onset gastric cancer showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. Notably, the incidence, mortality, and DALY of late-onset gastric cancer were significantly higher than those of early-onset gastric cancer during this period. Additionally, male incidence, mortality, and crude DALY rates were higher than female.